Seasonal variation of the double diffusion processes at the Strait of Hormuz

Profiles of salinity and temperature were measured in the strait of Hormuz（SH） during the winter of 2012, spring and summer of 2013. To investigate the double diffusion（DD） processes, Turner（TU） angle values are calculated in all the stations in the SH. Different TU angle values correspond to salt fingering（SF）, diffusive convection（DC）and stable stratification. The distributions of the two forms of DD were plotted vertically along transects in the eastern, central and western part of the SH, and corresponding DD processes were described. The results show that both SF and DC occurred in most part of the study area. Two different water masses（the Indian Ocean surface water and the Persian Gulf water） were evident at the SH, and SF and DC were evident at the interface of two water masses. Due to evaporation, SF occurred in the surface layer of most Stations throughout the year. In the eastern part of the SH, occurrences of DC were more feasible in wintertime. SF was the main phenomenon at the end of hot season. For central part, SF occurred throughout the year in water column. In the western part,water column was stable in summer and DC happened in most part of water column in winter.

An Appropriate Unidirectional Wave Spectrum Model for the Strait of Hormuz

The objective of this paper is to introduce an appropriate unidirectional wave spectrum model for the Strait of Hormuz. The research is focused on assessing performance of standard wave spectrum models in the region. By evaluating such models based on valuable measurement data recently published, the calibration procedure has been conducted on such standard models to reach a better concordance between a modified standard spectral model and observed field spectra. The calibration is performed initially with respect to four distinct directions related to four available measurement stations. So, it results in four sets of coefficients for a nominated model. Next, it is continued to reach just one model insensitive to directions. Results clearly showed that the International Towing Tank Conference （ITTC） model is more appropriate than Joint North Sea Wave Project （JONSWAP） and Pierson and Moskowitz （PM） models in this area, even without any calibration. However, modifications have been successful on improving the conformity of the model.

伊朗霍尔木兹海峡沿岸钾盐矿地质特征、成因分析及提取技术

这是一篇地球科学及矿物加工工程领域的论文。伊朗霍尔木兹海峡沿岸钾盐矿赋存于寒武系Hormuz组盐层内,矿体受褶皱构造控制,形态复杂,形成的“S”形、顶厚、平卧等褶皱形态,矿石类型为氯化物型钾石盐矿石,主要矿石矿物为钾石盐,KCl含量2.5%~35.20%。研究区寒武系为泻湖相沉积,波斯湾含钾卤水持续蒸发形成一套含钾石盐海相蒸发岩序列,受阿尔卑斯早期构造活动影响,含钾盐层受挤压作用,形成盐底辟构造。采用一次粗选一次扫选二次精选及浮选精矿加洗涤的实验流程,可以获得了含KCl(湿基87.44%,干基91.14%)或KCl(湿基88.97%,干基93.69%)两种的氯化钾产品,KCl回收率分别为85.93%、81.70%,钾盐选矿指标良好。

国际秩序变动与霍尔木兹海峡能源运输安全

国际秩序正处于变动过程中,原有国际能源格局遭受冲击,海上能源运输安全的重要性迅速凸显。俄乌冲突后,霍尔木兹海峡沿岸国家成为全球各国寻找能源来源多元化的重要对象国,中东地区能源国家在全球战略性地位愈加提升。长期以来,海上能源运输安全秩序的变化经历了参与主导者位序、运输能力和风险抵御能力、运输沿线国家间亲疏关系、外部权力竞争局势、争端解决机制效能等方面的变化,同时海上非法行为未曾彻底消除,导致维护海上能源运输安全存在难度,这其中以霍尔木兹海峡能源运输面临的安全问题最为典型。尽管国际秩序正在发生深刻的改变,但从中东石油和天然气运输的发展来看,能源安全秩序的现实主义式变化逻辑并未遭遇根本挑战。

霍尔木兹海峡安全对中国进口石油供应和运输影响

霍尔木兹海峡对中国来说是非常重要的能源战略通道,但其安全状况目前却受到海洋大国、地区冲突和战争、岛屿争端、海上恐怖主义、自然环境等多种因素影响,从而对中国进口石油的稳定供应和运输安全都造成了一定的不利后果。对此中国应高度重视,并采取切实有效的综合措施,建立起直接或间接的海峡安全保障体系,实现海峡通道的和平利用,从而确保进口石油供应和运输安全以及中国对中东贸易的顺利进行。

