A brief investigation on transversal temperature distribution during hot rolling

Temperature evolution of a working piece during hot rolling has a significant influence on the microstmcture and final mechanical properties of the material. As the measurement technologies improve, on-line measurement of the temperature across the strip width has become accessible, and thus monitoring and control of the transversal temperature distribution during hot rolling can be realized. The scanning of the temperature across the strip width can help us to understand the state of the temperature variation at the strip edges and as a result help us improve the temperature homogeneity of the strip. In this paper, reaearch on temperature distribution along the strip width is reviewed first, and then the mechanism of the scanning measuring devices is introduced. With the temperature scanning measurement data taken from the finishing mill entry point and the down coiler entry point, the temperature distribution at the strip edges is analyzed. It is pointed out that the roughing process is the main contributor to the temperature inhomogeneity. Furthermore,the contribution of the edger heater to the temperature homogeneity is investigated.

Modeling of Slab Induction Heating in Hot Rolling by FEM

FEM (Finite Element Method) has been widely used to solve temperature in hot rolling. The heat gen-erating rate of electromagnetic field has been discussed in order to improve the efficiency and accuracy in the solution of induction heating. A new heat generating rate model was proposed and derived from the calculated results by FEM software in consideration of work frequency, source current density, and the air gap between induction coil and slab. The calculated distribution of heat generating rate in the skin depth by the model is satisfying and reliable compared with that of FEM software. Then, the mathematic model of the heat generating rate model is considered as the density of heat reservoir to solve the temperature in induction heating. Moreover, the temperature evolution of slab in induction heating from a hot rolling plant has been solved by the developed FE code and the calculated temperature has a good agreement with the measured value. Therefore, the heat generating rate model is suitable and efficiency to solve the temperature in induction heating by FEM.

Analysis of Strip Temperature in Hot Rolling Process by Finite Element Method

The program was developed by finite element method to calculate the temperature distribution in hot strip rolling process. The heat transfer coefficients of air cooling, water cooling and thermal resistance between work roll and strip were analyzed, A new heat generation rate model was proposed according to the influence of source current density, work frequency, air gap and distance to edge on induction heating by finite element method （FEM）. The heat generation rate was considered in the thermal analysis to predict the temperature distribution in the induction heating. The influence of induction heating on the strip temperature was investigated for different slab thicknesses. The temperature difference became more and more obvious with the increase of thickness. The strip could be heated quickly by the induction heating both in surface and center because of the thermal conductivity and skin effect. The heat loss of radiation has important influence on the surface temperature. The surface temperature could be heated quickly by high frequency when the strip is thicker.

Temperature field analysis and its application in hot continuous rolling of Inconel 718 superalloy

A coupled thermo-mechanical model containing metal flow and temperature field for calculating temperature variation has been developed on fourteen-pass hot continuous rolling of round rod for Inconel 718 alloy using 3D elastic-plastic finite element method （FEM）. The temperature of characteristic analysis points in the intermediate cross-section of the workpiece has been simulated at initial temperature ranging from 960 to 1000 ℃ and initial velocity in range of 0.15-0.55 m·s^-1. Based on finite element analysis and microstructural observation in cylindrical hot compression experiments, the appropriate hot continuous rolling technologies have been designed for rod products with different diameters. For a real rolling practice, the simulated surface temperature was examined and is in good agreement with the measured one.

Theoretical Explanation of Uneven Transverse Temperature Distribution in Wide Thin Strip Rolling Process

A new theoretical thermomechanical explanation of the uneven transverse temperature distribution, along the width for thin and wide hot rolled strip was proposed. In particular, starting from the irregular pressure and friction distribution which led to an uneven heat generation, a 2D mathematical model of calculating the transverse termperature distribution was presented. A physical explanation for this problem was given and the model was used as an essential basis to build a corresponding FEM simulation model, in which heat loss and generation were considered. Deformation and friction heat were described in details. For a clearer and more logical analysis, the heat generation problem was split into two parts： one for the strip centre, and one for the sides, in correspondence with the temperature peak points at 100 mm from the strip edge. Finally, the result shows that how thenew theoretical model can lead to the exact interpretation of the measured uneven temperature distribution.

Thermo-mechanical coupled analysis of hot ring rolling process

A 3D rigid-plastic and coupled thermo-mechanical FE model for hot ring rolling(HRR) was developed based on DEFORM 3D software,then coupled heat transferring,material flow and temperature distribution of the ring in HRR were simulated and the effects of process parameters on them were analyzed.The results show that the deformation nonuniformity of ring blank increases with the increase of the rotational speed of driver roll and friction factor or the decrease of the feed rate of idle roll and initial temperature of ring blank.The temperature nonuniformity of ring blank decreases with the increase of the feed rate of idle roll or the decrease of initial temperature of ring blank and friction factor.There is an optimum rotational speed of driver roll under which the temperature distribution of ring blank is the most uniform.The results obtained can provide a guide for forming parameters optimization and quality control.

