Economic Stress, Precariousness and Risk of High Blood Pressure: A Descriptive Survey of Life Models within Households of the Central Region of Cameroon

Context/Objective: High blood pressure (HBP) currently represents the most widespread chronic non-communicable disease in Cameroon. The increase in its prevalence in the country is the result of multiple factors including economic stress imposed by precariousness, poor living conditions, sources of anxiety, anguish, depression and other behavioral disorders. Economic stress is a globalizing concept that integrates into a purely hermeneutic approach, a particular functioning of the nervous system of an individual who faces employment problems and precarious remuneration conditions. The non-satisfaction by an individual of his basic needs due to insufficient financial means can cause him to become irritable, aggressive, and socially and symbolically isolated, thereby increasing the desire to resort to morbid life models such as excessive consumption of narcotics and other psychoactive substances often associated with high blood pressure. The fight against the emergence of BPH is a complex, multifaceted and multifactorial reality that requires taking into account economic stress. The main objective of this survey is to describe the situation of economic stress within the Cameroonian population, which imposes precariousness and life models at risk of high blood pressure. Specifically, we determined the level of household income and the sources of income. Methods: A cross-sectional survey with a descriptive aim among five hundred households in the Central Region of Cameroon was conducted. A probabilistic technique called simple randomness was used. The number of households to be surveyed was determined indirectly using the Cochrane formula. Data collection in face-to-face mode using a physical questionnaire took place from July 1 to August 31, 2023, after obtaining ethical clearance from the Regional Health Research Ethics Committee, Human from the Center and an administrative authorization for data collection. Regarding their processing, the data was grouped during processing in Excel sheets. Normality and reliability tests of the collected data were carried out. For this, the Chi-square test was used for data with a qualitative value and that of Kolmogorov-Sminorf for data with a quantitative value. Descriptive analysis was possible using R software version 3.2, SPSS version 25.0, XLSTAT 2016, PAST and EXCEL programs from Microsoft Office 2013. Results: The main results highlight economic stress, with 45.60% of households surveyed earning less than US$154 per month;55% of household heads were women in single-parent families;14% of household heads were unemployed, 22% worked in the private sector and 19% were self-employed. This general economic situation leads to precarious living conditions, thereby increasing the risk of high blood pressure among the Cameroonian population.

Impact of Labor Transfer on Agricultural Land Use Conversion at Rural Household Level Based on Logit Model

Since land and labor force are primary resources to be used and controlled by rural households, the allocation of labor forces will influence land uses, and further lead to land use conversion. The present study used the Binary Logit model to investigate the influence of labor force transfer, characteristics of rural households, location, and land market on agricultural land use conversion at rural household level. This study was conducted based on 329 valid questionnaires, which were obtained in Changshu, Rudong, and Tongshan counties, respectively representing the southern, middle and northern areas of Jiangsu Province. The results showed that land market participation, location, zonal difference and labor transfer had strong influences on agricultural land use conversion. The participation of land market had a strong positive effect on land use conversion, especially for the farmland converted to the fishpond. The nearer to the county seat, the more conversion of land use occurred. Particularly, the labor force transfer caused by wage employment decreased this conversion probability, while the labor transfer caused by self-employment led to more conversion; and the increasing of income from labor transfer increased the conversion. Moreover, land use con- versions demonstrated zonal difference, which were more in Rudong and Changshu counties than in Tongshan County, and the factors influencing this conversion were different in the three regions.

Prediction and Analysis of Chinese Rural Households' Consumption Level Based on the ARIMA Model

By using the software SAS9.2 and the relevant data of consumption level of rural residents in China from 1952 to 2008,the ARIMA model is established.The model is used to analyze and forecast the time series of the consumption level of Chinese rural residents.The results show that in the near future,the consumption level of Chinese rural residents will be further raised.In 2012,the level will break through per capita 5 000 yuan,almost 100 times more than that in the primary time period.But consumption level does not equal to living standard.To let farmers lead a good life,the government should follow the objective laws;take the overall situation into consideration;coordinate the relations among farmers' consumption level,national subsidies and farmers' production enthusiasm.Therefore,The paper suggests that the historical and objective factors should be attached more importance to.Besides,raising farmers' income and allaying farmers' fear were effective measures in developing the consumptive potential of rural market and promoting the economic sustainable development.

