Nitrogen can increase the strength of steels without weakening the toughness and improve the corrosion resistance at the same time. Compared with conventional nitrogen-free die steels, a new type of nitrogen-containin...Nitrogen can increase the strength of steels without weakening the toughness and improve the corrosion resistance at the same time. Compared with conventional nitrogen-free die steels, a new type of nitrogen-containing die steel was developed with many superior properties, such as high strength, high hardness, and good toughness. This paper focused on the effects of heat treatment on the microstruc- tures and mechanical properties of the new type of nitrogen-containing die steel, which were investigated by the optimized deformation process and heat treatment. Isothermal spheroidal annealing and high-temperature quenching as well as high-temperature tempering were ap- plied in the experiment by means of an orthogonal method after the steel was multiply forged. The mechanical properties of nitro- gen-containing die steel forgings are better than the standard of NADCA #207-2003.展开更多
This paper studies a compound treatment. i. e. liquid S , N,C co-diffusing with rare earth (RE) and then oxidization , for hot-working die steels , and the effect of RE on thermal fatigue behavior of the diffused laye...This paper studies a compound treatment. i. e. liquid S , N,C co-diffusing with rare earth (RE) and then oxidization , for hot-working die steels , and the effect of RE on thermal fatigue behavior of the diffused layer. XRD and SEM energy spectrum prove that trace RE element actually penetrates into the surface layer of steels. The result shows that RE can reduce the gradient of change of hardness in diffused layer, improve the morphology and distribution of compounds , and reduce the degree of surface alligator crack for thermal fatigue. The behavior of thermal fatigue of hot-working die steels is raised by 70% or so after the application of RE. The effect of RE is analysed according to the theory.展开更多
Dry sliding wear tests of a Cr-Mo-V cast hot-forging die steel was carried out within a load range of 50--300 N at 400℃ by a pin-on-disc high temperature wear machine. The effect of heat treatment process on wear res...Dry sliding wear tests of a Cr-Mo-V cast hot-forging die steel was carried out within a load range of 50--300 N at 400℃ by a pin-on-disc high temperature wear machine. The effect of heat treatment process on wear resistance was systematically studied in order to select heat treatment processes of the steel with high wear resistance. The morphology, structure and composition were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） ; wear mechanism was also discussed. Tribo-oxide layer was found to form on worn surfaces to reduce wear under low loads, but appear inside the matrix to increase wear under high loads. The tribo-oxides were mainly consisted of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3, FeO only appeared under a high load. Oxidative mild wear, transition of mild-severe wear in oxidative wear and extrusive wear took turns to operate with increasing the load. The wear resistance strongly depended on the selection of heat treatment processes or microstructures. It was found that bainite presented a better wear resistance than martensite plus bainite duplex structure, martensite structure was of the poorest wear resistance. The wear resistance increased with increasing austenizing temperature in the range of 920 to 1 120 ℃, then decreased at up to 1 220 ℃. As for tempering temperature and microstructure, the wear resistance increased in following order： 700℃ （tempered sorbite）, 200 ℃ （tempered martensite）, 440 to 650 ℃ （tempered troostite）. An appropriate combination of hardness, toughness, microstructural thermal stability was re- quired for a good wear resistance in high-temperature wear. The optimized heat treatment process was suggested for the cast hot-forging steel to be austenized at 1020 to 1 120 ℃, quenched in oil, then tempered at 440 to 650℃ for 2 h.展开更多
Materials data deep-excavation is very important in materials genome exploration.In order to carry out materials data deep-excavation in hot die steels and obtain the relationships among alloying elements,heat treatme...Materials data deep-excavation is very important in materials genome exploration.In order to carry out materials data deep-excavation in hot die steels and obtain the relationships among alloying elements,heat treatment parameters and materials properties,a 11×12×12×4 back-propagation（BP）artificial neural network（ANN）was set up.Alloying element contents,quenching and tempering temperatures were selected as input;hardness,tensile and yield strength were set as output parameters.The ANN shows a high fitting precision.The effects of alloying elements and heat treatment parameters on the properties of hot die steel were studied using this model.The results indicate that high temperature hardness increases with increasing alloying element content of C,Si,Mo,W,Ni,V and Cr to a maximum value and decreases with further increase in alloying element content.The ANN also predicts that the high temperature hardness will decrease with increasing quenching temperature,and possess an optimal value with increasing tempering temperature.This model provides a new tool for novel hot die steel design.展开更多