Control and application of cooling path after rolling for hot strip based on ultra fast cooling

Hot rolled strip requires diverse and flexible control of cooling path in order to take full advantages of strengthening mechanisms such as fine grain strengthening, precipitation strengthening, and transformation strengthening, adapting to the development of advanced steel materials and the requirement of reduction-manufacturing. Ultra fast cooling can achieve a great range of cooling rate, which provides the means that the hardened austenite obtained in high temperature region can keep at different dynamic transformation temperatures. Meanwhile, through the rational allocation of the UFC （ultra fast cooling） and LFC （laminar flow cooling）, more flexible cooling path control and cooling strategy of hot rolled strip are obtained. Temperature distribution and control strategies under different cooling paths based on UFC are investigated. The process control temperature can be limited within 18 ℃, and the mechanical properties of the steels get a great leap forward due to the cooling paths and strategies, which can decrease costs and create great economic benefits for the iron and steel enterprises.

Work roll thermal contour prediction model of nonoriented electrical steel sheets in hot strip mills

The demands for profile and flatness of nonoriented electrical steels are becoming more and more severe. The temperature field and thermal contour of work rolls are the key factors that affect the profile and flatness control in the finishing trains of the hot rolling. A theoretic mathematical model was built by a two-dimensional finite difference to calculate the temperature field and thermal contour at any time within the entire rolling campaign in the hot rolling process. To improve the calculating speed and precision, some special solutions were introduced, including the development of this model, the simplification of boundary conditions, the computation of heat transfer coefficient, and the narrower mesh along the edge of the strip. The effects of rolling pace and work roll shifting on the temperature field and thermal contour of work rolls in the hot rolling process were demonstrated. The calculated results of the prediction model are in good agreement with the measured ones and can be applied to guiding profile and flatness control of nonoriented electrical steel sheets in hot strip mills.

热轧薄规格带钢板凸度纵向分布特征的研究

为了控制某1780 mm热轧生产线薄带钢板凸度的纵向分布,通过分析现场轧制过程工艺及板凸度数据,对影响因素进行了定量分析。结果表明:随着带钢厚度的减小,带钢板凸度纵向差值越大,其带钢长度方向上F7机架出口温度、速度和F1机架轧制压力和弯辊力差值越大。随着带钢宽度的减小,板凸度纵向衰减量逐渐增大,带钢中后部的板凸度逐渐低于目标值的下限。随精轧F7机架出口速度、温度的升高以及F1机架轧制压力和弯辊力的降低,板凸度发生衰减,且上述轧制参数波动值越大衰减特征越明显、衰减量越大。

Wear and Thermal Stress Analysis of Side Dam for Twin Roll Strip Casting

The simulation of the work roll temperature field was carried out by means of ANSYS software, and the thermal crown of the roll along its axis was obtained. The thermal-structural coupled element and contact element were introduced. In the simulation of work roll temperature field, the convert boundary condition and the transient thermal contact between the roll and strip were studied. Besides, the dynamic variation of the work roll temperature and the transient temperature distribution of the work roll during hot rolling were investigated. The calculated results were in good agreement with the measured data.

板带热轧中间坯厚度分布规律研究

在热连轧生产过程中,受测量环境和测量手段的限制,尚未实现对中间坯厚度的实时在线精确测量,对产品最终的厚度精度和精轧区穿带过程稳定性造成影响。为解决此问题,采用轧制特性法分析中间坯厚度产生偏差的原因;为进一步研究各因素对厚度偏差影响的规律,通过影响系数法计算中间坯长度方向上温度和厚度分布,建立热力耦合有限元模型,并将有限元结果与计算结果进行比较。研究结果表明:随着轧制过程的进行,在轧制方向上,中间坯温度逐渐降低,头、尾温度的平均偏差约为22℃,头、尾最大温度偏差达到32℃;由于温度偏差导致中间坯厚度呈变大趋势,中间坯头尾厚度偏差为0.20 mm,长度方向最大厚度偏差达0.53 mm;本文得到的中间坯厚度和温度的分布能够为后续精轧过程提供前提条件,为高精度控制成品轧件的厚度以及维持穿带稳定性提供依据。

三相不平衡工况下配电变压器温升特性及绝缘损失分析

三相不平衡运行会增加配电变压器的附加损耗,引起本体局部温度异常升高,缩短绕组绝缘寿命。为此基于热电类比理论,以配电变压器每相绕组做为一个整体,建立热路模型。根据三相电流之间的关系将不平衡工况分为3种典型工况,以一台S13−M−200/10型变压器为例,比较热路模型与有限元模型在多种不平衡工况下的计算结果,二者获取的顶层油温与热点温度值保持了较高的一致性,验证了热路模型的准确性。在此基础上进一步分析不同类型、不同程度三相不平衡运行对顶层油温、热点温度以及绝缘损失的影响,结果表明:相同不平衡程度下,不同类型的三相不平衡工况对于顶层油温和热点温度的影响不同;绝缘相对热老化速率随不平衡度的增加非线性上升,尤其在高温天气下,热老化速率随不平衡程度的加深呈指数形式上升,可为配电变压器运行控制策略的制定提供技术支撑。