做连接亚洲与非洲的大陆桥:沙特问题的中国解决方案

沙特阿拉伯面临三大威胁:美国与宿敌伊朗和解、美国和里海地区加入对世界能源市场的竞争,以及周边国家人口迅速增长和高失业率带来的政治动荡。美国中东政策变化的推动力来自其重返亚洲的战略以及中国对此的应对。美国力推TPP,而中国则力推地区综合经济伙伴和新丝绸之路经济带。新丝绸之路经济带对沙特阿拉伯既是挑战也是机会,虽然它将极大地改善伊朗作为欧亚大陆桥必经之地的地缘政治地位,但如果沙特阿拉伯在安曼与伊朗之间的霍尔姆茨海峡建海底隧道,在也门建通往吉布提的红海大桥,阿拉伯半岛则将变成连接亚洲与非洲的陆上通道。这样一来,沙特阿拉伯可以一石三鸟,与伊朗和解,推动自身经济结构多样化,并为周边国家提供经济发展机会。

波斯湾能源航道多国博弈及地缘风险

波斯湾地区油气资源丰富,是全球重要的能源供应区。丰富的战略资源、独特的地理位置条件、多元的社会宗教文化、多行为主体的政治经济博弈,以及现存区域治理机制的缺失等因素,使该区能源供应以及能源航运面临一系列传统与非传统风险。美国和伊朗对于霍尔木兹海峡的国际法地位问题、“封锁”或“阻断”问题有争议,两国在波斯湾存在军事部署和博弈。沙特阿拉伯与伊朗的冲突、沙特阿拉伯与卡塔尔的冲突都会对波斯湾能源航道造成威胁。波斯湾的地理水文条件不利于航道安全。波斯湾能源航道周边国家众多,域内国家的族群冲突、教派冲突给能源供应和油气港口运作造成潜在的经济风险与安全风险。地理水文风险和宗教文化风险是长期性风险,在政治风险和危机条件下容易发酵。

Seasonal Variation of Cochlodinium polykrikoides in the North of Oman Sea （Iranian Waters）

This study was carried out to investigate the Cochlodinium polykrikoides fluctuations in the north of Oman Sea during pre- and post-monsoon season in 2008. The study area was divided into 10 transects （TI-T10） from the Strait of Hormuz （T1） to Gwadar （TI0） which cover the whole of the Iranian waters in the Oman Sea. The results showed that at first, Cochlodinium polykrikoides appeared in the northeast part （T10） in the pre-monsoon season, then it spread to other parts of the study area. Cochlodinium polykrikoides was observed in greater abundance in the Strait of Hormuz in the post-monsoon season. The results demonstrated that T10 （transect 10） had the highest abundance in the pre-monsoon season. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference among transects （P 〈 0.05）. The present study showed that the abundance of Cochlodinium polykrikoides increased from coastal to offshore waters in the pre-monsoon season; however, in the post-monsoon season, there was a higher abundance in coastal waters compared to the offshore zone. It could be seen that the abundance of Cochlodinium polykrikoides started in offshore waters, then increased in coastal waters. During the pre-monsoon season, water discoloration was not observed, however, the water changed to brown from T 1 to T4 （northwest） and blooms of Cochlodinium polykrikoides was recorded in the post-monsoon season.

主权与治权的统一与分离对海上战略通道安全的影响论析

海峡,因其连通大洋而成为一种海上战略通道。此前研究多将强权国家的海洋战略、海上通道的地缘属性及其运输功能视为影响海上战略通道安全的主因。文章认为,影响海上战略通道安全的关键应为海峡的治权是否完全属于其主权拥有者。海峡治权是指与海峡具有高度利益相关性的一国或多国治理海峡的权利,既包括海峡沿岸国行使的管辖权,也包括海峡使用国进行全球海洋治理的权利,二者存在一定程度的紧张关系。马六甲海峡和霍尔木兹海峡分居中国海上石油运输航线的两端,地缘位置至关重要。通过分析近年来以沿岸国为主导的马六甲海峡联合巡航行动以及以域外国为主导的霍尔木兹海峡多国联合护航的不同,文章发现,马六甲海峡的主权与治权基本实现统一,而霍尔木兹海峡的主权和治权则在一定程度上出现分离,这是导致二者安全环境迥异的关键。