Research on Representative Engineering Applications of Anemometer Towers Location in Complex TopographyWind Resource Assessment

The typical location and number of anemometer towers in the assessed area are the key to the accuracy of wind resource assessment in complex topography.As calculation examples,this paper used two typical complex topography wind farms in Guangxi,Yunnan province in China.Firstly,we simulated the wind resource status of the anemometer tower in the Meteodyn WT software.Secondly,we compared the simulated wind resource with the actual measured data by the anemometer tower in the same situation.Thirdly,we analyzed the influence of anemometer tower location and quantity in the accuracy of wind resource assessment through the comparison results.The results showed that the range which the anemometer tower can represent is limited(<5 kilometers),and the prediction error more than 5%.Besides,the anemometer towers in special terrain areas(such as wind acceleration areas)cannot be used as a representative choice.The relative error of the simulated average annual wind speed by choose different number of anemometer towers is about 4%,and the grid-connected power generation more than 6%.The representative effect of anemometer towers is of crucial for improving the accuracy of wind resource assessment in engineering applications.

A new method of measuring optical turbulence of atmospheric surface layer at Antarctic Taishan Station with ultrasonic anemometer

To find the optimal location for large-aperture telescopes is a goal of astronomy. Chinese Antarctic astronomy has begun to flourish in recent years, and it is an urgent need in basic astronomical work to measure and analyze the optical turbulence spatiotemporal distribution in the Antarctic region. We analyzed turbulence data measured by a mobile atmospheric parameter measurement system from 30 December 2013 to 10 February 2014 at Antarctic Taishan Station. Because there is a discrepancy between the refractive index structure constant Cn2 measured by an ultrasonic anemometer with a single-point temperature structure function method and by micro-thermometer, a new method to measure C,2 with a temperature spectrum method is proposed herein. Through comparing long-term continuous Cn2 data derived from ultrasonic anemometer with those via the new method and micro-thermometer, trend, magnitude and measured weak turbulence of-2× 10-16m-2/3 are generally satisfactory. The reason for the discrepancy in Cn2 measurement between the ultrasonic anemometer with the old method and micro-thermometer is investigated.

Location of anemometer along Lanzhou-Xinjiang railway

Using structured mesh to discretize the calculation region, the wind velocity and pressure distribution in front of the wind barrier under different embankment heights are investigated based on the Detached Eddy Simulation(DES) with standard SpalartAllmaras(SA) model. The Reynolds number is 4.0×105 in this calculation. The region is three-dimensional. Since the wind barrier and trains are almost invariable cross-sections, only 25 m along the track is modeled. The height of embankment ranges from 1 m to 5 m and the wind barrier is 3 m high. The results show that the wind speed changes obviously before the wind barrier on the horizontal plane, which is 4.5 m high above the track. The speed of wind reduces gradually while approaching the wind barrier. It reaches the minimum value at a distance about 5 m before the wind barrier, and increases dramatically afterwards. The speed of wind at this location is linear with the speed of far field. The train aerodynamic coefficients decrease sharply with the increment of the embankment height. And they take up the monotonicity. Meanwhile, when the height increases from 3 m to 5 m, they just change slightly. It is concluded that the optimum anemometer location is nearly 5 m in front of the wind barrier.

Anemometer Modified

A four cup commercial anemometer is modified as follows. Two cups with arms extending from the pivot are removed. The other two half spherical cups are re-placed by identical double cones, each of which is composed of two cones of different altitudes joined at the bases that are the same size. There is a stiff wire connecting the two double cones to the pivot at the midpoint so they are free to spin in the horizontal plane. They are parallel but oppositely oriented. When a fan is turned on aiming an air stream toward the double cones, they constantly rotate. Increasing the distance between the long axes of the two double cones causes the rotation rate to increase for the same setting of the fan. These results are qualitatively explained by reaction forces of a flowing fluid acting on the surfaces of solid bodies with front to back asymmetry in accord with Newton’s 3rd law (action equals reaction) published by the author earlier. Besides calibrating the modified anemometer for measuring wind speed, another practical application of the concept may be the generation of electricity by the natural winds.

Numerical Simulation on Floating Behavior of Buoyancy Tank Foundation of Anemometer Tower

The intact stability and damage stability of a model of an anemometer tower with buoyancy tank foundation are computed by the finite element software MOSES in this paper. The natural period of the anemometer tower is discussed through frequency domain analysis. The influence of a single factor, such as towing point position, wave height, wave direction and wave period, on towing stability is discussed through time domain analysis. At the same time, the towing stability under the condition of various combinations of many factors is analyzed based on the measured data of the target area. Computer simulation results show that the intact stability is preferable and the damage stability is sufficient under the condition of plenty of subdivisions. Within the scope of the buoyancy tank foundation,the higher the towing point position is, the better the stability is. Wave height has a great impact on the motion amplitude of buoyancy tank foundation, but the effect on the acceleration is not obvious; wave period has a great impact on the acceleration, while the effect on the motion amplitude is not obvious; following-waves towing is more conducive to safety than atry.