A survey of the influencing factors and models for resident＇s household waste management behavior

The problem of household solid waste has been concerned and researched on by municipalities and researchers.At present, household solid waste has been changed to management problem from technical one. From the point view ofmanagement, the research on household solid waste is to study the factors which influence resident’s behavior ofmanaging their waste. Based on the literature review, firstly, this paper summarizes those factors which have alreadybeen identified to have impact on resident’s behavior of managing their waste. They are social-demographic variables,knowledge, environmental values, psychological factors, publicity and system design. Secondly, three typical models ofthe relationship between factors and behavior, which are factors determining task performance in waste management,conceptualization of waste management behavior and the theoretical model of repeated behavior on household wastemanagement, are analyzed and the deficiencies of these models are also analyzed. Finally, according to the currentsituation in household waste management and the culture and resident’s habits in China, this paper puts forward aresearch focus and suggestions about resident’s behavior of household solid waste management.

Modeling of Heat Transfers in Bioreactive Household Waste Storage Facilities: Spatial and Temporal Distributions

In order to enhance the production of biogas and to study the thermal behavior of waste, a numerical study of fluid flows and heat transfers within household waste was developed to predict the distributions of thermal fields. The mathematical model is based on the conservation of mass and energy equations. The resulting system of equations is discretized using the finite volume method and solved using the Thomas algorithm. The results of the model studied are compared with the numerical and site measurements results from other authors. The results have been found to be in good agreement. The results show that the mathematical model is able to reproduce the thermal behavior in anaerobic phase in landfills. The isotherms revealed that temperatures are lower in the upper part of the waste cell, very high in the core and decrease slightly in the bottom of the cell due to the biodegradation of waste.

劳动投入水平、要素禀赋与农户行为可分性检验——基于南方稻农地块层次数据的验证

生产和消费行为交织在一起是农户的重要特征。农户的生产和消费行为是否可分成为众多农户行为模型的基本假设前提,直接影响农户行为分析的结论和政策建议的合理性。通过构建农户模型,从农户农业生产劳动投入水平与家庭人地禀赋关系的视角切入,分析不同要素市场条件下农户行为可分和不可分特征。在此基础上,利用2015、2019年对中国南方稻农地块层次调研的混合截面数据对农户行为可分性进行实证检验。结果表明,当前中国南方稻农行为呈现出可分性特征,在处理了内生性、替换核心解释变量、替换被解释变量,结果依然稳健。进一步分析表明,劳动力市场越完善,农户行为可分性特征越明显;随着时间的推移,农户行为由不可分性向可分性发生转变。与前期关于农户行为可分性检验从劳动力配置视角切入不同,从劳动力投入强度和要素禀赋之间的关系来验证农户可分性,并利用一手调研的地块层面数据进行验证,为基于要素市场识别农户行为可分与不可分的具体情境研究提供了新的视角和经验证据。

不愿向银行借贷的家庭更不愿消费吗?——基于扩展短视消费模型的分析

从需求侧信贷约束视角出发,构建“扩展短视消费模型”,分析了主观流动性约束对家庭消费支出的影响机制,在此基础上,基于中国家庭金融调查数据(CHFS),使用Logit、Probit方法对该机制进行实证检验。研究发现:第一,主观流动性约束通过降低家庭正规信贷与非正规信贷规模,对家庭消费支出的减少具有显著影响。第二,在主观流动性约束影响家庭消费支出的过程中,金融素养发挥着重要的调节作用。家庭拥有资产越多,其金融素养提升就越能缓解主观流动性约束对家庭消费支出的抑制。但在低资产组家庭中,家庭的处境并没有因为金融素养的提高而获得改善。第三,家庭主观流动性约束也显著提升了家庭消费支出对家庭收入变化的敏感程度,降低了家庭平滑消费的能力。在当前“扩消费、稳增长”过程中,应优化收入分配制度,增加低资产家庭的收入,同时积极推进金融教育的普及,并加大银行等正规金融机构的信息披露力度,通过缓解家庭面临的主观流动性约束来促进消费支出。

