Recent development of UHSS and its hot-dip galvanizing processes in Baosteel

Baosteel has excelled in automotive steel sheets in the past three decades.It has made a significant contribution to the development of China’s automotive industry by producing a wide range of high-quality steel products.Some milestones achieved by Baosteel automotive steel sheet were briefly reviewed.The current challenges in producing ultra-high strength steel(UHSS),especially hot-dip galvanized UHSS,were summarized.The most current advancements in UHSS and the corresponding hot-dip galvanizing processes were discussed.The galvanizability of Si-Mn-added QP steel and DP steel, Mn-added TWIP steel, and Al-added low-density steel has been improved by different techniques in Baosteel.

Effect of hot-dip galvanizing processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel

A C–Mn dual-phase steel was soaked at 800°C for 90 s and then either rapidly cooled to 450°C and held for 30 s(process A) or rapidly cooled to 350°C and then reheated to 450°C(process B) to simulate the hot-dip galvanizing process. The influence of the hot-dip galvanizing process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel(DP600) was investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and tensile tests. The results showed that, in the case of process A, the microstructure of DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, and a small amount of bainite. The granular bainite was formed in the hot-dip galvanizing stage, and martensite islands were formed in the final cooling stage after hot-dip galvanizing. By contrast, in the case of process B, the microstructure of the DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, bainite, and cementite. In addition, compared with the yield strength(YS) of the DP600 annealed by process A, that for the DP600 annealed by process B increased by approximately 50 MPa because of the tempering of the martensite formed during rapid cooling. The work-hardening coefficient(n value) of the DP600 steel annealed by process B clearly decreased because the increase of the YS affected the computation result for the n value. However, the ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and elongation(A80) of the DP600 annealed by process B exhibited less variation compared with those of the DP600 annealed by process A. Therefore, DP600 with excellent comprehensive mechanical properties(YS = 362 MPa, UTS = 638 MPa, A_(80) = 24.3%, n = 0.17) was obtained via process A.

Preparation and hot-dip galvanizing application of CeO_2/Zn nanocomposite

CeO2/Zn nanocomposite was fabricated by high-energy ball milling and subsequent hot-press sintering under vacuum. The produced nanocomposite powders and bulks were characterized using X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrum （EDS）. The as-fabricated nanocomposite bulks were added successfully into the hot-dip galvanizing bath to improve the corrosion resistance of coatings. The results show that after milling for 120min, nano-sized CeO2 particles are distributed homogeneously on the surface of fine Zn particles to form spherical-like nanocomposite powder with narrow grain size distribution. The subsequent sintering does not lead to a dramatic grain growth, and the distribution of CeO2 nanoparticles in the composite bulk is also homogeneous. With the addition of as-prepared bulks, the corrosion resistance of the galvanized coatings is improved obviously. It provides a feasible route for adding CeO2 nanoparticles into the hot-dip galvanized coating.

Application of WC cermet sprayed composite coating in hot-dip galvanizing lines

With the rapid development of the automobile industry, the use of galvannealed and galvanized steel sheets in automobiles is on the rise. These sheets must meet very high surface quality requirements. The surface treatment of line rolls is known to have a great impact on strip quality. To prevent dusts such as zinc ash from pressing into the strip surface, we used a composite thermal spray surface treatment technique to treat rolls. The successfully developed tungsten carbide （WC） ＋ Ni-P composite plating technology improved the quality of the tungsten carbide thermally sprayed WC roll surface. This technique is also helpful to control defects such as adhered foreign materials in hot-dip galvanized automobile outer panel surfaces.

Evolution of appearance profile of hot-dip galvanized car-body steel sheet during deformation process

In recent years, the waterborne free intermediate coating process has been widely used in the automotive industry. Because the baking times and coating thickness are decreased, the surface covering capability of the painting process is reduced, which directly affects the appearance quality（ long-and short-wave values） of the body paint. Thus, there are correspondingly higher requirements for the white body surface profile prior to painting. The surface profile of the white body is mainly affected by the plate material, the surface profile, and the deformation process. So,the change rule for the surface profile during deformation of the steel plate is a key factor in coating appearance optimization. In this paper, we first analyze the typical deformation of the outer cover of a car body. Then ,we examine the change tendency of the surface profile of steel plates with respect to different deformation rates, specifically for a steel plate comprising a hot-dip galvanized bake-hardened steel sheet. Based on our analysis of the influence of the deformation on the coating appearance,we selected 3% ,5% ,and 8% deformation rates in this research. We found the roughness （Ra） value in the typical deformation range （3% -8% ） of the car body to exhibit a decreasing trend at first and then an increasing trend. The Ra value of the 8% deformation is not more than the original plate test value. When the Pc value of the original plate is in the lower range （ about 60）, it exhibits a slight increasing trend in the deformation process （3 % -8 % ）. And when the Pc value of the original plate is in the higher range （ about 120 ）, it exhibits no increasing trend in the deformation process （ 3% -8% ）. In contrast,the waviness （WCA） value in the car body＇s typical deformation range （3%-8%） shows a significant growth trend.

