The effects of addition of minor amount of(0.5 wt.%) antimony(Sb) or gadolinium(Gd) and combined addition of Sb and Gd(0.5 wt.%,respectively) on the hot tearing susceptibility(HTS) of Mg-5Al-3Ca alloy were investigate...The effects of addition of minor amount of(0.5 wt.%) antimony(Sb) or gadolinium(Gd) and combined addition of Sb and Gd(0.5 wt.%,respectively) on the hot tearing susceptibility(HTS) of Mg-5Al-3Ca alloy were investigated experimentally using a “T-shaped” hot tearing measuring system. Various solidification parameters of the alloys were measured and calculated through thermal analysis experiments. The microstructure, grain size, and morphology of the crack zone were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction, and the crystal phases of the alloys were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that the addition of 0.5 wt.% Gd resulted in the increase in the vulnerable temperature range(Tv) and reduced the eutectic structure content that could participate in feeding, thereby improving the HTS of the alloy. However, addition of 0.5 wt.% Sb or combined addition of Gd and Sb(0.5 wt.%, respectively) to the Mg-5Al-3Ca alloy shortened the Tvand improved the skeleton strength of the alloy, thereby reducing HTS. Moreover, significantly refined structure of Mg-5Al-3Ca-0.5Gd-0.5Sb alloy improved the feeding ability of the eutectic structure, thus the alloy exhibited the lowest HTS.展开更多
Hot tearing is often a major casting defect in magnesium alloys and has a significant impact on the quality of their casting products.Hot tearing of magnesium alloys is a complex solidification phenomenon which is sti...Hot tearing is often a major casting defect in magnesium alloys and has a significant impact on the quality of their casting products.Hot tearing of magnesium alloys is a complex solidification phenomenon which is still not fully understood,it is of great importance to investigate the hot tearing behaviour of magnesium alloys.This review attempts to summarize the investigations on hot tearing of magnesium alloys over the past decades.The hot tearing criteria including recently developed Kou’s criterion are summarized and compared.The numeric simulation and assessing methods of hot tearing,factors influencing hot tearing,and hot tearing susceptibility(HTS)of magnesium alloys are discussed.展开更多
This study was undertaken to investigate the tensile properties and hot tearing susceptibility of cast Al–Cu alloys containing excess Fe(up to 1.5 wt%)and Si(up to 2.5 wt%).According to the results,the optimum tensil...This study was undertaken to investigate the tensile properties and hot tearing susceptibility of cast Al–Cu alloys containing excess Fe(up to 1.5 wt%)and Si(up to 2.5 wt%).According to the results,the optimum tensile properties and hot tearing resistance were achieved at Fe/Si mass ratio of 1,where theα-Fe phase was the dominant Fe compound.Increasing the Fe/Si mass ratio above unity increased the amounts of detrimentalβ-Cu Fe platelets in the microstructure,deteriorating the tensile properties and hot tearing resistance.Decreasing the mass ratio below unity increased the size and fraction of Si needles and micropores in the microstructure,also impairing the tensile properties and hot tearing resistance.The investigation of hot-torn surfaces revealed that theβ-Cu Fe platelets disrupted the tear healing phenomenon by blocking interdendritic feeding channels,while theα-Fe intermetallics improved the hot tearing resistivity due to their compact morphology and high melting point.展开更多
Based on the hot tearing index|△T/△(fs)^(0.5)|recently proposed by Kou and the thermodynamic calculations of Pandat software,Al,Cu,and Mn elements were picked up and their influence on hot tearing susceptibility of ...Based on the hot tearing index|△T/△(fs)^(0.5)|recently proposed by Kou and the thermodynamic calculations of Pandat software,Al,Cu,and Mn elements were picked up and their influence on hot tearing susceptibility of Mg-x Zn(x=6,8,10,wt%)alloys was studied by experiments.The results indicate that Al addition can significantly reduce the hot tearing susceptibility of Mg-Zn alloys.Either 0.5Cu or 0.3Mn addition individually can reduce the HTS of the Mg-6Zn-(1,4)Al alloys,while adding together increases the susceptibility.The addition of 0.5Cu and 0.3Mn both individually and together increases the HTS of Mg-8/10Zn-1Al alloys.Based on the experimental and calculation results,the index can be modified to|△T/△(fs)^(0.5)|(d)^(2)for more accurate prediction on the hot tearing resistance of Mg-Zn based alloys.Grain refinement significantly improves the hot tearing resistance of Mg-Zn based alloys.展开更多
Hot tearing susceptibility(HTS)of Mg-2Zn-(3+0.5 x)Y-x Al(x=0,2 and 3 at%)alloys is predicted by using modified Clyne-Davies’model(CSC^(∗)).The solidification path,solidification characteristic temperatures and dendri...Hot tearing susceptibility(HTS)of Mg-2Zn-(3+0.5 x)Y-x Al(x=0,2 and 3 at%)alloys is predicted by using modified Clyne-Davies’model(CSC^(∗)).The solidification path,solidification characteristic temperatures and dendritic coherency solid fraction have been studied by double-thermocouple thermal analysis.The solidification contraction stress vs.temperature(and time)curves are measured by using a“T”type hot tearing permanent-mold.The results reveal that the CSC^(∗)prediction values are in good agreement with the experimental results.Moreover,Al_(2)Y phase acts as the heterogeneous nucleation core ofα-Mg and significantly influences the grain size.It has been observed that minimum grain size,optimal dendritic coherency and minimum HTS are exhibited by Mg-2Zn-(3+0.5 x)Y-x Al alloy(x=2).Furthermore,when Al content was increased to 3 at%,Al_(2)Y phase exhibited a peritectic reaction and transformed into a mixed structure of Al_(2)Y and Al+Al_(3)Y phases,which increased the HTS of the alloy due to reduced fine-grained Al_(2)Y content.展开更多
The hot tearing susceptibility of MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5)(x = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6) alloys was evaluated using ClyneDavies' theoretical model and a constrained rod casting(CRC) apparatus equipped with a load cell and dat...The hot tearing susceptibility of MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5)(x = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6) alloys was evaluated using ClyneDavies' theoretical model and a constrained rod casting(CRC) apparatus equipped with a load cell and data acquisition system. The results obtained from these two approaches were in good agreement, illustrating that the hot tearing susceptibility of the investigated alloys is in the order of MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5) > MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5) > MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5) > MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5)> MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5). The microstructure and morphology of hot tearing regions were observed by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The function curves on variation of contraction force and temperature versus time were recorded by a computer during solidification of the MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5) alloys in a "T" type mold after A/D(Analog to digital) conversion. Results show that both the amount and morphology of the second phases have a great relationship with the hot tearing susceptibility. But the former plays a more important role on that of MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5) alloys. The role of low-melting point eutectic phases on the hot tearing susceptibility of MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5) alloys changes gradually with different Y contents. When Y ≤ 1wt.%, it is mainly a damaging effect on intergranular bonding force; when Y > 1wt.%, it is mainly an intergranular feeding effect on formed separated dendrites.展开更多
