HOT CORROSION OF A PLASMA SPRAYED CoNiCrAlTaSiY COATING

Hot corrosion(HC) of the APS(atomospheric plasma spraying)CoNiCrAlTaSiY coating on a nickel-base superalloy GH864 has been studied. The effect of laser-treatment on hot corrosion resistance was also examined.It was shown that CoNiCrAlTaSiY coating had superior properties in resistance to hot corrosion due to the readiness of the formation of a protective Cr2O3 scale on the coating surface.A model for the mechanism of hot corrosion of this coating has been suggested. Hot corrosion resistance of this coating was significantly increased by the laser treatment simply because the surface of the as sprayed coating was densified by the high power laser beam.

Energy loss of an energetic Ga ion in hot Au plasmas

Self-consistent calculations of energy loss for a Ga ion moving in hot Au plasmas are made under the assumption of wide ranges of the projectile energy and the plasma temperature with all important mechanisms considered in detail.The relevant results are found to be quite different from those of an a particle or a proton.One important reason for this is the rapid increasing of the charge state of a Ga ion at plasma temperature.This reason also leads to the inelastic stopping which does not always decrease with the increase of plasma temperature,unlike the case of an a particle.The nuclear stopping becomes very important at high enough plasma temperature due to the heavy reduced mass of a Ga and an Au ion and the above-mentioned reason.The well-known binary collision model[Phys.Rev.126(1962)1]and its revised one[Phys.Rev.A 29(1984)2145]are not working or unsatisfactory in this case.

Preparation of Ni60-WC Coating by Plasma Spraying, Plasma Re-melting and Plasma Spray Welding on Surface of Hot Forging Die

In order to produce the hear-resistant inner layer of hot-forging die, the plasma spraying and plasma re-melting and plasma spray welding were adopted. Substrate material was W6Mo5Cr4V2, including 10%, 20%, 30% tungsten carbide （WC） ceramic powder used as coating material to obtain different Nickel-based WC alloys coating. Micro-structure and micro-hardness analysis of the coating layer are conducted, as well as thermophysical properties for the coating layer were measured. The experimental results show that the coating prepared with 70%Ni60, 30%WC powder has the best properties with plasma spray welding, in which the micro-hardness can achieve 900HV, meanwhile it can improve the thermal property of hot-forging die dramatically.

Ni60-SiC Coating Prepared by Plasma Spraying, Plasma Re-melting and Plasma Spray Welding on Surface of Hot Forging Die

In order to produce the hear-resistant inner layer of hot-forging die, plasma spraying and plasma re-melting and plasma spray welding were adopted. Substrate material was W6Mo5Cr4V2, including 10%, 20%, 30% SiC ceramic powder used as coating material to obtain different Ni-based SiC alloys coating. Micro-structure and micro-hardness analysis of the coating layer were followed, as well as thermophysical properties for the coating layer were measured. The experimental results show that the coating prepared with 70% Ni60, 30% SiC powder has best properties with plasma spray welding, in which the micro-hardness can achieve 1100 HV, meanwhile can improve the thermal property of hot-forging die dramatically.

Surface modification of die casting mold steel by a composite technique of hot-dipping and plasma electrolytic oxidation

The hot dipping process of pure aluminum on H13 steel substrates followed by plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO) was studied to form alumina ceramic coatings for protective purpose.H13 steel bars were first dipped in pure aluminum melts,and then,a reactive iron-aluminum intermetallic layer grew at the interface between the melt and the steel substrate.The reactive layer was mainly composed of intermetallic Fe-Al(Fe_2Al_5);the thickness of aluminum layer and Fe-Al intermetallic layer were mainly influenced by dipping time(1.5～12.0 min) and dipping temperature(710～760 ℃).After PEO process,uniform Al_2O_3 ceramic coatings were deposited on the surface of aluminized steel.The element distribution,phase composition and morphology of the aluminized layer,and the ceramic coatings were characterized by SEM/EDS and XRD.The distribution of hardness across the composite coating is demonstrated,and the maximum value reaches 1864 HV.The thermal shock resistance of the coated sample is also well improved.

Carbide Coating Preparation of Hot Forging Die by Plasma Processing

To meet the performance requirements of hot forging die heat resistant layer, the Ni60-SiC coating, Ni60-Cr3C2 coating, and Ni60-WC coating were prepared using W6Mo5Cr4V2 as substrate material with 30%SiC, 10%Cr3C2, 30%WC powder by means of plasma spraying and plasma spray re-melting and plasma spray welding, respectively. Microstructure of each carbide coating was analyzed, micro-hardness was tested, and mainly thermal parameters of coating were detected. The experimental results show that using plasma spray welding, the performance of 70%Ni60/30%SiC powder is the best, and its micro-hardness can achieved 1100HV, showing good thermal-physical property.