DATA PROCESSING ON LINEARIZATION OF HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETER

A method of data processing to determine the coefficients of linearization equations for 1050 anemometer (produced by Thermo-Systems Inc. -TSI, USA) with the sensors made of domestic hot wire using the program preferred in this Paper is described. By calculation and test, it is indicated that the error resulting from this method is about 0. 5% of the full scale and less than TSl's. By using this method we can set up the calibration curve according to the measurement range and the diameter of the hot wire at a certain accuracy.

An Adaptive Response Compensation Technique for the Constant-Current Hot-Wire Anemometer

An adaptive response compensation technique has been proposed to compensate for the response lag of the constant-current hot-wire anemometer (CCA) by taking advantage of digital signal processing technology. First, we have developed a simple response compensation scheme based on a precise theoretical expression for the frequency response of the CCA (Kaifuku et al. 2010, 2011), and verified its effectiveness experimentally for hot-wires of 5 μm, 10 μm and 20 μm in diameter. Then, another novel technique based on a two-sensor probe technique—originally developed for the response compensation of fine-wire thermocouples (Tagawa and Ohta 1997;Tagawa et al. 1998)—has been proposed for estimating thermal time-constants of hot-wires to realize the in-situ response compensation of the CCA. To demonstrate the usefulness of the CCA, we have applied the response compensation schemes to multipoint velocity measure- ment of a turbulent wake flow formed behind a circular cylinder by using a CCA probe consisting of 16 hot-wires, which were driven simultaneously by a very simple constant-current circuit. As a result, the proposed response compensation techniques for the CCA work quite successfully and are capable of improving the response speed of the CCA to obtain reliable measurements comparable to those by the commercially-available constant-temperature hot-wire anemometer (CTA).

Effects of Precipitation on Sonic Anemometer Measurements of Turbulent Fluxes in the Atmospheric Surface Layer

Effects caused by precipitation on the measurements of three-dimensional sonic anemometer are analyzed based on a field observational experiment conducted in Maoming, Guangdong Province, China. Obvious fluctuations induced by precipitation are observed for the outputs of sonic anemometer-derived temperature and wind velocity components. A technique of turbulence spectra and cospectra normalized in the framework of similarity theory is utilized to validate the measured variables and calculated fluxes. It is found that the sensitivity of sonic anemometer-derived temperature to precipitation is significant, compared with that of the wind velocity components. The spectra of wind velocity and cospectra of momentum flux resemble the standard universal shape with the slopes of the spectra and cospectra at the inertial subrange, following the-2/3 and-4/3 power law, respectively, even under the condition of heavy rain. Contaminated by precipitation, however, the spectra of temperature and cospectra of sensible heat flux do not exhibit a universal shape and have obvious frequency loss at the inertial subrange. From the physical structure and working principle of sonic anemometer, a possible explanation is proposed to describe this difference, which is found to be related to the variations of precipitation particles. Corrections for errors of sonic anemometer-derived temperature under precipitation is needed, which is still under exploration.

Development of Verification Device for Starting Lever Pressing Automation of DEM6 Portable Three-cup Anemometer

At present,the verification system of wind speed in national 3MS provincial automatic weather station has been automated,but the wind speed verification of the DEM6 portable three-cup anemometer by the straight road wind tunnel cannot be automated.In order to record the reading of this verification,it is necessary to manually move the starting lever at the wind speed field during each verification.For this problem,a set of verification device for the DEM6 portable three-cup anemometer is developed based on automatic verification system of wind speed in the 3MS provincial automatic weather station.This device uses the the driving board of starting anemometer to connect with the pressing starting lever by a bar-shaped gap,so as to realize the remote control of the starting lever.It is convenient to use,and measure multiple sets of data at the same place.The measuring results are more accurate,thereby realizing automatic pressing of wind speed starting lever.

Anemometer Modified II

A commercial anemometer was modified by replacing the four cups with four identical two-dimensional blades, each with a circular arc side and a flat side. The flat sides are fixed to four arms radiating from a pivot so that they are parallel to the wind direction. The rounded sides all point in the same direction around a circle. When the wind blows, there is a lift force on the rounded side of each blade and they unite in causing rotation about the pivot with the curved sides leading. The more blades the faster the rotation is a prediction.