Hot tearing is known as one of the most serious solidification defects commonly encountered during solidification. It is very important to study the solidification path of alloys. In the work, thermal analysis with co...Hot tearing is known as one of the most serious solidification defects commonly encountered during solidification. It is very important to study the solidification path of alloys. In the work, thermal analysis with cooling curve was used for the investigation of microstructure evolution with different Zn contents during solidification process of MgZn_xY_4Zr_(0.5) alloys. Thermal analysis results of MgY_4Zr_(0.5) alloys revealed one distinct phase precipitation: α-Mg. Three different phase peaks were detected in the Zn-containing alloys: α-Mg, Z-phase(Mg_(12)YZn) and W-phase(Mg_3 Y_2Zn_3). In addition, for the present MgZn_xY_4Zr_(0.5) alloys, the freezing ranges of these alloys from large to small were: MgZn_(1.5)Y_4Zr_(0.5)>MgZn)(3.0) Y)4Zr_(0.5)>MgZn0.5 Y4 Zr0.5>MgY_4Zr_(0.5). The effect of different contents of Zn(0, 0.5, 1.5, 3.0 wt.%) on hot tearing behavior of MgY_4Zr_(0.5) alloy was investigated using a constrained rod casting(CRC) apparatus equipped with a load cell and data acquisition system. The experimental results show that the addition of Zn element significantly increases hot tearing susceptibility(HTS) of the MgY_4Zr_(0.5) alloy due to its extended freezing range. Some free dendrite-like bumps and ruptured liquid films on the fracture surfaces were observed in all the fracture surfaces. These phenomena proved the fact that the hot tearing formation was caused by interdendritic separation due to lack of feeding at the end of solidification.展开更多
The effect of a low-frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF,0 A 0 Hz,5 A 10 Hz,10 A 10 Hz,15 A 10 Hz) on the hot tearing susceptibility (HTS) of a magnesium alloy (EV31) was systematically studied using a combinatio...The effect of a low-frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF,0 A 0 Hz,5 A 10 Hz,10 A 10 Hz,15 A 10 Hz) on the hot tearing susceptibility (HTS) of a magnesium alloy (EV31) was systematically studied using a combination of experiment and numerical simulation.By observing the macroscopic hot cracks in hot joints of the "T" samples,the hot tearing tendency of the samples was analyzed.The HTS of the alloy can be predicted via numerical simulation and the crack susceptibility coefficient (CSC).The microstructure and morphology of the hot tearing zone of EV31 were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results show that increasing the magnetic field strength reduces both the alloy solidification temperature range and the dendrite coherency temperature,which increases the feeding time during solidification and decreases the HTS of the alloy.When the magnetic field parameters are 10 Hz 15 A,the EV31 alloy shows the lowest HTS.The main component of the second phase in the microstructure is Mg12Nd.This study also found that the electromagnetic field can effectively refine the grains,purify the melt,and reduce the oxide content in the melt.The obtained simulation results are consistent with the experimental results.展开更多
Progressive solidification is usually considered an effective strategy to reduce the hot tearing susceptibility of a cast component.In this study,special constrained plate castings with progressive changes in cross-se...Progressive solidification is usually considered an effective strategy to reduce the hot tearing susceptibility of a cast component.In this study,special constrained plate castings with progressive changes in cross-section were designed,which enabled progressive solidification.The hot tearing behavior of a newly developed NZ30 K Mg alloy(Mg-3.0 Nd-0.2 Zn-Zr,wt.%)was studied under progressive solidification using various mold temperature distributions and constraint lengths.Of these,a homogeneous mold temperature distribution is found to be the best option to avoid hot tearing,followed by a local low mold temperature distribution(with a chiller),then a gradient mold temperature distribution.Unexpectedly,compared with the homogeneous mold temperature distribution,adding a chiller does not provide any further reduction in the hot tearing susceptibility of the NZ30 K Mg alloy.A high mold temperature and a short constraint length increase the hot tearing resistance of cast Mg alloys.Progressive solidification is not a sufficient and necessary condition to avoid the formation of hot tearing.The two key factors that determine the occurrence of hot tearing under progressive solidification are the maximum cooling rate and the constraint length.Decreasing these values can reduce the incidence of hot tearing.展开更多
The effect of long-period stacking ordered(LPSO)phase on hot tearing susceptibility of Mg-1 Zn-xY serial alloys were investigated experimentally using a home-made T-type hot tearing mold.The characteristic parameters ...The effect of long-period stacking ordered(LPSO)phase on hot tearing susceptibility of Mg-1 Zn-xY serial alloys were investigated experimentally using a home-made T-type hot tearing mold.The characteristic parameters related to HTS during the solidification process were calculated by thermal analysis.The microstructure and morphology of the crack zone were characterized by optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and electron dispersive spectrometer(EDS),and the phases of the alloys were analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD).The result showed that the long-period stacking ordered(LPSO)phase formed when m(Zn)/m(Y)<1,and the LPSO content increased with increasing of Y.The presence of the LPSO phase in Mg-lZn-xY alloys could benefit the hot tearing refilling and decrease the HTS of the alloys.With in creasing the content of LPSO phase,the HTS of the alloys decreased.LPSO phase increased the skeleton strength,and reduced the HTS of Mg-lZn-xY alloys.展开更多
