Fine‑tuning genomic and pedigree inbreeding rates in equine population with a deep and reliable stud book:the case of the Pura Raza Española horse

Background:Estimating inbreeding,which is omnipresent and inevitable in livestock populations,is a primary goal for management and animal breeding especially for those interested in mitigating the negative consequences of inbreeding.Inbreeding coefficients have been historically estimated by using pedigree information;however,over the last decade,genome-base inbreeding coefficients have come to the forefront in this field.The Pura Raza Espanola(PRE)horse is an autochthonous Spanish horse breed which has been recognised since 1912.The total PRE population(344,718 horses)was used to estimate Classical(F),Ballou’s ancestral,Kalinowski’s ancestral,Kalinowski’s new and the ancestral history coefficient values.In addition,genotypic data from a selected population of 805 PRE individuals was used to determine the individual inbreeding coefficient using SNP-by-SNP-based techniques(methods of moments-FHOM-,the diagonal elements of the genomic-FG-,and hybrid matrixes-FH-)and ROH measures(FRZ).The analyse of both pedigree and genomic based inbreeding coefficients in a large and robust population such as the PRE horse,with proven parenteral information for the last 40 years and a high degree of completeness(over 90%for the last 70 years)will allow us to understand PRE genetic variability better and the correlations between the estimations will give the data greater reliability.Results:The mean values of the pedigree-based inbreeding coefficients ranged from 0.01(F for the last 3 generations-F3-)to 0.44(ancestral history coefficient)and the mean values of genomic-based inbreeding coefficients varied from 0.05(FRZ for three generations,FH and FHOM)to 0.11(FRZ for nine generations).Significant correlations were also found between pedigree and genomic inbreeding values,which ranged between 0.58(F3 with FHOM)and 0.79(F with FRZ).In addition,the correlations between FRZ estimated for the last 20 generations and the pedigree-based inbreeding highlight the fact that fewer generations of genomic data are required when comparing total inbreeding values,and the opposite when ancient values are calculated.Conclusions:Ultimately,our results show that it is still useful to work with a deep and reliable pedigree in pedigreebased genetic studies with very large effective population sizes.Obtaining a satisfactory parameter will always be desirable,but the approximation obtained with a robust pedigree will allow us to work more efficiently and economically than with massive genotyping.

Biomarkers of Stress and Inflammation in Assessing the Quality of Welfare of Conditioned Vaquejada Horses

In recent decades, the intensity of training and equestrian competitions has significantly increased, thus the assessment of the well-being of the equine athlete has become essential in all equestrian modalities. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether equine athletes submitted to a vaquejada simulation test (VqST), comprised of three races, presented changes in blood biomarkers related to stress and health status. Fourteen healthy Quarter Horses, used as pull horses in this equestrian modality, were evaluated. Ten animals were submitted to the VqST and the remaining four were used as a control group. Blood samples were collected pre-test (during fast), immediately after, and at 1, 4 and 24 hours of recovery. The assessed blood biomarkers included cortisol, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, iron, urea, creatinine, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) concentrations and results were analyzed using One Way ANOVA (time) with the SigmaStat 13.0 software. No differences between sample times were detected in both groups (p > 0.05) and no differences were found between groups (p > 0.05). The results suggest that all horses were well conditioned for the level of effort imposed by the three vaquejada races. The adaptation to physical exercise may enable the regulation of the acute response to stress in the tissues involved in the exercises, with no differences being observed in stress and health biomarkers, such as IL-6, IL-1β and cortisol. In conclusion, well-conditioned vaquejada horses exhibit a balanced regulation of biological processes, which contributes an increased athletic longevity and better quality of athletic life.

The Thousand-year Journey of Chinese Tea:From the Tea-horse Ancient Road to the Tea Road

Recently,traditional tea processing techniques and associated social practices in China were inscribed on the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity after review.In ancient China.

On a Horse Again

I rode a horse called Nansi through some of the 1500 square kilometres of the Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales.Nansi was a Welsh Cob and they are one of the world’s oldest types of horses and live wild in the national park.It was nearly twenty years since I had ridden a horse.