Comparative study of β-Si_3N_4 powders prepared by SHS sintered by spark plasma sintering and hot pressing

β-Si3N4 powders prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis （SHS） with additions of Y2O3 and Al2O3 were sintered by spark plasma sintering （SPS）. The densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Si3N4 ceramics prepared using this method were compared with those obtained by hot pressing process. Well densified Si3N4 ceramics with finer and homogeneous microstructure and better mechanical properties were obtained in the case of the SPS technique at 200°C lower than that of hot pressing. The microhardness is 15.72 GPa, the bending strength is 716.46 MPa, and the fracture toughness is 7.03 MPa·m1/2.

Linear Analyses of Langmuir and EM Waves in Relativistic Hot Plasmas

The linear Langmuir and electromagnetic (EM) waves in relativistic hot plasmas are discussed, and the dispersion relations are obtained based on the covariant Maxwell's and fluid equations. When k_BT/mc^2> 1, the effective mass of electrons will be increased obviously. As the results, many other influences are induced, such as the decrease of the plasmas frequency and the critical frequency, the reduction of the electron sound velocity and the electrons' oscillation velocity, and so on. Numerical results show that these influences can affect the dispersion relations of Langmuir and EM waves seriously even in linear regime.

Measurements of Absolute Atomic Nitrogen Density by Two-Photon Absorption Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Hot Air Plasma Generated by Microwave Resonant Cavity

For the first time, absolute densities of atomic nitrogen in its ground state (N4S) have been measured in hot dry and humid air plasma columns under post-discharge regime. The determination of space-resolved absolute densities leads to obtain the dissociation degrees of molecular nitrogen in the plasma. The hot plasmas are generated inside an upstream gas-conditioning cell at 600 mbar when the air gas flow is directly injected at 10 slm in a microwave resonant cavity (2.45 GHz, 1 kW) placed in the downstream side. Density measurements based on laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy with two-photon excitation (TALIF), are more particularly performed along the radial and axial positions of the plasma column. Calibration of TALIF signals is performed in situ (i.e. in the same gas-conditioning cell but without plasma) using an air gas mixture containing krypton. Optical emission spectroscopy is considered to estimate the rotational gas temperature by adding a small amount of H2 in dry air to better detect OH (A-X) spectra. The rotational temperatures in humid air plasma column (50% of humidity) are larger than those of dry air plasma column by practically 30% near the nozzle of resonant cavity on the axis of the plasma column. This is partly due to attachment heating processes initiated by water vapor. A maximum of the measured absolute nitrogen density is also observed near the nozzle which is also larger for humid air plasma column. The obtained dissociation degrees of molecular nitrogen in both dry and humid air plasma along the air plasma column are lower than the cases where only thermodynamic equilibrium is assumed. This is characteristic of the absence of chemical and energetic equilibria not yet reached in the air plasma column dominated by recombination processes.

High Temperature Oxidation and Hot Corrosion Behaviour of Yttria- Stabilised Zirconia as Plasma Sprayed Coating in Air and Salt at 900°C under Cyclic Condition

Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) coatings were deposited on a T-91 boiler steel. NiCrAlY was used as bond coat and YSZ as top coat. Hot corrosion studies were conducted on uncoated as well as plasma spray coated specimens in air as well as salt (75wt. % Na2SO4 + 25wt. % NaCl) at 900°C under cyclic conditions. The thermogravimetric technique was used to establish kinetics of corrosion. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM/EDAX) techniques were used to analyse the corrosion products. This YSZ overlay coatings enhance resistance to corrosion significantly which can be attributed to formation of zirconium oxides (ZrO2) and yttrium oxide (Y2O3). This coating was more effective in salt environment and there is an extra phase of ZrS.

Hot Corrosion Behaviour of Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia as Plasma Sprayed Coated Boiler Steel in Air and Salt at 900°C under Cyclic Condition

Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) coatings were deposited on a T-22 boiler steel. NiCrAlY was used as bond coat and YSZ as top coat. Hot corrosion studies were conducted on uncoated as well as plasma spray coated specimens in air as well as salt (75 wt.% Na2SO4 + 25 wt.% NaCl) at 900°C under cyclic conditions. The thermogravimetric technique was used to establish kinetics of corrosion. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM/EDAX) techniques were used to analyse the corrosion products. This YSZ overlay coatings enhance resistance to corrosion significantly which can be attributed to formation of zirconium oxides (ZrO2) and yttrium oxide (Y2O3). This coating was more effective in salt environment and there is an extra phase of ZrS.