Hot tearing is one of the most serious defects during the casting solidification process.In this study,a new type of multichannel"cross"hot tearing device was designed.The hot cracks initiation and propagati...Hot tearing is one of the most serious defects during the casting solidification process.In this study,a new type of multichannel"cross"hot tearing device was designed.The hot cracks initiation and propagation were predicted by the relationship between temperature,shrinkage force and solidification time during the casting solidification process.The reliability and practicability of the multichannel"cross"hot tearing device were verified by casting experiments and numerical simulations.The theoretical calculation based on Clyne-Davies model and numerical simulation results show that the hot tearing tendency decreases in the order:2024 Al alloy>Al-Cu alloy>Al-Si alloy at a pouring temperature of 670°C and a mold temperature of 25°C.Feeding of liquid films at the end of solidification plays an important role in the propagation process of hot tearing.The decrease of hot tearing tendency is attributed to the feeding of liquid film and intergranular bridging.展开更多
Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy castings are widely used in the aerospace field owing to their high strength and excellent creep resistance.The castability of these alloys is also an important consideration for engineering applicati...Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy castings are widely used in the aerospace field owing to their high strength and excellent creep resistance.The castability of these alloys is also an important consideration for engineering application.Thus,the hot tearing susceptibilities(HTSs)of Mg-10Gd-1Y-1Zn-0.5Zr(VW91)alloy and Mg-10Gd-2Y-1Zn-0.5Zr(VW92)alloy are investigated with a constrained rod casting(CRC)mold.The microstructures and fracture surface are characterized by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope.The results unveil that the HTS of VW92alloy is lower than that of VW91 alloy.The microstructures indicate that obvious tears can be observed in VW91 alloy,while the tears in VW92 alloy are tiny.The tear feeding and healing by eutectic are also observed in VW91 and VW92alloys.Therefore,the lower hot tearing susceptibility of VW92 alloy is mainly attributed to the high amount of eutectic which feeds and heals tears.Besides,the effects of the coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)and the fluidity of VW91 and VW92 alloys on their HTSs are discussed.展开更多
In this work,the Al-Cu-Mg alloy with different Y(0-0.2 wt%)and Ce(0.5-1.5 wt%)are designed.The effect of mixed addition of Y and Ce on the grain structure and hot tearing for Al-4.4Cu-1.5Mg-0.15Zr alloy was investigat...In this work,the Al-Cu-Mg alloy with different Y(0-0.2 wt%)and Ce(0.5-1.5 wt%)are designed.The effect of mixed addition of Y and Ce on the grain structure and hot tearing for Al-4.4Cu-1.5Mg-0.15Zr alloy was investigated using"cross"hot tearing mould.The results indicate that as rare earth Y and Ce increases,the grain size becomes finer,the grain morphology changes from dendrite to equiaxed grain,and effectively reduce the hot tearing sensitivity coefficient(HTS1)and crack susceptibility coefficient(CSC)of the alloy.With the increase of Ce element(0.5-1.5 wt%),the hot tearing susceptibility of the alloy decreases first and then increases.With the increase of Y element(0-0.2 wt%),the hot tearing sensitivity of the alloy decreases.When the content of rare earth is 0.2 wt%Y+1.0 wt%Ce,the minimum HTS1 value and CSC value of the alloy are 68 and 0.53,respectively.Rare earth Ce refines the alloy microstructure,shortens the feeding channel,and reduces the hot tearing initiation.Meanwhile,the rare earth Y can form Al6Cu6Y phase at the grain boundary,improve the feeding capacity of the alloy.Therefore,appropriate addition of rare earth Y and Ce can effectively reduce the hot tearing tendency of the alloy.展开更多
To improve the severe hot tearing susceptibility of TiB2 reinforced A1-5Cu matrix composites, the present research investigated the influence of Y on the hot tearing susceptibility of 6TiB2/A1-5Cu composite. For the c...To improve the severe hot tearing susceptibility of TiB2 reinforced A1-5Cu matrix composites, the present research investigated the influence of Y on the hot tearing susceptibility of 6TiB2/A1-5Cu composite. For the composite added with Y, the solidification temperature range was shortened, which was caused by the novel rl-A18Cu4Y phase. The grain size of 6TiB2/A1-5Cu composite was 39.8 p.m. The addition of Y promoted the grain refinement, and the grain sizes were 36.33, 33.42 and 26.77 μm for 6TiB2/AI-5Cu with 0.2 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% and 1 wt.% Y, respectively. The decrease of solidification temperature range and grain size was beneficial to the hot tearing susceptibility improvement. Furthermore, the hot tearing initiation force increased from 44 to 288 N, when 1 wt.% Y was added in 6TiB2/A1-5Cu. For the above significant influence, the hot tearing susceptibility values were reduced by 12.2 wt.%, 57.7 wt.% and 66.8 wt.% for 6TiBjA1-5Cu with 0.2 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% and 1 wt.% Y, accordingly.展开更多
Hot tearing is one of the major defects in continuous casting of steels, which severely limits the productivity of steelmaking processes. To further understand the defect, the problem of hot tearing in duplex stainles...Hot tearing is one of the major defects in continuous casting of steels, which severely limits the productivity of steelmaking processes. To further understand the defect, the problem of hot tearing in duplex stainless steel produced by a vertical continuous caster was investigated. A three-dimensional heat transfer and elastic-plastic model was developed based on the realistic roller layout in continuous slab casting, using ProCAST software. According to the hot tearing indicator criterion, the influence of operating parameters on the hot tearing susceptibility was evaluated. The results show that the surface temperature distribution is not sensitive to the superheat. The center of wide surface shell at the mold exit is the thinnest, and the thickness is about 10.52 mm at the superheat temperature of 40 -C. The hot tearing mainly concentrates on the slab solidification front and near the narrow face. However, corner cracks are prone to appear near the corner. With the increase in casting speed and the decrease in the cooling intensity in the secondary cooling zone, the solidification end point is rushed, which leads to the position of hot tearing lowering accordingly.展开更多