In Tune With the Horse

A master player dedicates his life to the preservation and development of the art of morin khuur Luc Bendza,a well-known Gabonese martial artist and actor who has appeared in numerous films and television shows in China,never imagined he would fall in love with another Chinese art at the age of 53.But in early 2022,after hearing an elderly morin khuur(also known as a horsehead fiddle)musician playing a tuneful piece of music,he made the decision to learn how to play the Inner Mongolian instrument from the player.

“Horse”国俗语义的英国文化考量

作为文化的载体,语言具有鲜明的民族性。语言单位,特别是词语,体现了一个民族独特的文化内涵。从昔日庞大的英帝国兴起直到现在,马在英国军事历史和英国民族的生活中都起到重要作用。基于马在英民族文化具有的独特形象意义,从马的英语语义和习语、历史文学和英国民族的体育娱乐生活三个层面探讨英国的"马文化"。

Structural effects of reedbed grazing and its cessation on reed-nesting songbird densities

Reedbeds are crucial breeding habitats for vulnerable songbird species.Irrespective of their protection status,these habitats may be threatened by organic matter accumulation,progressively leading to structural homoge-nization and habitat succession towards woodland.Managers prevent excessive litter build-up with various in-terventions opening-up the reedbeds,such as grazing,which may be detrimental or suitable for some reed bird species.We assessed the effects of extensive grazing by horses and its cessation in the medium and long terms on reedbed structure,and the consequences on reed-nesting songbird densities in Estagnol Nature Reserve,a pro-tected wetland near the French Mediterranean coast.We compared reedbed structural features between grazed,newly ungrazed and old-ungrazed plots.During nine years,we censused four songbird species in spring and collected water level data in the same survey plots.Grazing reduced reedbed extent,rejuvenated the vegetation with more short green stems on a thinner litter,and produced higher structural heterogeneity and discontinuity compared to long-lasting non grazing.Newly ungrazed plot showed intermediate effects.All surveyed songbird total densities were similar among plots while species numbers and densities differed.Grazed reedbed was more attractive to Moustached Warblers(Acrocephalus melanopogon)and Great Reed Warblers(Acrocephalus arundi-naceus),likely due to the large edges and the high vegetation structural heterogeneity.However,Moustached Warblers were more negatively affected by higher water level in grazed reedbed,presumably because flooding prevents litter foraging.The newly ungrazed reedbed was not preferred by any species.All warbler species were found under low density in the old-ungrazed reedbed,where Reed Buntings(Emberiza schoeniclus)were exclu-sively found.Food availability related to thick litter layer may explain this predilection.Common Reed Warblers(Acrocephalus scirpaceus)were found everywhere in similar densities.We conclude that reedbed management by extensive horse grazing and also its long-term cessation may benefit several songbird species.Within a context of wetland degradation and disappearance,both management strategies are useful to establish and maintain suitable habitats for reed-nesting songbird communities.

英语中的horse趣谈

在英语中，horse（马）最能反映英语民族特有的文化生活，许多与horse有关的词语有着十分独特的国俗文化内涵。英语中的horse含有“强壮”、“巨大”、“强健”等国俗语义。例如：asstrongasahorse“非常强壮”，eatlikeahorse“胃口极大”，horsepills“巨大的药丸”，toworklikeahorse“辛苦干活”，awillinghorse“埋头苦干的人”等。此外，英语中与horse相关的英语典故、成语和谚语比比皆是，使用十分频繁。

哪些动物可以骑?

Around the world,people ride different kinds of animals.Horses are the most common.These animals are strong and fast.Riding a horse is a lot of fun,and it's good exercise.Camels are great for travel in the desert.They can go long distances without needing much water.People ride elephants for adventure.They enjoy being near these large animals.It's fun to ride high up on an elephant.

如何理解“closing the barn door after the horse have escaped”?