Cold Fusion Based on Matter-Antimatter Plasma Formed in Molecular Crystals

The main purpose of this work is to shed light on the possibility of producing huge amount of energy based on the construction matter-antimatter plasma in a molecular crystal. It is assumed that two beams of isothermal hydrogen and antihydrogen are injected into a palladium crystal leading to a plasma state composed of particles and antiparticles. The collapse of this state releases a huge amount of energy which can be used as fuel for space shuttles. Thus, the novel system of isothermal pressure interaction enhances the energy power carried out by the quantum ion acoustic soliton (QIAS). In addition to the energy power released from the particle-antiparticle annihilation. The probability of merging the energy from these two cases is available at certain condition. The released energy may be a significant step in solving the energy scape of Tokomak to produce fusion energy. The study starting from the one-dimensional quantum hydrodynamic model (in which the term of electron-positron and proton-antiproton for hydrogen-antihydrogen is included), a Korteweg de Vries equation (kdv) is derived, the QIAS energy experiences and the annihilation energy power are calculated. It is found that the total energy of QIAS and the energy resulting from hydrogen-antihydrogen annihilation are important step towards the establishment of a cold fusion power station.

Velocity spectra of fast ions produced by plasma of multiple lectron species

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Spectrum Simulation of Li-Like Aluminium Plasma

X-ray emission spectra for L-shell of Li-like aluminium ions are simulated by using the flexible atomic code based on the collisional radiative model. Atomic processes including radiative recombination, dielectronic recombination, collisional ionization and resonance excitation from the neighbouring ion （Al^9＋ and Al^11＋ ） charge states of the target ion （Al^10＋） are considered in the model. In addition, the contributions of different atomic processes to the x-ray spectrum are analysed. The results show that dielectronic recombination, radiative recombination, collisional ionization and resonance excitation, other than direct collisional excitation, are very important processes.

Effect of Hot Carrier on Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation of Gaussian High Power Helicon Wave in Homogeneous Longitudinally Magnetized Strain Dependent Dielectric Material

In the present communication, the hydrodynamic model is used to investigate the amplitude modulation as well as demodulation of an electromagnetic wave of high power helicon pump wave into another helicon wave in strain dependent dielectric material incorporating carrier heating (CH) effects. The consideration of CH in modulation and demodulation is prime importance for the adding of new dimension in analysis of amplification of acoustic helicon wave. By using the dispersion relation, threshold pump electric filed and growth rate of unstable mode from the modulation and demodulation of the high power helicon wave well above from the threshold value will be discussed in the present analysis. The numerical analysis is applied to a strain dependent dielectric material, BaTiO3 at room temperature and irradiated with high power helicon wave of frequency 1.78 × 1014 Hz. This material is very sensitive to the pump intensities, therefore during studies, Gaussian shape of the helicon pump wave is considered during the propagation in stain dependent dielectric material and opto-acoustic wave in the form of Gaussian profile (ω0,κ0) is induced longitudinally along the crystallographic plane of BaTiO3. Its variation is caused by the available magnetic field (ωc), interaction length (z) and pulsed duration of interaction (τ). From the analysis of numerical results, the incorporation of CH effect can effectively modify the magnitude of modulation or demodulation of the amplitude of high power helicon laser wave through diffusion process. Not only the amplitude modulation and demodulation of the wave, the diffusion of the CH effectively modifies the growth rate of unstable mode of frequency in BaTiO3. The propagation of the threshold electric field shows the sinusoidal or complete Gaussian profile, whereas this profile is found to be completely lost in growth of unstable mode. It has also been seen that the growth rate is observed to be of the order of 108 - 1010 s-1 but from diffusion of carrier heating, and that its order is enhanced from 1010 - 1012 s-1 with the variation of the magnetized frequency from 1 to 2.5 × 1014 Hz.