基于阵列风速仪实测的台风“苏迪罗”近地风场空间相关性研究

[目的]针对沿海区域近地台风风场的空间相关性问题进行研究.[方法]根据阵列风速仪实测的台风“苏迪罗”风速风向数据,选取4个稳定时段的288个风速样本,对台风近地风场的空间相关性进行详细的分析.首先定性研究平均风速和风向角对顺、横风向、垂直方向脉动风速的竖向和水平互相关系数的影响,然后分析平均风速和风向角对3种脉动风速竖向和水平相干函数的影响,最后对顺风向竖向相干函数、顺风向水平相干函数和横风向水平相干函数进行公式拟合,获得相关参数的取值.[结果]平均风速对顺、横风向的竖向和水平互相关系数及相干函数有一定影响,平均风速越大,相应的互相关系数和相干函数也随之增大;风向角对3种脉动风速的竖向相关性影响不大,但对顺、横风向的水平互相关系数和相干函数影响较大;各种相干函数在零频率处(f=0 Hz)的数值大都小于1.0,零频率处的数值随距离与平均风速的比值呈指数衰减规律;顺风向竖向相干函数、顺风向水平相干函数和横风向水平相干函数随距离与平均风速比值的衰减系数分别为9.3 f+0.38,3.1 f+0.18,3.2 f+0.16.[结论]基于阵列风速仪实测的近地台风数据,分析得到了台风风场的空间相关性特性,竖向和水平的互相关系数和相干函数,给出的拟合公式可用于大跨度空间结构和桥梁结构的动态响应分析计算,可有效评估工程结构的抗风安全性.

车辆道路行驶阻力国六测试方法分析比对

依据现行国家标准GB 18352.6—2016《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第六阶段)》的规定要求,通过三种方法(固定式风速仪滑行法、车载风速仪滑行法、基于车辆参数计算默认道路载荷法)获取测试样车的车辆道路行驶阻力,模拟出滑行阻力系数,用于后续对轻型混合动力电动汽车能量消耗量进行测试,进而分析优化汽车燃油消耗量和汽车续驶里程。测试结果表明,采用车载风速仪滑行法和固定式风速仪滑行法对样车进行摸底试验,获得的车辆道路行驶阻力能有效模拟出道路阻力系数,优化OVC-HEV测试数据。

基于测风塔和WT数值模拟的贵州山地风能资源评估——以册亨县为例

【目的】精细化评估贵州复杂山地地形下的风能资源分布,对贵州风能资源开发利用具有重要的指导意义。【方法】利用贵州册亨县境内5座测风塔2020年11月—2021年9月观测资料及其周边气象站数据,采用基于计算流体力学模型的Meteodyn WT软件,对整个册亨县境内山地风能资源进行模拟分析评估。【结果】册亨县风资源较好的区域主要分布在中部的秧坝镇、者楼镇、丫他镇以及北部的坡妹镇和冗渡镇的较高山脊处,具备一定开发利用价值;受册亨独特的地理位置和地形地势以及季风的多重影响,册亨县风能资源有较明显的月变化特征,11月—次年5月风资源较好。【结论】基于测风塔和WT数值模拟的风能资源评估方法模拟误差较小,适用于贵州山地复杂地形下的风能资源评估。

亚声速可压缩流场叶片边界层热线测速方法研究

为了能够开发一种简单有效的亚声速可压缩流场叶片边界层速度测量方法,从而为叶型设计和相关数值研究工作提供支撑,本文围绕热线风速测量技术,针对可压缩流场密度变化对热线标定结果的影响,以及实际测量中速度、密度耦合而无法直接获取的问题,通过理论分析,提出了适用于边界层测量的恒定压力热线标定方法和引入叶表稳态静压进行速度解耦的方法,并对所提出方法的主要误差进行了分析评估。在此基础上进行了热线标定和边界层速度测量试验验证,明确了恒定压力热线标定数学模型系数随压力的线性变化规律,同时针对温度非线性影响提出了一种基于过热比调整的修正方法,该方法能够将约13℃的温度偏差对热线电压的影响降低到1%以内,进一步简化了恒定压力热线标定流程,结合基于叶表稳态静压的速度解耦方法,为亚声速可压缩流场叶片边界层瞬态速度测量提供了一种简单可行的高频响测速方法。