Simulation analysis of hot dip galvanizing process parameters based on orthogonal experimental design

An iron and steel company＇ s hot galvanizing technology was chosen as the object. An orthogonal experimental scheme with 5 factors of mixed level was designed, according to the various factors affecting the distribution of slag. For each scheme, the amount of slag and slag height in different orthogonal schemes by simulation were obtained with FLUENT software. Then, range and variance analyses were selected to compare the trend of slag height in the different process parameters of the hot dip galvanizing process. Finally, the optimal combination of the process parameters was obtained.

The Influence of Al on the Surface Properties of the Hot-dip Galvanized Melt

Wettability of Zn-Al alloy melt on the pure iron substrate at 450℃was studied.The effect of Al content(Zn,Zn-1Al,Zn-2Al,Zn-3Al,Zn-4Al,and Zn-5Al)on the wetting behavior and interfacial reaction was investigated by high-temperature contact angle measuring device and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The results show that,with the increase of Al content,the initial contact angle of the molten alloy on the substrate decreases gradually and the wettability increases gradually.Compared with the initial contact angle,the final contact angle is slightly reduced,because the Fe-Al inhibition layer is preferentially formed at the interface when adding Al to the alloy.The presence of Al will promote the occurrence of the reactive wetting,leading to an insignificant wetting spreading process,and the final contact angle negligibly differs from the initial contact angle.The adhesion work and charge density distributions of interface systems were calculated based on the first-principles.The results show that the adhesion work of the Fe/Zn and Fe/(Zn-Al)interface model is 2.0171 J/m^(2)and 13.7944 J/m^(2),respectively.The addition of Al greatly increases the adhesion work between alloy melt and iron substrate.Compared with the Zn-Fe and Al-Fe interface models,it can be seen that a significant charge migration phenomenon occurs between the interfaces.The amount of charge migration in the Al-Fe interface model is much larger than that in the Zn-Fe interface model,indicating that the bonding between Al-Fe atoms can occur more easily and the interaction between Al-Fe interfaces is stronger.This is also the reason why the addition of Al increases the adhesion work between interfaces.

Hot-Dip Galvanized Sheet Production and Application

Hot-dip galvanized sheet is wildly used in construction,household appliances,ship,vehicle and vessel building and machinery,etc.In last ten years,with the development of automobile industry,the anti-eorrosion requirements for car body are increasingly strict,by which the rapid development in technology has been promoted.The application of hot-dip galvanized sheet,technological progress in production and some Chinese large units were introduced.

Analysis of causes and influence factors of small black spot defects in hot-dip galvanized pure Zn products

In this study,the factors affecting the formation of small black spot defects on the surface of a hot-dip galvanized pure zinc strip are analyzed. These defects are primarily formed w hen the iron-aluminum inhibition layer is incompletely formed or fails to form or when foreign matter adheres to the surface or embeds in the zinc layer.The defects can be reduced by controlling the cleanliness and activity of the strip base before coating,regulating the zinc pot process parameters,and ensuring the cleanliness of the passline and workshop.

Effect of Variable Blank Holder Force on Rectangular Box Drawing Process of Hot-galvanized Sheet Steel

At first, a series of finite element method （FEM） simulation tests were used to find the critical forming conditions of hot-galvanized sheet steel during the rectangular box drawing processing when constant blank holder forces were applied. According the test results, the reasonable alteration scope of initial variable blank holder force （VBHF） was as 1.9-2.3 T. Then, based on the test productions of blank holder force, 12 typical VBHF curves were applied to perform the simulation tests by the simulation software of DYNAFORM. The simulation test results showed that VBHF had great effects on drawing formability of hot-galvanized sheet steel during the rectangular box drawing. However, the different VBHF curves were applied to control the whole drawing and it would get great different effects. At the same tine, the VBHF had great effects on the maximum thick thinning ratio, but had little effect on the maximum thick incrassation ratio. So, reasonable application of the VBHF would greatly decrease the fractures. When the VBHF profile is taken as curve L, the best effect of drawing formability could be obtained. When curve I is used, contrary effect could be gotten. The other types of curves would cause effects between above two types of VBHF curves. Finally, the actual tests were applied to check the validity of the FEM simulation tests. The results show that the FEM simulation tests are good ways for predicting and optimizing the VBHF.