区块链技术下垃圾分类管理平台的试验及熵权-云模型评价

文章基于区块链技术(blockchain technology,BT)的去中心化、可溯源性、不可篡改和激励机制4大特征,构建具有积分激励、宣传教育、线上交易和数据溯源功能的区块链技术下垃圾分类管理平台,并选取合肥市某垃圾分类试点小区进行试验,通过2022年1—9月的问卷调查、实地采样和物理组分分析检验平台的垃圾分类管理效果。结果表明:可回收垃圾回收潜力较试验前增长20.4%,厨余垃圾混杂率降低23.5%;截止到9月公众支持率和参与率超95%,违规事件成功溯源率达83.2%。同时文章首次引入熵权-云模型对区块链平台的垃圾分类管理的试验效果进行评价分析,结果表明,S1(1—3月)、S2(4—6月)、S3(7—9月)试验阶段的垃圾分类管理综合确定度分别为2.53、2.66、2.82,综合评价等级分别为Ⅳ(较差)、Ⅲ(中等)和Ⅱ(良好)。区块链技术下垃圾分类管理平台能够解决垃圾分类过程中分类质量差、公众参与度低等普遍性问题,适用于我国强制性垃圾分类的时代要求。熵权-云模型能考虑问卷调查和采样结果的随机性,实现定性概念到定量数据的转变,在垃圾分类管理领域具有创新性和可行性。

耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响——以常德市为例

提高水稻生产生态效率是协同实现保障粮食产量稳增长与减少粮食生产环境损耗双目标的关键路径,耕地作为农业生产活动最基本的生产资料之一,探索耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响对促进农业适度规模化经营和耕地可持续利用具有重要意义。本文基于粮食生产微观主体——农户的视角,从理论上揭示耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响,并利用常德市416份农户问卷调查数据,运用随机前沿分析法构建效率测算模型和影响模型进行实证检验。研究表明:农户耕地规模化水平和水稻生产生态效率均有待提升,样本农户中较小规模农户数量最多,占总样本的94.95%,较小规模农户仍是农业生产的主力;农户水稻生产生态效率均值为0.830,还存在0.170的提升空间。耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率有显著影响,二者并非简单线性关系而是呈“倒U型”关系,且拐点所在区间为1.2~1.4 hm2;农户水稻生产生态效率还受到户主受教育程度、抚养比、农业收入占比的显著正向影响和户主年龄的显著负向影响。因此,应在尊重较小规模农户将长期存在这一现实的基础上,进一步推进耕地适度规模经营并培育新型农户,以促进水稻生产生态效率提高。

矩阵上三角化的递推Householder变换公式及其应用

本文给出利用Householder变换对矩阵进行上三角化的按列递推公式。该公式用于差分、多项式、AR、ARMA、CARMA等模型的结构和参数辨识时,可大大减小计算量,提高算法的实用性。