Development and application of a new hot-work die steel for hot stamping

A new hot-work die steel for hot stamping was developed, and used the die for mass production. The produced die showed good performance owing to its high heat conductivity and wear-resistant characteristics. Two different benchmarking hot-work die steels were investigated, and then compared in terms of their impact ductility, temper characteristics ,heat conductivity, and thermal stability. The result of the high-temperature friction wear test indicated that oxidative wear was the main mode in high temperature. On the basis of the comparison and test results, the alloying composition of the new hot-work die steel was especially designed. The new die steel showed good performance with good wear-resistant quality, as well as temper hardness and heat conductivity of HRC 50 and 34.3 W/（ m ~ K）, respectively. Furthermore, without surface plasma nitriding, the die made of the new steel had no obvious galling with 6 142 strokes. After surface plasma nitriding, the die completed 40 000 strokes with good surface. The die life is expected to exceed 200 000 strokes.

Ti_(3)SiC_(2)基复合材料的研究进展

Ti_(3)SiC_(2)作为一种新型金属陶瓷材料,集金属和陶瓷特性于一身,如具有高热导率、高熔点、高屈服强度、良好的热稳定性、高弹性模量、优异的抗热震性等。但纯Ti_(3)SiC_(2)材料在高于1100℃时抗氧化性较差,同时由于高温塑性变形导致其在高温下的强度降低,其使用范围受到限制。目前,一般通过引入增强相来制备综合性能优异的Ti_(3)SiC_(2)基复合材料。重点综述了近年来Ti_(3)SiC_(2)基复合材料的研究现状,分析了常见的几种Ti_(3)SiC_(2)基复合材料的制备方法、增强相及复合材料的各项性能,并提出了进一步的发展方向。

相对论热等离子体中电子声波的非线性频移

研究了相对论电磁波在热等离子体中传播时的色散特性以及由于非线性电子声波激发引起的电子声波的非线性频移。基于相对论激光在热等离子体中传播的电磁流体物理模型,采用流体的非线性频移理论,利用微扰法得到了描述相对论激光与热等离子体相互作用时谐波产生的非线性频移方程。结果表明,等离子体密度、电子温度和一阶谐波振幅是决定相对论热等离子体中非线性频移的主要因素。在弱激发下,非线性频移随着电子温度和一阶谐波振幅的增大而增大,等离子体密度抑制非线性频移。电子声波非线性频移对等离子体密度和电子温度的依赖表现出了强烈的非线性特征。研究结果为深入理解高能量激光与热等离子体相互作用中谐波的产生及引起的非线性频移提供了理论依据。

宽带激光辐照平面厚靶的侧向散射

激光等离子体不稳定性(laser plasma instability,LPI)是惯性约束聚变(inertial confinement fusion,ICF)点火过程中的关键问题之一,多年来受到了广泛的关注.其中,宽带激光被认为是解决LPI问题的一个有效途径,并且目前已经有了大量的模拟研究和少量背向、近前向散射的实验研究,但是仍然需要侧向散射的实验研究作为补充.因此,基于输出达数百焦耳的宽带二倍频激光装置“昆吾”,本文针对宽带激光与传统窄带激光驱动平面厚靶产生的等离子体不稳定性的侧向散射以及超热电子产额设计实验.实验结果表明,功率密度为1×1015 W·cm-2的宽带激光激发的侧向受激布里渊散射(stimulated Brillouin scattering,SBS)与侧向受激拉曼散射(stimulated Raman scattering,SRS)在不同角度下的光谱和份额与窄带激光存在显著差异.进一步分析发现,宽带条件下侧向的超热电子份额整体高于窄带,而此时宽带条件下小角度近前向、小角度近背向的SRS份额却远低于窄带,初步的定性分析认为此时SRS可能不是超热电子的主要产生机制,认为此时可能是PDI对超热电子的产生起了主导作用.

等离子体预处理对聚氨酯/涤纶复合织物贴合牢度的影响

为防止复合纺织品在生产过程中出现脱胶现象,文章采用低温空气等离子体技术对织物的贴合面进行预处理,以提高纤维的摩擦因数和比表面积,增加环保型水性聚氨酯热熔胶在复合织物间的贴合牢度。结果表明,等离子体预处理后,复合织物经向剥离强力提高了796%;纬向剥离强力提高了1050%;经30次水洗,复合织物的经向剥离强力为15.2 N,纬向剥离强力为9.4 N,仍符合国家标准。在电压25 kV、作用时间5.5 min、作用间距2 mm的等离子体预处理条件下,复合织物的经向剥离强力达到18.3 N,纬向剥离强力达到12.6 N,贴合牢度达到最佳。因此,等离子体预处理为解决聚氨酯/涤纶复合织物贴合牢度不佳的技术问题提供了一种可行性方法,能够同时满足市场对环保和高性能纺织品的需求。