Herein, a hot tearing measured system with external excitation coil and a differential thermal analysis system with applied magnetic field were used to study the effects of low-frequency alternating magnetic field on ...Herein, a hot tearing measured system with external excitation coil and a differential thermal analysis system with applied magnetic field were used to study the effects of low-frequency alternating magnetic field on the solidification behavior and hot tearing susceptibility(HTS) of the AXJ530 alloy under different magnetic field parameters. The hot tearing volume of the castings was measured via paraffin infiltration method. The microstructure of the hot tearing zone of the casting was observed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the phase composition was analyzed using X-ray diffraction and energy depressive spectroscopy. The experimental results show that the solidification interval of AXJ530 alloy was shortened and the dendrite coherency temperature of the alloy decreased with the increase in frequency of alternating magnetic field. Under appropriate magnetic field parameters, the electromagnetic force could enhance the convection in the melt to promote the flow of the residual liquid phase, refine the microstructure, and optimize the feeding channel in the late solidification stage, which reduced the HTS of the alloy. However, when the magnetic field frequency was increased to 15 Hz, the induced current generated excessive Joule heat to the melt. At this time, the thermal action of the magnetic field coarsened the microstructure of the alloy, resulting in an increase in HTS of the alloy.展开更多
A criterion based on solidifcation microstructure was proposed to precisely predict the hot tearing behavior of cast alloys,which takes into account the effects of both mechanical and nonmechanical factors.This criter...A criterion based on solidifcation microstructure was proposed to precisely predict the hot tearing behavior of cast alloys,which takes into account the effects of both mechanical and nonmechanical factors.This criterion focuses on the events occurring at the grain boundary,which are determined by the thermal contraction,solidifcation shrinkage,grain growing and liquid feeding.This criterion responds to a series of factors that affect hot tearing,such as alloy composition,mold design,casting process and microstructure.Its credibility has been validated by studying the hot tearing behavior of Mg-Ce alloys.In conformity with the experimental results,this criterion predicted decrease in the number of rods occurring hot tearing with increasing cerium content.A simplifed criterion was derived and validated by Mg-Ce(equiaxed grain)and Mg-Al(columnar grain)alloy systems,which is suitable for the case where the eutectic liquid fraction is low and the liquid feeding can be ignored.In addition,a hot tearing index for equiaxed grains was proposed,that is,|d T/d(f_(s)^(1/3)near(f_(s))^(1/3)=1,and its prediction results were consistent with the hot tearing susceptibility calculated from the experimental results.展开更多
The hot tearing susceptibility of a Fe-20.96Cr-2.13Ni-0.15N-4.76Mn-0.01 Mo duplex stainless steel was investigated using method of constrained solidification shrinkage in one dimension.An apparatus for realtime measur...The hot tearing susceptibility of a Fe-20.96Cr-2.13Ni-0.15N-4.76Mn-0.01 Mo duplex stainless steel was investigated using method of constrained solidification shrinkage in one dimension.An apparatus for realtime measuring the contraction stress and temperature during solidification was developed,which can achieve the in-situ observation of melting and solidification and avoid the large temperature gradient of casting under the condition of pouring.The results show that the contraction stress increases significantly when the core temperature of casting reaches the liquidus temperature.The contraction stress is released when the core temperature of casting reaches 1456°C.At this temperature,the hot tearing susceptibility of duplex stainless steel is the largest.With decreasing the core temperature to 1363°C,the slope of contraction stress increases,which is related to the ferrite-to-austenite transformation.展开更多
Magnesium alloys are used in aircraft because of their light weight.However,for these alloys to be applied in electronic devices,high thermal conductivities are required.Several high-potential compositions of Mg-Zn-Y-...Magnesium alloys are used in aircraft because of their light weight.However,for these alloys to be applied in electronic devices,high thermal conductivities are required.Several high-potential compositions of Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloys were selected by phase composition and their freezing ranges calculated using Thermo-Calc software.The alloys were prepared,and their fluidity,hot tearing susceptibility,mechanical properties,and thermal conductivity were obtained and compared.The alloy composed of Mg-4 wt%Zn-3 wt%Y-0.3 wt%Zr was selected for further investigation,because of its high thermal conductivity and satisfactory mechanical properties.The Mg-4 wt%Zn-3 wt%Y-0.3 wt%Zr alloy’s fluidity and hot tearing susceptibility were similar to those of the widespread AZ91 commercial casting magnesium alloy.The influence of a heat treatment regime on the microstructure,thermal conductivity,and mechanical properties of the developed alloy was also investigated.It was established that the room temperature thermal conductivity of the Mg-4 wt%Zn-3 wt%Y-0.3 wt%Zr alloy after aging at 300℃for 5 h was 105 W/m K^(-1).Additionally,the following tensile test results were obtained in aged condition:120 MPa yield strength,200 MPa ultimate tensile strength,and 4%elongation.The utilization of solid solution heat treatment at 520℃for 8 h prior to aging can promote up to 9%increase in elongation.The Mg-4 wt%Zn-3 wt%Y-0.3 wt%Zr casting alloy can be used as a high thermal conductivity material with industrial applications.展开更多
Design of experiments (DoE) based on a linear regression model was used to develop an Aluminum Copper-based casting alloy. The main objectives of the development were the achievement of (1) a high strength at elevated...Design of experiments (DoE) based on a linear regression model was used to develop an Aluminum Copper-based casting alloy. The main objectives of the development were the achievement of (1) a high strength at elevated temperatures with (2) a low hot tearing tendency. Within the DoE, 17 different chemical compositions of the newly developed alloy AlCuMnCo(Ni) were cast, tested regarding hot tearing tendency and characterized in tensile tests up to 300 °C. Test results showed that the AlCuMnCo(Ni)-alloys from the DoE have high mechanical properties from ambient temperature up to 300 °C and thus feature a high thermal stability. It was found that the alloying elements Cu and Co increase the yield strength whereas Mn and Ni tend to increase the attainable elongation. Furthermore, some of the alloys showed no or a very low tendency to hot tearing a remarkable feature for Al-Cu alloys which are otherwise highly susceptible to hot tearing. The regression model that was developed from the test results fulfils a set of quality criteria and is therefore expected to provide reliable predictions. The predictive ability of the model was validated by casting and testing a sweet spot alloy. Results show that the model is sufficient for predicting the mechanical properties from ambient temperature to 250 °C. Furthermore, the sweet spot alloy surpasses the reference alloy AlCuNiCoSbZr (RR30) in its mechanical properties up to 250 °C. It was shown that by applying design of experiments, time and effort for an alloy development can effectively be reduced and simultaneously a high degree of information density about the alloying system considered is generated.展开更多