Development of Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet for household appliances

China has become the maximum household appliances manufacturing base worldwide.It is a new challenge facing the steel industry to develop the low-cost and environment-friendly sheet for household appliance industry,so Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet for household appliances is the upgraded product which satisfies the requirement of China household appliance industry' s nuisanceless treatment.The paper discusses the technical key points of development on Cr-free anti-fingerprint galvanized sheet for household appliances,including the development of the Cr-free anti-fingerprint chemical and the production technology of Cr-free anti-fingerprint galvanized sheet for household appliances.The paper elaborates the main compositions,physical features and properties of the Cr-free anti-fingerprint chemical, surface quality control technology,anti-fingerprint coating quality control technology,influence of anti-fingerprint film weight on corrosion resistance,conductibility,high-temperature discolouration resistance,acid resistance,alkaline resistance and solvent resistance of Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet, influence of anti-fingerprint coating uniformity on paintability of the sheet,influence of strip surface roughness on corrosion resistance and conductivity of the sheet and influence of strip surface quality on corrosion resistance of the sheet.Adopting the suitable Cr-free anti-fingerprint chemical and the reasonable production process parameters,the properties of the Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet conform to the delivery technical norms and the Cr-free anti-fingerprint hot-dip galvanized sheet becomes the new material for household appliances such as computer case.

Bottom dross defect and its transformation behavior during the galvannealing process

Bottom dross obtained from zinc bath and the typical bottom dross defects on galvanized and galvannealed coating were metallographically investigated.Galvannealing simulations with different holding time were conducted,and the bottom dross transformation behavior during the galvannealing process was revealed.The fast diffusion between bottom dross particles and the surrounding zinc occurs during the galvannealing process,resulting in the formation of an Al-containing Zn-Fe intermetallic outburst structure at the defect position.The thicker and harder coating will cause a shiny spot on the coating surface and a deep dent on the substrate after being temper rolled.

Lead and Cadmium Distribution in Tubes of Galvanized Steel by Hot-Dip Used for Drinking Water Supply

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the presence of lead and cadmium in galvanized steel tubes by hot-dip used exclusively for drinking water supply.In this research,samples of galvanized tubes were removed from walls of residential buildings with 30 years of use.In the process of hot galvanizing,the manufacturing standards allow or for low cost conveniences,and the use of primary zinc ingot with 1.6%metallic impurities,such as lead and cadmium,is allowed,enabling the incorporation of these metals into the zinc coating deposited on the carbon steel.The associated corrosion of these tubes can release these toxic metals,contaminating the drinking water used by residents.The samples taken from the tubes were evaluated by a square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry technique,and the results for lead and cadmium suggested randomly distributed levels,indicating that the contents of these contaminants depend mainly on the quality of the added primary zinc and the operational conditions of the immersion bath.The metallographic evaluations performed on the samples of the galvanized tubes showed irregularities in thickness and even a lack of the zinc layer deposited on the carbon steel surface.These facts suggest that galvanized tubes should not be used for drinking water.

微弧氧化处理对6061铝合金电偶腐蚀防护

目的提高船舶上铝合金的耐蚀性能。方法使用双极性脉冲电源对6061铝合金进行微弧氧化处理,并使用环氧树脂进行封孔,通过电化学测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、浸泡腐蚀试验和电偶腐蚀试验等方法,对膜层的表面形貌、截面形貌、物相组成和耐蚀性能进行测试。结果制备的6061铝合金微弧氧化膜层厚度约为40μm,致密均匀。在240h浸泡试验后,仍具有较强的耐蚀性,与316L不锈钢耦合的电流密度从约47μA/cm^(2)下降到20μA/cm^(2)左右,对6061铝合金的耐蚀性有显著提升。封孔处理后,浸泡腐蚀240h,未发现明显腐蚀,电偶电流进一步下降到11μA/cm^(2)。结论对6061铝合金进行微弧氧化处理,可以有效提高其耐蚀性能,对电偶腐蚀有较好的抑制作用,封孔处理则可以进一步提高铝合金的耐蚀性能。

Improvement the Corrosion Resistance for the Galvanized Steel by Adding Sn

The chemical composition of the zinc bath can strongly influence on the hot-dip galvanized coatings. In this work, the effects of tin addition on the surface morphology, and the corrosion resistance of hot-dip galvanized steel were investigated. The corrosion behavior of steel samples galvanized with zinc and Zn-Sn alloys containing different wt% Sn was analyzed by various corrosion tests such as potentiodynamic polarization Tafel lines and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Salt spray test was employed in order to study the corrosion products of the specimens. Surface morphology, the composition of coating layers and nature of the corrosion products were also investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, respectively. The results indicated that the addition of small amounts of Sn (0.1 wt%) to the molten zinc galvanizing bath can improve the corrosion resistance of hot-dip galvanized steel.