子女出生顺序对家庭资源分配的影响--基于家庭教育投入跨期回报模型

随着“全面两孩”政策的颁布,多子女家庭重新回归历史舞台。由于家庭资源的有限性,未成年时期兄弟姐妹之间存在着潜在竞争关系,而父母则是资源分配的主导者。家庭内部的资源分配关系短期内影响子女受教育水平,长期来看,对中国人力资本发展有着深远影响。本文利用2014年中国健康与养老追踪调查生命历程调查(CHARLS)数据,针对子女出生顺序对家庭资源分配的作用进行系统研究,并构建家庭教育投入跨期回报模型对头胎学历优势现象进行阐释。理论模型发现兄弟姐妹之间存在资源竞争关系,对一个孩子的教育投资增加会导致另一个孩子获得的教育投资减少,并且父母会选择投资出生顺序更靠前的子女。这是因为头胎距离完成教育的时间更短,可以更快地进入就业市场带来实际回报,减轻父母经济压力,而投入更小孩子的教育则需要花费更多时间和资源,等待回报的年限也相对较长。实证结果进一步验证了模型推导结论,在控制了受访者个人特征、家庭经济特征、家庭人口情况和社区虚拟变量的基础上,研究运用有序Probit模型回归发现出生顺序对受教育水平有显著的负效应,顺序靠前的孩子受教育时间普遍更长,该结论在考虑家户虚拟变量、子女数量和家庭成分后仍然稳健。这样的现象在家长受教育水平越高以及男孩身上越显著,而幼子与头胎年龄差距越大,学历水平显著提高。一些潜在机制是父母对头胎教育更严格。此外,虽然头胎有着学历优势,父母却通常偏爱更小的孩子,对他们成年后的帮助也更大,这一发现揭示了家庭中关于资源分配的微妙动态平衡。基于本文研究结论,应进一步完善教育补贴政策,以确保多子女家庭能够获得更全面的教育福利支持,同时开展有关家庭教育观念的培训活动,帮助家长理解和重视每个子女的个性化需求,促使教育资源在家庭中更加公平地分配给每个子女,为每个孩子提供健康成长的机会。

中国居民收入与家庭碳达峰:基于CGSS数据与多项Logit模型

基于2015年和2018年CGSS家庭微观数据,构建多项Logit模型,实证检验居民收入对家庭碳达峰偏离度的影响。研究发现:居民收入增长对家庭直接碳达峰偏离度和间接碳达峰偏离度均产生显著的促进作用,进而提升家庭部门碳达峰偏离度,且家庭碳达峰偏离水平越低,收入增长产生影响的可能性就越小。异质性分析表明,中西部地区家庭的低碳消费模式较为稳定,东部地区则需关注高碳排放风险,且教育水平提升能够缓解因居民收入增长带来的家庭碳达峰偏离度提升问题。因此,我国政府应引导培养家庭节约集约的绿色生活观念,以推动家庭消费绿色低碳转型和碳达峰碳中和目标的实现。

W基于家庭通勤行为分析的共享停车优化研究

共享停车是缓解早高峰城市中心区域车位紧张的有效手段。基于瓶颈理论构建汇流瓶颈路网下个人与家庭混合出行的均衡出行模型,考虑共享停车影响下的出行行为决策,在多停车场条件下分析家庭与个人的通勤行为,比较通学通勤时间差的不同对各类出行者的出行时间及出行成本的影响,并基于均衡模型对共享停车规模进行优化,分析交易成本对出行行为选择的影响。研究发现:在多停车位竞争的情况下,用户会产生更多的早到成本,当通学通勤时间差较大时可以延缓系统高峰期,扩大共享车位规模可以达到对系统的优化。故政府应合理设置通学通勤时间差,在考虑社会总成本的情况下制定相关政策对共享停车规模进行优化,对共享交易成本进行管理从而实现资源的合理利用。

农户经济视角下的我国农村土地流转影响因素——基于Multiple Choice Model的调查研究

利用农户土地流转问卷调查所得到的微观数据,采用统计分析、Probit multiple choicemodel方法,将农户经济行为中的保障性行为、投资行为、就业行为和产业选择行为引入土地流转的实证研究领域。研究结果显示:目前的土地流转多为暂时性流转,土地流转结构性供需矛盾严重;农户对土地的需求目的更多来自于保障性需要;农户的投资行为、就业行为、社会保障行为对土地流转有着重要影响。

基于SmartEarth平台的实景语义三维不动产测绘应用

研究并开发了一套集成单体化建筑模型,分层分户模型以及室内外一体化等信息的三维不动产测绘系统。采用SmartEarth平台,基于倾斜摄影测量与LiDAR技术自动构建高精度实景三维单体模型数据,并与竣工测量相结合生成分层分户模型。该系统满足房地产管理,不动产登记等业务应用需求,实现对城市精细化智能化管理,为智慧城市的建立打造坚实可靠的三维空间信息基础。