基金financial support from Joint Research Fund Liaoning-Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science (2019JH3/30100014)Liaoning Bai Qian Wan Talents Program. Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program (Nos. XLYC1807021 and 1907007)+2 种基金High Level Innovation Team of Liaoning Province(XLYC1908006)Project of Liaoning Education Department(Nos. LQGD2019002, and LJGD2020008)Liaoning Nature Fund Guidance Plan (No. 2019-ZD-0210)。
文摘The effects of addition of minor amount of(0.5 wt.%) antimony(Sb) or gadolinium(Gd) and combined addition of Sb and Gd(0.5 wt.%,respectively) on the hot tearing susceptibility(HTS) of Mg-5Al-3Ca alloy were investigated experimentally using a “T-shaped” hot tearing measuring system. Various solidification parameters of the alloys were measured and calculated through thermal analysis experiments. The microstructure, grain size, and morphology of the crack zone were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction, and the crystal phases of the alloys were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that the addition of 0.5 wt.% Gd resulted in the increase in the vulnerable temperature range(Tv) and reduced the eutectic structure content that could participate in feeding, thereby improving the HTS of the alloy. However, addition of 0.5 wt.% Sb or combined addition of Gd and Sb(0.5 wt.%, respectively) to the Mg-5Al-3Ca alloy shortened the Tvand improved the skeleton strength of the alloy, thereby reducing HTS. Moreover, significantly refined structure of Mg-5Al-3Ca-0.5Gd-0.5Sb alloy improved the feeding ability of the eutectic structure, thus the alloy exhibited the lowest HTS.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project 51531002,51474043)the Ministry of Science&Technology of China(2013DFA71070)+1 种基金the Ministry of Education of China(SRFDR 20130191110018)Chongqing Municipal Government(CSTC2013JCYJC60001,CEC project,Two River Scholar Project and The Chief Scientist Studio Project).
文摘Hot tearing is often a major casting defect in magnesium alloys and has a significant impact on the quality of their casting products.Hot tearing of magnesium alloys is a complex solidification phenomenon which is still not fully understood,it is of great importance to investigate the hot tearing behaviour of magnesium alloys.This review attempts to summarize the investigations on hot tearing of magnesium alloys over the past decades.The hot tearing criteria including recently developed Kou’s criterion are summarized and compared.The numeric simulation and assessing methods of hot tearing,factors influencing hot tearing,and hot tearing susceptibility(HTS)of magnesium alloys are discussed.
文摘This study was undertaken to investigate the tensile properties and hot tearing susceptibility of cast Al–Cu alloys containing excess Fe(up to 1.5 wt%)and Si(up to 2.5 wt%).According to the results,the optimum tensile properties and hot tearing resistance were achieved at Fe/Si mass ratio of 1,where theα-Fe phase was the dominant Fe compound.Increasing the Fe/Si mass ratio above unity increased the amounts of detrimentalβ-Cu Fe platelets in the microstructure,deteriorating the tensile properties and hot tearing resistance.Decreasing the mass ratio below unity increased the size and fraction of Si needles and micropores in the microstructure,also impairing the tensile properties and hot tearing resistance.The investigation of hot-torn surfaces revealed that theβ-Cu Fe platelets disrupted the tear healing phenomenon by blocking interdendritic feeding channels,while theα-Fe intermetallics improved the hot tearing resistivity due to their compact morphology and high melting point.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0701204)Shang-hai Rising-Star Program(15QB1402700)Special Fund of Jiangsu Province for the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements(BA2016039).
文摘Based on the hot tearing index|△T/△(fs)^(0.5)|recently proposed by Kou and the thermodynamic calculations of Pandat software,Al,Cu,and Mn elements were picked up and their influence on hot tearing susceptibility of Mg-x Zn(x=6,8,10,wt%)alloys was studied by experiments.The results indicate that Al addition can significantly reduce the hot tearing susceptibility of Mg-Zn alloys.Either 0.5Cu or 0.3Mn addition individually can reduce the HTS of the Mg-6Zn-(1,4)Al alloys,while adding together increases the susceptibility.The addition of 0.5Cu and 0.3Mn both individually and together increases the HTS of Mg-8/10Zn-1Al alloys.Based on the experimental and calculation results,the index can be modified to|△T/△(fs)^(0.5)|(d)^(2)for more accurate prediction on the hot tearing resistance of Mg-Zn based alloys.Grain refinement significantly improves the hot tearing resistance of Mg-Zn based alloys.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51571145 and 51504153)Innovation Talent Pro-gram in Sciences and Technologies for Young and Middle-aged Scientists of Shenyang(No.RC180111)+2 种基金Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.20170520033)Youth Project of Liaoning Education Depart-ment(No.LQGD20170328)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.201602548).In addition,the authors would also like to thank Zhenglai Zhang from Zhejiang Hua Shuo Technology Co.,Ltd.and Ningbo City“Science and Technology Innovation 2025”major special project(new en-ergy vehicle lightweight magnesium alloy material precision forming technology research)funding support.
文摘Hot tearing susceptibility(HTS)of Mg-2Zn-(3+0.5 x)Y-x Al(x=0,2 and 3 at%)alloys is predicted by using modified Clyne-Davies’model(CSC^(∗)).The solidification path,solidification characteristic temperatures and dendritic coherency solid fraction have been studied by double-thermocouple thermal analysis.The solidification contraction stress vs.temperature(and time)curves are measured by using a“T”type hot tearing permanent-mold.The results reveal that the CSC^(∗)prediction values are in good agreement with the experimental results.Moreover,Al_(2)Y phase acts as the heterogeneous nucleation core ofα-Mg and significantly influences the grain size.It has been observed that minimum grain size,optimal dendritic coherency and minimum HTS are exhibited by Mg-2Zn-(3+0.5 x)Y-x Al alloy(x=2).Furthermore,when Al content was increased to 3 at%,Al_(2)Y phase exhibited a peritectic reaction and transformed into a mixed structure of Al_(2)Y and Al+Al_(3)Y phases,which increased the HTS of the alloy due to reduced fine-grained Al_(2)Y content.