The paper introduced the 5 CrMnMo steel, including the chemical composition, the heat treatment technology, the forging die working condition, and the invalidation form （such as the cavity arris wear, the cavity subs...The paper introduced the 5 CrMnMo steel, including the chemical composition, the heat treatment technology, the forging die working condition, and the invalidation form （such as the cavity arris wear, the cavity subsidence, the cold and the heat fatigue crackle）. Then gave some precautions for prolonging the mould life by improving the heat treatment technology.展开更多
55NiCrMoV7 hot-work die steel is mainly used to manufacture heavy forgings in the fields of aerospace and automobile.This study aims to clarify the effects of heat treatment on the microstructural evolution and mechan...55NiCrMoV7 hot-work die steel is mainly used to manufacture heavy forgings in the fields of aerospace and automobile.This study aims to clarify the effects of heat treatment on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the steel,in order to find out an optimal heat treatment scheme to obtain an excellent balance of strength,ductility and toughness.The steel was quenched at temperature from 790℃ to 910℃ followed by tempering treatments of 100–650℃ for 5 h.The mechanical property tests were carried out by tensile,impact toughness and hardness.Optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and transmission electron microscope(TEM)were used to observe the austenite grains,lath martensite,carbides and fracture morphology.The results show that the quenching temperature mainly influences the austenite grain size and the volume fraction of undissolved carbides(UCs),while the tempering temperature mainly influences the size and morphology of the martensite with a body centered cubic(BCC)and the carbides with a face centered cubic(FCC).The mechanical properties of the steel,including yield and tensile strength,ductility,impact toughness and hardness,get an excellent balance at a quenching range of 850–870C.As the tempering temperature increases,the yield and tensile strength and hardness decrease,while the ductility and impact toughness increase.These variation trends can be further verified by fracture SEM observation and analysis.Combined with a macro-micro coupled finite element(MMFE)modeling technique,the cooling rate,microstructural evolution and yield strength of the steel were predicted and compared with the tested data.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.50974014 and 51174026)
文摘Nitrogen can increase the strength of steels without weakening the toughness and improve the corrosion resistance at the same time. Compared with conventional nitrogen-free die steels, a new type of nitrogen-containing die steel was developed with many superior properties, such as high strength, high hardness, and good toughness. This paper focused on the effects of heat treatment on the microstruc- tures and mechanical properties of the new type of nitrogen-containing die steel, which were investigated by the optimized deformation process and heat treatment. Isothermal spheroidal annealing and high-temperature quenching as well as high-temperature tempering were ap- plied in the experiment by means of an orthogonal method after the steel was multiply forged. The mechanical properties of nitro- gen-containing die steel forgings are better than the standard of NADCA #207-2003.
文摘This paper studies a compound treatment. i. e. liquid S , N,C co-diffusing with rare earth (RE) and then oxidization , for hot-working die steels , and the effect of RE on thermal fatigue behavior of the diffused layer. XRD and SEM energy spectrum prove that trace RE element actually penetrates into the surface layer of steels. The result shows that RE can reduce the gradient of change of hardness in diffused layer, improve the morphology and distribution of compounds , and reduce the degree of surface alligator crack for thermal fatigue. The behavior of thermal fatigue of hot-working die steels is raised by 70% or so after the application of RE. The effect of RE is analysed according to the theory.