DH590冷轧板及镀锌板电阻点焊工艺窗口及点焊一致性的研究

采用电阻点焊对DH590冷轧板及其镀锌板进行工艺窗口和焊点一致性试验,对焊点进行了拉剪试验和十字拉伸试验,分析了点焊接头的显微组织、硬度分布以及断口形貌。结果表明:相比于冷轧板,DH590镀锌板焊接工艺窗口向右移动(增大)约2 kA,同时工艺窗口范围变窄,熔核形成更加充分,发生飞溅时的熔核直径更大。两种点焊接头熔核区组织为板条马氏体,但镀锌板熔核区的平均硬度更高。点焊一致性试验中,熔核直径均达到标准要求,未见明显波动。工艺窗口内的焊点失效模式以拔出断裂为主,从断口观察到大量的剪切韧窝,呈现出塑性断裂的特点。

新型添加剂碱性锌酸盐镀锌工艺研究

传统DE型碱性锌酸盐镀锌工艺,存在光亮范围窄、分散能力差、覆盖能力弱的工艺缺点。通过霍尔槽试验,系统测定了两种新型添加剂镀液的性能,并与DE型添加剂镀液进行了比较。结果表明,B型添加剂镀液具有更宽的电流密度范围,是DE添加剂的2.5倍;分散能力、覆盖能力分别提升了25.3%和500%;镀层结合力及抗脆性良好,可作为传统碱性锌酸盐镀锌添加剂的替代品,为后续行业内从业人员在添加剂的选择方面提供理论依据。

A sandwich-like structure hybrid coating of cold galvanizing coating/polydopamine on hot-dip galvanized steel with enhanced adhesion and corrosion resistance

This study aims to enhance the adhesion strength and anti-corrosion performance of the cold galvanizing coating(CGC)applied on the hot-dip galvanized steel(HDG).Polydopamine(PDA)is deposited on the HDG surface with different time ranges and as an interlayer between CGC and HDG through covalent immobilization.The surface morphology and the covalent interaction between PDA/HDG are exhibited by scanning electron microscope(SEM),atomic force microscopy(AFM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The pull-off adhesion tests before and after neutral slat spry tests show an enhanced dry adhesion strength and less adhesion loss of the hybrid CGC/PDA coated HDG compared with the direct CGC coated HDG.In addition,open circuit potential(OCP)reveals that the corrosion protection performance of the hybrid CGC/PDA coated HDG increases by 200%(up to 201 d)and the corrosion density icorrattaining about 4.45×10^(-7)A/cm^(2).Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)measurements and X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis confirm that the precipitate of the stable chelation formed by PDA and Zn^(2+)between CGC and HDG substrate can also improve the corrosion protection performance.Such a strategy of strengthening adhesion and forming the chelate compound at the HDG surface promises a new route to corrosion protection of CGC on HDG.

新型镀锌涂层的无铬钝化工艺研究

本文探究了一种新型镀锌涂层的无铬钝化工艺,利用植酸对镀锌层进行处理,再在植酸处理后的表面钝化一层γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(γ-APS)膜。对其钝化膜进行了硫酸铜点滴实验、碱浸失重实验,绘制了Tafel极化曲线并做了EIS阻抗实验,对其表面形貌进行了SEM表征。最终得出了植酸前处理的最佳工艺为:植酸浓度为10mol/L,p H值为3,处理时间为2min,处理温度为40℃,然后自然干燥2h。

热镀锌双相钢HC420/780DPD+Z电阻点焊工艺与性能研究

为获得1.5 mm厚的汽车用热镀锌双相钢HC420/780DPD+Z的电阻点焊工艺窗口,采用中频逆变式电阻点焊机对其进行点焊试验,通过电极压力等参数调整,获得由不同焊接时间、焊接电流等组成的焊接工艺窗口。并通过显微硬度测试、剪切拉伸、十字拉伸试验以及金相检测等方法,对点焊接头性能进行综合评价。研究结果表明,在焊接时间为410~430 ms时,焊接电流工艺窗口为3.4~3.6 kA,可获得无缩孔、裂纹的焊接接头;接头的平均抗剪力为14.88 kN,平均十字拉伸力为7.1 kN;熔核区的显微硬度为402~455 HV,热影响区硬度为237 HV,未见脆化现象;电极寿命大于500个焊点,均满足GWS-5A标准要求。在此工艺下,接头的力学性能优异,显微组织主要为马氏体,硬度分布规律表明熔核区硬度最高。此外,焊接接头的失效模式主要为界面断裂和纽扣型熔核断裂,其中纽扣型熔核断裂具有更高的承载能力和能量吸收能力。