基金financially supported by the Innovation Teams Project of Liaoning Province,China(LT2013004)the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.51504153,No.51571145)
文摘The hot tearing susceptibility of MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5)(x = 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6) alloys was evaluated using ClyneDavies' theoretical model and a constrained rod casting(CRC) apparatus equipped with a load cell and data acquisition system. The results obtained from these two approaches were in good agreement, illustrating that the hot tearing susceptibility of the investigated alloys is in the order of MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5) > MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5) > MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5) > MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5)> MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5). The microstructure and morphology of hot tearing regions were observed by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The function curves on variation of contraction force and temperature versus time were recorded by a computer during solidification of the MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5) alloys in a "T" type mold after A/D(Analog to digital) conversion. Results show that both the amount and morphology of the second phases have a great relationship with the hot tearing susceptibility. But the former plays a more important role on that of MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5) alloys. The role of low-melting point eutectic phases on the hot tearing susceptibility of MgZn_(4.5)Y_xZr_(0.5) alloys changes gradually with different Y contents. When Y ≤ 1wt.%, it is mainly a damaging effect on intergranular bonding force; when Y > 1wt.%, it is mainly an intergranular feeding effect on formed separated dendrites.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.51504153,No.51571145)the General Project of Scientific Research of the Education Department of Liaoning Province(No.L2015397)
文摘Hot tearing is known as one of the most serious solidification defects commonly encountered during solidification. It is very important to study the solidification path of alloys. In the work, thermal analysis with cooling curve was used for the investigation of microstructure evolution with different Zn contents during solidification process of MgZn_xY_4Zr_(0.5) alloys. Thermal analysis results of MgY_4Zr_(0.5) alloys revealed one distinct phase precipitation: α-Mg. Three different phase peaks were detected in the Zn-containing alloys: α-Mg, Z-phase(Mg_(12)YZn) and W-phase(Mg_3 Y_2Zn_3). In addition, for the present MgZn_xY_4Zr_(0.5) alloys, the freezing ranges of these alloys from large to small were: MgZn_(1.5)Y_4Zr_(0.5)>MgZn)(3.0) Y)4Zr_(0.5)>MgZn0.5 Y4 Zr0.5>MgY_4Zr_(0.5). The effect of different contents of Zn(0, 0.5, 1.5, 3.0 wt.%) on hot tearing behavior of MgY_4Zr_(0.5) alloy was investigated using a constrained rod casting(CRC) apparatus equipped with a load cell and data acquisition system. The experimental results show that the addition of Zn element significantly increases hot tearing susceptibility(HTS) of the MgY_4Zr_(0.5) alloy due to its extended freezing range. Some free dendrite-like bumps and ruptured liquid films on the fracture surfaces were observed in all the fracture surfaces. These phenomena proved the fact that the hot tearing formation was caused by interdendritic separation due to lack of feeding at the end of solidification.
基金financially supported by the Joint Research Fund Liaoning-Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science(2019JH3/30100014)the Innovation Talent Program in Science and Technologies for Young Middleaged Scientists of Shengyang(RC200414)。
文摘The effect of a low-frequency alternating magnetic field (AMF,0 A 0 Hz,5 A 10 Hz,10 A 10 Hz,15 A 10 Hz) on the hot tearing susceptibility (HTS) of a magnesium alloy (EV31) was systematically studied using a combination of experiment and numerical simulation.By observing the macroscopic hot cracks in hot joints of the "T" samples,the hot tearing tendency of the samples was analyzed.The HTS of the alloy can be predicted via numerical simulation and the crack susceptibility coefficient (CSC).The microstructure and morphology of the hot tearing zone of EV31 were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results show that increasing the magnetic field strength reduces both the alloy solidification temperature range and the dendrite coherency temperature,which increases the feeding time during solidification and decreases the HTS of the alloy.When the magnetic field parameters are 10 Hz 15 A,the EV31 alloy shows the lowest HTS.The main component of the second phase in the microstructure is Mg12Nd.This study also found that the electromagnetic field can effectively refine the grains,purify the melt,and reduce the oxide content in the melt.The obtained simulation results are consistent with the experimental results.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.:2016YFB0701204 and 2016YFB0301002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:51671128,51771113,and 51821001)the Shanghai Rising-Star Program(Grant No.:15QB1402700)。
文摘Progressive solidification is usually considered an effective strategy to reduce the hot tearing susceptibility of a cast component.In this study,special constrained plate castings with progressive changes in cross-section were designed,which enabled progressive solidification.The hot tearing behavior of a newly developed NZ30 K Mg alloy(Mg-3.0 Nd-0.2 Zn-Zr,wt.%)was studied under progressive solidification using various mold temperature distributions and constraint lengths.Of these,a homogeneous mold temperature distribution is found to be the best option to avoid hot tearing,followed by a local low mold temperature distribution(with a chiller),then a gradient mold temperature distribution.Unexpectedly,compared with the homogeneous mold temperature distribution,adding a chiller does not provide any further reduction in the hot tearing susceptibility of the NZ30 K Mg alloy.A high mold temperature and a short constraint length increase the hot tearing resistance of cast Mg alloys.Progressive solidification is not a sufficient and necessary condition to avoid the formation of hot tearing.The two key factors that determine the occurrence of hot tearing under progressive solidification are the maximum cooling rate and the constraint length.Decreasing these values can reduce the incidence of hot tearing.
基金High Level Innovation Team of Liaoning Province(XLYC1908006)Innovation Talent Program in Science and Technology for Young and Middle-aged Scientists of Shenyang(No.RC.180111)+2 种基金Project of Liaoning Education Department(Nos.LQGD2019002 and LJGD2019004)Liaoning nature fund guidance plan(No.2019-ZD-0210)Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(Nos.XLYC 1807021 and 1907007).
文摘The effect of long-period stacking ordered(LPSO)phase on hot tearing susceptibility of Mg-1 Zn-xY serial alloys were investigated experimentally using a home-made T-type hot tearing mold.The characteristic parameters related to HTS during the solidification process were calculated by thermal analysis.The microstructure and morphology of the crack zone were characterized by optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and electron dispersive spectrometer(EDS),and the phases of the alloys were analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD).The result showed that the long-period stacking ordered(LPSO)phase formed when m(Zn)/m(Y)<1,and the LPSO content increased with increasing of Y.The presence of the LPSO phase in Mg-lZn-xY alloys could benefit the hot tearing refilling and decrease the HTS of the alloys.With in creasing the content of LPSO phase,the HTS of the alloys decreased.LPSO phase increased the skeleton strength,and reduced the HTS of Mg-lZn-xY alloys.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51875365).