基金Item Sponsored by National Nature Science Foundation of China(51071078)
文摘Dry sliding wear tests of a Cr-Mo-V cast hot-forging die steel was carried out within a load range of 50--300 N at 400℃ by a pin-on-disc high temperature wear machine. The effect of heat treatment process on wear resistance was systematically studied in order to select heat treatment processes of the steel with high wear resistance. The morphology, structure and composition were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） ; wear mechanism was also discussed. Tribo-oxide layer was found to form on worn surfaces to reduce wear under low loads, but appear inside the matrix to increase wear under high loads. The tribo-oxides were mainly consisted of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3, FeO only appeared under a high load. Oxidative mild wear, transition of mild-severe wear in oxidative wear and extrusive wear took turns to operate with increasing the load. The wear resistance strongly depended on the selection of heat treatment processes or microstructures. It was found that bainite presented a better wear resistance than martensite plus bainite duplex structure, martensite structure was of the poorest wear resistance. The wear resistance increased with increasing austenizing temperature in the range of 920 to 1 120 ℃, then decreased at up to 1 220 ℃. As for tempering temperature and microstructure, the wear resistance increased in following order： 700℃ （tempered sorbite）, 200 ℃ （tempered martensite）, 440 to 650 ℃ （tempered troostite）. An appropriate combination of hardness, toughness, microstructural thermal stability was re- quired for a good wear resistance in high-temperature wear. The optimized heat treatment process was suggested for the cast hot-forging steel to be austenized at 1020 to 1 120 ℃, quenched in oil, then tempered at 440 to 650℃ for 2 h.
文摘Materials data deep-excavation is very important in materials genome exploration.In order to carry out materials data deep-excavation in hot die steels and obtain the relationships among alloying elements,heat treatment parameters and materials properties,a 11×12×12×4 back-propagation（BP）artificial neural network（ANN）was set up.Alloying element contents,quenching and tempering temperatures were selected as input;hardness,tensile and yield strength were set as output parameters.The ANN shows a high fitting precision.The effects of alloying elements and heat treatment parameters on the properties of hot die steel were studied using this model.The results indicate that high temperature hardness increases with increasing alloying element content of C,Si,Mo,W,Ni,V and Cr to a maximum value and decreases with further increase in alloying element content.The ANN also predicts that the high temperature hardness will decrease with increasing quenching temperature,and possess an optimal value with increasing tempering temperature.This model provides a new tool for novel hot die steel design.
文摘The paper introduced the 5 CrMnMo steel, including the chemical composition, the heat treatment technology, the forging die working condition, and the invalidation form （such as the cavity arris wear, the cavity subsidence, the cold and the heat fatigue crackle）. Then gave some precautions for prolonging the mould life by improving the heat treatment technology.
基金the fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2020M672309)。
文摘55NiCrMoV7 hot-work die steel is mainly used to manufacture heavy forgings in the fields of aerospace and automobile.This study aims to clarify the effects of heat treatment on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the steel,in order to find out an optimal heat treatment scheme to obtain an excellent balance of strength,ductility and toughness.The steel was quenched at temperature from 790℃ to 910℃ followed by tempering treatments of 100–650℃ for 5 h.The mechanical property tests were carried out by tensile,impact toughness and hardness.Optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM)and transmission electron microscope(TEM)were used to observe the austenite grains,lath martensite,carbides and fracture morphology.The results show that the quenching temperature mainly influences the austenite grain size and the volume fraction of undissolved carbides(UCs),while the tempering temperature mainly influences the size and morphology of the martensite with a body centered cubic(BCC)and the carbides with a face centered cubic(FCC).The mechanical properties of the steel,including yield and tensile strength,ductility,impact toughness and hardness,get an excellent balance at a quenching range of 850–870C.As the tempering temperature increases,the yield and tensile strength and hardness decrease,while the ductility and impact toughness increase.These variation trends can be further verified by fracture SEM observation and analysis.Combined with a macro-micro coupled finite element(MMFE)modeling technique,the cooling rate,microstructural evolution and yield strength of the steel were predicted and compared with the tested data.