嵌入式智能轴承信息感知测点优化方法

针对智能轴承结构和感知单元集成中信息感知测点综合最优选取困难的问题,提出了嵌入式智能轴承信息感知测点优化方法。以角接触球轴承为嵌入式智能轴承的轴承本体结构,结合有限元分析研究了考虑3种载荷下轴承外圈开槽前后不同测点的应力和变形信息响应分布及影响,并基于轴承温度建模理论计算了轴承不同感知测点的温度分布。考虑开槽对轴承变形的影响,提出了一种基于主成分分析的嵌入式智能轴承感知测点最优选择方法。研究结果表明,通过应力、变形和温度信息的评估分析,可实现嵌入式轴承集成感知的最优嵌入测点选择。

Application of FEM to Hot Continuous Rolling Process for Inconel 718 Alloy Round Rod

A finite element model for coupled thermo-meehanical analysis has been developed in hot continuous rolling process for Inconel 718 alloy round rod with diameter of 45 mm. The stability of this alloy is discussed by integration of FEM and processing map reported in literatures. The result shows that the stability of Inconel 718 alloy is analyzed effectively during that process and good stability appears as the initial temperature is 960 ℃ and the initial velocity is from 0. 15 to 0.45 m · s^-1 or the initial temperature is 980 ℃ and the initial velocity is from 0. 15 to 0. 25 m · s^-1.

带钢热轧过程中温度演变的数值模拟和实验研究

采用三维大变形弹塑性有限元法，耦合温度场和应力、应变场，应用ＡＢＱＵＳ软件的二次开发用户子程序模块，建立了热轧过程中的界面换热模型，对热轧ＩＦ带钢进行了温度场的数值模拟. 开发了热轧过程中的测温技术，在实验轧机上对带钢内部温度变化进行在线测量，以测量结果修正了界面换热系数模型．利用所建立的传热模型对带钢热轧过程进行了模拟计算，考虑了轧制过程压下量、初始变形温度对温度场变化的影响，结果表明模拟与实测的温度场基本吻合．

层流冷却中带钢温度分布模型的开发

在热轧带钢层流冷却控制数学模型中，由于忽略带钢内部的热传导而使卷取温度控制精度不良。本文采用离线二维数模计算带钢沿厚度方向上的温度分布，在线控制中给予补偿，取得较好的效果。

热连轧带钢温度场的有限元分析

采用确定热轧温度场的有限元计算模型及实测轧制过程中实测点的温度值、精轧各道次轧制压力值,对热辐射传热系数、喷水冷却传热系数、接触热传导系数及塑性功转热率进行优化计算,在此基础上,得到了轧件温降及其内部温度分布规律。

热轧带钢在冷却中温度与相变的耦合解析

本文针对热轧带钢的冷却过程 ,利用有限元法建立温度与相变的耦合预报模型 ,同时分析各种工艺条件对计算结果的影响。该模型的计算结果与实测值符合良好 ,能够准确地预测带钢冷却后的温度分布和最终的组织。

热轧带钢层流冷却过程中温度与相变耦合预测模型

建立了温度与相变耦合有限元模型,对带钢轧后冷却过程中带钢厚度和宽度方向的温度场进行了模拟计算.建模过程中,考虑带钢的各金相组织的密度、导热系数、比热容等物性参数为温度的函数,取各相的线性平均值用于计算.根据连续等温转变实验曲线,采用Avrami方程和Scheil可加性法则计算带钢相变潜热,实现温度和相变耦合求解.计算结果表明,带钢经过层流冷却后,沿厚度方向存在着一定的温差,带钢温度沿宽度方向分布不均匀,和现场实测结果吻合.

带高压水除鳞换热的带钢粗轧过程温度场数值模拟

热带钢在轧制前通常需用高压水去除氧化铁皮。随着高压水对带钢表面冲击强度的增加,除鳞效果明显增强,带钢的温度也显著降低。影响带钢温度变化的因素复杂多变,其中尤以高压水的影响较显著,因此研究带钢在高压水除鳞过程中的温度场分布,对于了解带钢粗轧过程中的温度变化、合理制定后续精轧工艺非常必要。笔者将有限元数值解法与实验结果相结合,研究了高压水冲击强度与带钢换热系数之间的对应关系,得出了换热系数计算模型。将该模型应用于宝山钢铁集团公司2050mm热带钢粗轧机组进行模拟计算。结果表明模拟值与现场实测值吻合良好。