文摘Hot tearing is one of the most serious defects during the casting solidification process.In this study,a new type of multichannel"cross"hot tearing device was designed.The hot cracks initiation and propagation were predicted by the relationship between temperature,shrinkage force and solidification time during the casting solidification process.The reliability and practicability of the multichannel"cross"hot tearing device were verified by casting experiments and numerical simulations.The theoretical calculation based on Clyne-Davies model and numerical simulation results show that the hot tearing tendency decreases in the order:2024 Al alloy>Al-Cu alloy>Al-Si alloy at a pouring temperature of 670°C and a mold temperature of 25°C.Feeding of liquid films at the end of solidification plays an important role in the propagation process of hot tearing.The decrease of hot tearing tendency is attributed to the feeding of liquid film and intergranular bridging.
基金the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang of China(No.2021C01086)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52071036)the Interdisciplinary and Team Building Program of Central Universities,China(No.2020CDJQY-A002,2021CDJCGJ009)。
文摘Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy castings are widely used in the aerospace field owing to their high strength and excellent creep resistance.The castability of these alloys is also an important consideration for engineering application.Thus,the hot tearing susceptibilities(HTSs)of Mg-10Gd-1Y-1Zn-0.5Zr(VW91)alloy and Mg-10Gd-2Y-1Zn-0.5Zr(VW92)alloy are investigated with a constrained rod casting(CRC)mold.The microstructures and fracture surface are characterized by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope.The results unveil that the HTS of VW92alloy is lower than that of VW91 alloy.The microstructures indicate that obvious tears can be observed in VW91 alloy,while the tears in VW92 alloy are tiny.The tear feeding and healing by eutectic are also observed in VW91 and VW92alloys.Therefore,the lower hot tearing susceptibility of VW92 alloy is mainly attributed to the high amount of eutectic which feeds and heals tears.Besides,the effects of the coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)and the fluidity of VW91 and VW92 alloys on their HTSs are discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51875365)the Liaoning Province Science and Technology Plan Joint Fund Project(Nos.2023-BSBA-248 and 2023-MSLH-265)the Scientific Research Fund of Liaoning Provincial Education Department(No.LJKZ0122).
文摘In this work,the Al-Cu-Mg alloy with different Y(0-0.2 wt%)and Ce(0.5-1.5 wt%)are designed.The effect of mixed addition of Y and Ce on the grain structure and hot tearing for Al-4.4Cu-1.5Mg-0.15Zr alloy was investigated using"cross"hot tearing mould.The results indicate that as rare earth Y and Ce increases,the grain size becomes finer,the grain morphology changes from dendrite to equiaxed grain,and effectively reduce the hot tearing sensitivity coefficient(HTS1)and crack susceptibility coefficient(CSC)of the alloy.With the increase of Ce element(0.5-1.5 wt%),the hot tearing susceptibility of the alloy decreases first and then increases.With the increase of Y element(0-0.2 wt%),the hot tearing sensitivity of the alloy decreases.When the content of rare earth is 0.2 wt%Y+1.0 wt%Ce,the minimum HTS1 value and CSC value of the alloy are 68 and 0.53,respectively.Rare earth Ce refines the alloy microstructure,shortens the feeding channel,and reduces the hot tearing initiation.Meanwhile,the rare earth Y can form Al6Cu6Y phase at the grain boundary,improve the feeding capacity of the alloy.Therefore,appropriate addition of rare earth Y and Ce can effectively reduce the hot tearing tendency of the alloy.
基金supported by the open fund (M27020) of National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures (NLSSM), Nanjing University
文摘To improve the severe hot tearing susceptibility of TiB2 reinforced A1-5Cu matrix composites, the present research investigated the influence of Y on the hot tearing susceptibility of 6TiB2/A1-5Cu composite. For the composite added with Y, the solidification temperature range was shortened, which was caused by the novel rl-A18Cu4Y phase. The grain size of 6TiB2/A1-5Cu composite was 39.8 p.m. The addition of Y promoted the grain refinement, and the grain sizes were 36.33, 33.42 and 26.77 μm for 6TiB2/AI-5Cu with 0.2 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% and 1 wt.% Y, respectively. The decrease of solidification temperature range and grain size was beneficial to the hot tearing susceptibility improvement. Furthermore, the hot tearing initiation force increased from 44 to 288 N, when 1 wt.% Y was added in 6TiB2/A1-5Cu. For the above significant influence, the hot tearing susceptibility values were reduced by 12.2 wt.%, 57.7 wt.% and 66.8 wt.% for 6TiBjA1-5Cu with 0.2 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% and 1 wt.% Y, accordingly.
基金The authors gratefully express their appreciation to the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51474143)for the financial support.
文摘Hot tearing is one of the major defects in continuous casting of steels, which severely limits the productivity of steelmaking processes. To further understand the defect, the problem of hot tearing in duplex stainless steel produced by a vertical continuous caster was investigated. A three-dimensional heat transfer and elastic-plastic model was developed based on the realistic roller layout in continuous slab casting, using ProCAST software. According to the hot tearing indicator criterion, the influence of operating parameters on the hot tearing susceptibility was evaluated. The results show that the surface temperature distribution is not sensitive to the superheat. The center of wide surface shell at the mold exit is the thinnest, and the thickness is about 10.52 mm at the superheat temperature of 40 -C. The hot tearing mainly concentrates on the slab solidification front and near the narrow face. However, corner cracks are prone to appear near the corner. With the increase in casting speed and the decrease in the cooling intensity in the secondary cooling zone, the solidification end point is rushed, which leads to the position of hot tearing lowering accordingly.