然而,由教育部考试中心组织编写、高等教育出版社出版的《全国硕士研究生入学英语考试分析(2001年版)》对这道题的分析是:“……并且打个比喻说,马逃走了,关上马棚的大门,人们却发现骑在马上的正是这些受过教育的人他们自己。”显然,这样的分析对理解原文并不能起多少作用,读后考生仍然感到云里雾里。

Father,Son and A Horse

Once there lived a very old peasant in a village. His name was Jack.He had a horse.It was almost as old as him. One day he set off with his young son to sell the horse before it died.They walked because the father did not want the horse to be too tired. They met two neighbours (邻居)on their way.The neighbours said, "Hello,why are

五彩缤纷的“Horse”

"horse"这种人所共知的动物经常被人赋予很多特征,并用来喻事喻人,文章对horse进行了详细的说明和分析。

Orbital decompression surgery and horse chestnut seed extract improved superior orbital vein blood flow in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

AIM： To evaluate the efficacy and safety of orbital decomposition （OD） surgery in combination with horse chestnut seed extract （HCSE）, as compared to OD atone, in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy （TAO）. METHODS： Sixty-two orbits from 62 TAO patients were randomly assigned to OD or OD＋HCSE at 1：1 ratio （31 received OD alone, 31 received OD ＋HCSE）. Forty-two orbits from 21 healthy subjects were used as controls. Complete ophthalmic examination and color Doppler flow imaging （CDFI） were performed before surgery and 3mo post-surgery on all 62 orbits from the TAO patients. CDFI were also performed on the 42 control orbits, The effect of OD ＋HCSE and OD alone on TAO orbits was compared on several endpoints, including superior ophthalmic vein blood flow （SOVBF） parameters, subjective assessment, soft tissue involvement, lid retraction, diplopia, eye movement restriction, degree of exophthalmos, and intraocular pressure. The control orbits were used as reference for the SOVBF parameters. RESULTS： OD surgery with or without HCSE improved SOVBF, symptoms and soft tissue involvement, decreased degree of exophthalmos and intraocular pressure in orbits of TAO patients. The OD ＋HCSE combination led to significantly better improvement of SOVBF than OD alone. The differences between the reductions of SOVBF in the two groups are 1.26 cmls in max-volecity and 0.52 cm/s in min-voiecity （P〈0.0001）. CONCLUSION： SOVBF is significantly reduced in the orbits affected with TAO, indicating that congestion may be an important factor contributing to TAO pathogenesis. OD surgery improves the SOVBF, and combination of HCSE medication and OD surgery further improved venous return than OD surgery alone.

A Therapeutic Sheep in Metastatic Wolf’s Clothing: Trojan Horse Approach for Cancer Brain Metastases Treatment

Early-stage brain metastasis of breast cancer(BMBC), due to the existence of an intact blood–brain barrier(BBB), is one of the deadliest neurologic complications. To improve the efficacy of chemotherapy for BMBC, a Trojan horse strategy-based nanocarrier has been developed by integrating the cell membrane of a brain-homing cancer cell and a polymeric drug depot. With the camouflage of a MDA-MB-231/Br cell membrane, doxorubicin-loaded poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle(DOX-PLGA@CM) shows enhanced cellular uptake and boosted killing potency for MDA-MB-231/Br cells. Furthermore, DOX-PLGA@CM is equipped with naturally selected molecules for BBB penetration, as evidenced by its boosted capacity in entering the brain of both healthy and early-stage BMBC mouse models. Consequently, DOX-PLGA@CM effectively reaches the metastatic tumor lesions in the brain, slows down cancer progression, reduces tumor burden, and extends the survival time for the BMBC animal.Furthermore, the simplicity and easy scale-up of the design opens a new window for the treatment of BMBC and other brain metastatic cancers.