风速传感器风洞校准的阻塞影响及修正方法研究

为研究阻塞现象的形成原理及其对风速校准结果的影响,建立高阻塞比和低阻塞比工况对应的气象风速校准流场仿真模型,分析不同阻塞比工况对圆柱形结构和长方体结构风洞试验段流场影响。现有理论模型和比较法使用单一的修正系数修正所有校准点风速示值,导致低风速校准点风速传感器示值修正存在偏差,针对该问题提出一种各校准点独立计算阻塞修正系数的分段修正方法。结合EC9-1型、EL15-1A型和ZQZ-TF型等常用气象风速传感器校准数据,分析分段修正法与既有理论模型和比较法对传感器测量特性的影响。实验结果表明,3种阻塞修正方法都可改善风速传感器示值误差和频率方程等测量特性,使传感器示值、频率方程的斜率和截距更接近标准风洞的校准数据,分段修正法对传感器偏离程度的改善效果最为显著,经分段修正法修正后的传感器偏离程度最接近标准风洞测得值。

基于互相关的小型化低功耗超声波风速风向仪设计

超声波风速风向仪具有无转动部件,响应快,精度高的优点,但体积大、功耗高、成本高成为限制超声波风速风向仪广泛使用的主要因素。为了便于超声波风速风向仪的推广和使用,本文采用国产FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)并结合FIR(Finite Impulse Respond)滤波器以及互相关检测算法设计了一款超声波风速风向仪,探头之间的距离仅为80 mm,感风面积仅为传统超声波风的1/10,使得省级风洞均可计量检定。整机经过风洞实测,每秒钟可完成50次风速风向测量,在0~5 m/s时风速最大测量误差为±0.3 m/s,5~20 m/s时风速最大测量误差为±0.5 m/s,20~30 m/s风速测量最大误差为±5%,稳定风速下风向测量最大误差为±1°以内,总功耗为0.2 W(仅为传统超声波风功耗的1/20)。通过实测数据发现,FPGA结合数字滤波及互相关检测算法相比于传统的DSP(Digital Signal Processor)超声波风速风向仪能明显缩小体积,降低成本功耗。

三维超声风速计阴影补偿方法研究

三维风速计在众多领域有重要的价值,但三维超声风速计自身结构影响待测量风场,导致阴影效应的产生,从而引起测量误差。现有的阴影补偿方法研究多从阵列结构上优化或局限于二维风速风向,在应用到三维测风中效果较差。针对该问题,本文利用随机森林回归算法建立三维超声风速计阴影补偿方法,通过有限元仿真获取受阴影效应影响后的风速风向数据,以该数据为样本,对模型进行训练和测试。结果表明:本文提出的阴影补偿方法将风速值与理论值的相对误差降低到±1%以内,垂直风向角的平均相对误差从-4.1%降低至0.08%,水平风向角的平均相对误差从1.9%降低至-0.8%,验证了本文提出的补偿方法在解决阴影效应问题方面的可行性。

基于SF1 Light的超声波风速风向测量系统

准确测量风速和风向对气象、环境监测和农业等领域具有重要意义。然而,传统的风速风向测量方法存在一些限制,如精度不高、安装复杂等。针对以上问题,利用FPGA和RISC-V内核的SF1芯片设计出一款基于超声波的高精度、低功耗、便携式的风速风向仪,使用时差法测量风速风向,并结合先进的传感器模块和通信技术,实现了测量风速、传感控制、环境监控、云端传输等功能,有助于优化资源利用、改善环境质量。

阵列式应变风速仪在测量中的应用研究

流道口气流场均匀度和强度在很多工程场景中具有重要意义,如对于气动学测试、散热器效率等都具有很大影响。研究发现,散热器单位面积气流流速越快,散热速率越高,气体流速越均匀,散热速率也会越稳定;而在气动学测试中,流场截面上各个位置处气流场流速均匀度对测试结果的准确性影响很大,流速不均匀或者流速测定不准可能导致试验的结果失败。提出了一种基于应变的阵列式风速仪,并探讨了其在气体流场测量中的应用。该风速仪采用由多个高精度应变传感器组成的阵列,通过测量气流作用在传感器上的应变变化来计算风速。实验结果表明,该风速仪能够有效地反映出气体流场的动态变化,具有较高的测量精度和稳定性。

某山地风电项目测风方案探析

随着可再生能源的迅速发展,风资源的开发利用也越发受到重视,在开发利用复杂地形的风能资源时,合理的测风方案对准确评估场址风能资源具有决定性的影响。文章通过华中某山区风电场资源评估案例,采用Meteodyn WT软件对该案例不同测风方案下电量模拟结果和测风塔互推结果进行分析。结果表明测风塔的准确代表性对模拟结果有着至关重要的影响,在复杂山地下测风塔的垂直代表性非常有限,当测风塔代表性不足时会产生模拟结果与实际情况的偏差,从而影响项目合理性的开发评估。在复杂山地项目开发前期,建议业主应充分重视测风塔在垂直代表性上有限的风险。对于海拔高差较大的项目,测风方案应对高海拔、中海拔、低海拔风况均有代表性。