基金the LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program(No.XLYC1807021)the Innovation Talent Program in Sciences and Technologies for Young and Middle-aged Scientists of Shenyang(No.RC180111)the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.51504153)。
文摘Herein, a hot tearing measured system with external excitation coil and a differential thermal analysis system with applied magnetic field were used to study the effects of low-frequency alternating magnetic field on the solidification behavior and hot tearing susceptibility(HTS) of the AXJ530 alloy under different magnetic field parameters. The hot tearing volume of the castings was measured via paraffin infiltration method. The microstructure of the hot tearing zone of the casting was observed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the phase composition was analyzed using X-ray diffraction and energy depressive spectroscopy. The experimental results show that the solidification interval of AXJ530 alloy was shortened and the dendrite coherency temperature of the alloy decreased with the increase in frequency of alternating magnetic field. Under appropriate magnetic field parameters, the electromagnetic force could enhance the convection in the melt to promote the flow of the residual liquid phase, refine the microstructure, and optimize the feeding channel in the late solidification stage, which reduced the HTS of the alloy. However, when the magnetic field frequency was increased to 15 Hz, the induced current generated excessive Joule heat to the melt. At this time, the thermal action of the magnetic field coarsened the microstructure of the alloy, resulting in an increase in HTS of the alloy.
基金fnancially supported by the Major Science and Technology projects in Qinghai province(No.2018-GX-A1)the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(No.18511109302)+2 种基金The National Key R&D Program(No.2016YFB0301002)supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China is also acknowledgedco-funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51825101)。
文摘A criterion based on solidifcation microstructure was proposed to precisely predict the hot tearing behavior of cast alloys,which takes into account the effects of both mechanical and nonmechanical factors.This criterion focuses on the events occurring at the grain boundary,which are determined by the thermal contraction,solidifcation shrinkage,grain growing and liquid feeding.This criterion responds to a series of factors that affect hot tearing,such as alloy composition,mold design,casting process and microstructure.Its credibility has been validated by studying the hot tearing behavior of Mg-Ce alloys.In conformity with the experimental results,this criterion predicted decrease in the number of rods occurring hot tearing with increasing cerium content.A simplifed criterion was derived and validated by Mg-Ce(equiaxed grain)and Mg-Al(columnar grain)alloy systems,which is suitable for the case where the eutectic liquid fraction is low and the liquid feeding can be ignored.In addition,a hot tearing index for equiaxed grains was proposed,that is,|d T/d(f_(s)^(1/3)near(f_(s))^(1/3)=1,and its prediction results were consistent with the hot tearing susceptibility calculated from the experimental results.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51404150,51227803 and 51504148)
文摘The hot tearing susceptibility of a Fe-20.96Cr-2.13Ni-0.15N-4.76Mn-0.01 Mo duplex stainless steel was investigated using method of constrained solidification shrinkage in one dimension.An apparatus for realtime measuring the contraction stress and temperature during solidification was developed,which can achieve the in-situ observation of melting and solidification and avoid the large temperature gradient of casting under the condition of pouring.The results show that the contraction stress increases significantly when the core temperature of casting reaches the liquidus temperature.The contraction stress is released when the core temperature of casting reaches 1456°C.At this temperature,the hot tearing susceptibility of duplex stainless steel is the largest.With decreasing the core temperature to 1363°C,the slope of contraction stress increases,which is related to the ferrite-to-austenite transformation.
文摘Magnesium alloys are used in aircraft because of their light weight.However,for these alloys to be applied in electronic devices,high thermal conductivities are required.Several high-potential compositions of Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloys were selected by phase composition and their freezing ranges calculated using Thermo-Calc software.The alloys were prepared,and their fluidity,hot tearing susceptibility,mechanical properties,and thermal conductivity were obtained and compared.The alloy composed of Mg-4 wt%Zn-3 wt%Y-0.3 wt%Zr was selected for further investigation,because of its high thermal conductivity and satisfactory mechanical properties.The Mg-4 wt%Zn-3 wt%Y-0.3 wt%Zr alloy’s fluidity and hot tearing susceptibility were similar to those of the widespread AZ91 commercial casting magnesium alloy.The influence of a heat treatment regime on the microstructure,thermal conductivity,and mechanical properties of the developed alloy was also investigated.It was established that the room temperature thermal conductivity of the Mg-4 wt%Zn-3 wt%Y-0.3 wt%Zr alloy after aging at 300℃for 5 h was 105 W/m K^(-1).Additionally,the following tensile test results were obtained in aged condition:120 MPa yield strength,200 MPa ultimate tensile strength,and 4%elongation.The utilization of solid solution heat treatment at 520℃for 8 h prior to aging can promote up to 9%increase in elongation.The Mg-4 wt%Zn-3 wt%Y-0.3 wt%Zr casting alloy can be used as a high thermal conductivity material with industrial applications.
基金The authors would like to thank the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy(BMWi)the German Federation of Industrial Research Associations(AiF+3 种基金funding No.18647N)the Industrial Research Association for Foundry Technology(FVG)for funding this projectFurthermorewe would like to thank our industrial partners for their support within this project and for providing materials,castings,test facilities and sharing their experience。
文摘Design of experiments (DoE) based on a linear regression model was used to develop an Aluminum Copper-based casting alloy. The main objectives of the development were the achievement of (1) a high strength at elevated temperatures with (2) a low hot tearing tendency. Within the DoE, 17 different chemical compositions of the newly developed alloy AlCuMnCo(Ni) were cast, tested regarding hot tearing tendency and characterized in tensile tests up to 300 °C. Test results showed that the AlCuMnCo(Ni)-alloys from the DoE have high mechanical properties from ambient temperature up to 300 °C and thus feature a high thermal stability. It was found that the alloying elements Cu and Co increase the yield strength whereas Mn and Ni tend to increase the attainable elongation. Furthermore, some of the alloys showed no or a very low tendency to hot tearing a remarkable feature for Al-Cu alloys which are otherwise highly susceptible to hot tearing. The regression model that was developed from the test results fulfils a set of quality criteria and is therefore expected to provide reliable predictions. The predictive ability of the model was validated by casting and testing a sweet spot alloy. Results show that the model is sufficient for predicting the mechanical properties from ambient temperature to 250 °C. Furthermore, the sweet spot alloy surpasses the reference alloy AlCuNiCoSbZr (RR30) in its mechanical properties up to 250 °C. It was shown that by applying design of experiments, time and effort for an alloy development can effectively be reduced and simultaneously a high degree of information density about the alloying system considered is generated.