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Horses and Donkeys in and around Gondar Town, Ethiopia

A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2010 to June 2011 in and around Gondar town to identify the species and determine prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in donkeys and horses. Gross examination, direct fecal smear, sedimentation and floatation techniques were utilized to identify the eggs and larvae of parasites in feces. A total of 384 horses and donkeys were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 92.71% (356 from 384) with 80.95% (85 from 105) and 97.13% (271 from 279) in horses and donkeys, respectively. Prevalence of Strongyle, Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi, Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus and Gastrophilus intestinalis was 66.67%, 43.8%, 0.95%, 2.86%, and 0.95%, respectively in horses. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 87.81%, 42.29%, 4.30%, 5.73%, 1.43%, 3.58% and 0.72% for Strongyles, Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi, Fasciola, Tricuris, Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus and Gastrophilus intestinalis in donkeys, respectively. There was a statisticcally significant difference between species, housing and among feed types in prevalence of equine gastrointestinal parasites

Effects of Motivation and Demography on the Quantitative Plausibility of the Trojan Horse Defence Against Possession of Child Pornography

The Enhanced Complexity Model( ECM) developed previously has been further extended to produce a Motivationally Enhanced Complexity Model( MECM) which enables the degree of motivation,capability and opportunity of a hypothetical Trojan Horse author to be included in quantifying the relative plausibility of competing explanations for the existence of uncontested digital evidence.This new model has been applied to the case of the Trojan Horse defence( THD) against the possession of child pornography.Our results demonstrate that the THD in this case cannot be plausibly sustained unless it can be shown that an ‘off-theshelf'( OTS) Trojan Horse for this task is available and it is not detectable by the target computer,at the material time.

Functional Microvascular Anatomy of the Horse Eye: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Corrosion Casts

Objective: This study presents the microvasculature of the horse iris, ciliary process, retina, and choroid and discusses the functional significance of the vasculature. Procedure: Seven horses were used for this study. The ocular vascular system was injected with methylmethacrylate resin via the carotid artery, and the vascular corrosion casts were observed using a scanning electron microscope. Results: The iridial vessels showed a wavy course. The ciliary process was supplied by 2 arterial routes: the iridial and ciliary arterial circles. The subjects displayed a paurangiotic retina with retinal vessels extending only a short distance around the disc. The retinal arterioles and venules ran in closely related pairs, and the capillaries formed hairpin loops. No central retinal artery was seen in the equine eyes examined. The choriocapillaris in the avascular retina was arranged in honeycomb hexagon lobules and formed a more densely packed network than that in the vascular retina. There were 2 distinct venous drainage systems in the horse choroid: the vortex veins and the posterior ciliary veins. The vortex vein ampulla was flattened and showed a slit-like lumen at the merge site with the ophthalmic vein. The vortex veins demonstrated a marked constriction before leaving the eye. Discussion: The 2 choroidal drainage systems may compensate each other in event of occlusion. The ampulla and the constriction in the vortex veins may act as a valve regulating the blood flow to keep the eye at an optimum size and the intraocular pressure within the normal physiological range.

基于语料库的动物词“马”与horse习语分析

由于不同的文化传统、价值观、地理环境以及宗教信仰等因素,习语在中英两种语言中的使用颇有差异性。本文借助权威词典,搜集中文"马"和英文horse习语,然后运用美国当代英语语料库(COCA)和北京大学中国语言学研究中心现代汉语语料库(CCL)进行语料分析,从隐喻和转喻的角度解析发现,中英语言都存在着以马喻人、以马喻物的表达,中文中多用于正式场合,褒义为主流,而英文中的使用更为自由,含义用途也更为丰富。

“horse＂趣闻The stories of HORSE

在中国的十二生肖中，马（horse）被当作一种神圣的，传奇式的动物。它四肢强壮，叫声响亮，善跑，健美，并能认路。在中国神话故事《西道纪》中，唐僧乘坐的是由小白龙变成的白龙马；在《圣经》（Bible）中，耶稣和他的天国军士也用白马：在希腊神话中，太阳神Apollo也用白马作为交通工具等。由此看来，马不论在东方，还是西方；也无论在童话，还是神话里，都被当作一种善解人意，能给主人以信赖的吉祥动物。

英语“Horse”浅论

在英语中由horse一词组成的成语、习语等非常广泛,它们可以用以比喻人、比喻事物、比喻动作、行为、状态及情绪等。由于英语和汉语的语言习惯不同,英语中的horse也不能直接译为"马",而应按英语中horse所比喻之法去翻译。