牧户借贷对收入影响实证分析——基于100个固定调查户面板数据

为明确草原牧户借贷金额对其收入的影响,笔者于2020—2022年对鄂尔多斯市绒山羊核心养殖区牧户进行调研,采用随机效应模型和中介效应检验探索其影响机制。结果表明:鄂尔多斯地区牧户借贷金额不仅可以直接增加其经营性收入,还可以通过增加养殖业的支出间接促进经营性收入增长,牧户养殖业支出在牧户借贷与收入之间具有显著的中介效应,存在“牧户借贷-养殖业支出-收入增加”的作用机制。鉴于此,地方金融机构应大力发展牧户生产性贷款,满足牧户养殖业生产支出;地方政府、社会组织应积极培训牧民合理使用借贷资金,并为牧户的借贷做担保,积极鼓励信贷公司发放涉农涉牧贷款并向牧民养殖业生产提供信贷支持。

功能要素与农户宅基地退出——来自辽宁、重庆两地的样本证据

基于辽宁省和重庆市两地686户小农户问卷调查数据,运用Probit模型和分组回归实证分析宅基地所承载的各项功能对农户宅基地退出决策的影响机制及其异质性。结果表明:宅基地的居住与社会保障功能、资产功能、文化功能对农户退出意愿产生正向的影响;财产功能、生产与经济功能对农户退出意愿产生抑制作用。此外,不同非农化程度的农户因其对宅基地各项功能需求的差异性而对其退出意愿产生异质性影响。据此,建议政策部门通过关注闲置超标部分,建立完善合理的宅基地价格补偿机制,预留农户一部分生产经济空间;促进公共服务和基础设施的补给来鼓励农户宅基地退出;针对不同区位和功能差异的地区应该做好永久退出和暂时退出等差异化的管控政策政策。

农户农地转出意愿影响因素实证分析——基于云南省砚山县的农户调查

分析农地转出意愿的影响因素,对解决生产经营零散,实现全面小康、加快农村农业现代化建设具有十分积极的意义。依据云南省砚山县的问卷调查数据,采取统计分析和Logistic回归模型对农地转出意愿的影响因素进行分析。结果表明:(1)受教育年限、承包地块的面积、承包地块数、经济发展水平以及农户所在区位对农地转出有显著性影响。(2)年龄、职业类别、承包地距离、家庭总人口数以及务农人口数对农地转出意愿影响不显著。农地转出意愿是受到承包地块特征等多种因素制约和影响的。结合实证分析结果,为增强农户农地转出意愿,盘活农地承包流转,提高农户耕地利用效率,需要加大农村科技、教育投入,立足农村经济社会发展现状,提升农村经济管理和服务水平,制定优惠政策,减轻农民负担,提高农民收入,确保农村经济获得可持续发展。

基于BIM技术的“一户一档”数字化研究

随着建筑业数字化、信息化的飞速发展,“一户一档”数字化技术日趋走向成熟,以北京市丰台区中直机关园博园职工住宅(保障房)工程二期二区项目为研究对象,在项目中充分应用BIM三维可视化技术构建“一户一档”数字化模型,并将BIM模型与轻量化平台紧密结合,形成一份可供建设单位及物业运维单位使用的数字化产品手册,为同类型项目数字化提供理论及数据参考。

脱贫户对乡村振兴建设有更高满意度吗?

基于农户参与视角,利用2020年中国土地经济调查(CLES)数据,采用Oprobit模型实证考察脱贫户身份对乡村振兴建设满意度的影响及其作用机制。结果表明:脱贫户对乡村振兴建设的满意度显著低于无脱贫经历的农户,且主要体现在生活富裕维度;机制分析表明,脱贫户满意度相对较低,主要是其较强收入风险感知、较高资金约束程度与较低主观经济地位认同所致;异质性分析显示,较短脱贫年限和较低收入水平能够增强脱贫户身份的负向影响,而较小家庭抚养系数与较好个人健康状况则发挥显著的正向调节作用。据此,建议稳定脱贫人口常态化帮扶政策,健全精准化帮扶长效机制,推动农村普惠金融发展,增强产业扶持力度,着力提升脱贫人口对乡村振兴建设的获得感与满意度。