The opening of the Panama Canal in 1913 transformed ocean-shipping and the availability of internationally-traded goods, shortened travel time between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, increased ship tonnage, and spark...The opening of the Panama Canal in 1913 transformed ocean-shipping and the availability of internationally-traded goods, shortened travel time between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, increased ship tonnage, and sparked the growth of port authorities on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the Panama Canal. Historically, the United States was number one and China was number two in tons of cargo that pass through the canal annually in the high stakes game of import and export markets. Prior to the construction of the Panama Canal, the most efficient way to cross the 82-kilometer isthmus, between the Port of Panama City on the Pacific and the Port of Colon on the Atlantic, was by mule trails through tropical forests and river transportation. Since the construction of the Panama Canal through tropical forests in the 1910s, pesticides have been essential for managing mosquitoes as well as controlling wetland vegetation that blocked lakes, rivers and the canal. The pri<span>mary objective of this research study is to document the long-term environmental impacts of pesticide and herbicide use in the Panama Canal Zone. Many of these chemicals, including 2, 4,-D, 2, 4, 5-T and DDT, have a long half-life under water and some, like arsenic (As), have no half-life. Pesticides </span>and chemicals flowed into Lake Gatun via surface runoff either in solution or attached to the sediment during the rainy season. The by-product 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxin (TCDD) is an unanticipated contaminant created during the manufacture of the herbicide 2,4,5-T. TCDD can bio-accumulate in fish and birds and enter into the human food supply. The extent of the current chemical and pesticide contamination on former U.S. military base grounds and in Lake Gatun is unknown. Systematic soil sampling of current and former military bases, chemical disposal sites and Lake Gatun or the Panama Canal sediments is needed to determine if mitigation is necessary.展开更多
Since the beginning of 21 th century, promoting culture export and spreading Chinese culture have become the top priorityof China. As the main carrier of culture, excellent literary works become the best choice for Ch...Since the beginning of 21 th century, promoting culture export and spreading Chinese culture have become the top priorityof China. As the main carrier of culture, excellent literary works become the best choice for Chinese culture"going out". The trans-lation of folk culture in Tale of Hulan River translated by Howard Goldblatt is analyzed from the perspective of deconstructionismwith an aim to give other translators some inspiration and enlightenment on translation of Chinese culture.展开更多
This essay examines an American 19th-century sculpture, Howard Roberts＇ Hypatia, both historically and aesthetically （see Figures 1 and 2）. Problems of interpretation are found at both levels because of limited doc...This essay examines an American 19th-century sculpture, Howard Roberts＇ Hypatia, both historically and aesthetically （see Figures 1 and 2）. Problems of interpretation are found at both levels because of limited documentation. However, a speculative analysis adapting Plotinus＇ notions on the ＂delight of the intellect＂ and of ＂seeing＂ assist in considering beauty in the carved form, even if the subject is grave. What prompted this commission and who commissioned this work are questions to be considered.展开更多
Feidu,a novel by Jia Pingwa,which is regarded as one of the most controversial fiction in China since 1993,has recently come back to the attention of the public in China because of the publication of its English versi...Feidu,a novel by Jia Pingwa,which is regarded as one of the most controversial fiction in China since 1993,has recently come back to the attention of the public in China because of the publication of its English version Ruined City:A Novel in 2016 in the US.The present paper intends to investigate the different receptions of the novel in China and in countries,like Japan,France,and America.Special attention is given to its translation,promotion,and reception in America on the basis of analyses of the para-texts of the English version,such as the preface of the translator,the promotional words on the part of the American publisher,the endorsement of literary scholars both at home and abroad,and the comments on it by critics.It is found that:(1)The novel was enthusiastically accepted and highly acclaimed in France and Japan,which constitutes a sharp contrast with its reception among Chinese readers and scholars;(2)it got a chance to be translated into English and promoted to the readership 23 years after its publication owing to the efforts of“different agents”,among whom were the translator,the editor,the publisher and many influential scholars both at home and abroad;(3)Goldblatt,rather than others,was finally chosen as the translator of the book on account of the cultural,social,symbolic,and economic capitals he possesses;and(4)the state-sponsored English translation and publication of the book in America was part of China’s effort of introducing its contemporary literature outside China.However,in its consecration in the dominant field of world literature,the novel met with obstacles,and its reception not very satisfactory.The authors of the present paper draw on sociological perspectives proposed by Pierre Bourdieu for an explanatory account of the phenomenon.In addition,Actor-Network Translation Studies(ANTS),a sociological framework for translation research proposed by Jonathan Stalling,is also introduced,and its important concepts turn out to have such explanatory power as to give us to a better understanding of the mechanism of literature translation and reception in a foreign culture.展开更多
Where do we draw the line of divinely inspired visionary art, and Christian kitsch？ Folk artists such as the Rev. Howard Finster and Sister Gertrude Morgan straddled the fence of kitsch and visionary art because they...Where do we draw the line of divinely inspired visionary art, and Christian kitsch？ Folk artists such as the Rev. Howard Finster and Sister Gertrude Morgan straddled the fence of kitsch and visionary art because they created work that was blatantly polemical and didactic, yet lived lives that inspired thousands of people across the US. The so-called ＂Southern Folk Art＂ movement consists of self-taught artists from the American South who are self-trained and rely heavily on ＂visions＂ and ＂prophetic words＂ as the genesis of their art. This article contends that the art produced by folk artists is documentation of their visionary insights as opposed to detached works that are admired for aesthetic reasons. While folk art of the American South portrays the charismatic imagination with themes of eschatological community and the second coming, it is the ＂visionary artist＂ that is contemplated, rather than his or her bona fide message of redemption and re-creation.展开更多
In the text of Wolf Totem, there are many spots of indeterminacy left purposely or involuntarily by the author in the depiction of characters, scenes, events and in the use of culture-related expressions, which are to...In the text of Wolf Totem, there are many spots of indeterminacy left purposely or involuntarily by the author in the depiction of characters, scenes, events and in the use of culture-related expressions, which are to be filled in by individual＇s interpretation through active reading of the work. Howard Goldblatt, as the translator of this work, adopts ＂creative rewriting＂ in the translation of Wolf Totem to actualize the indeterminacy and the factors guiding his concretization.展开更多
文摘The opening of the Panama Canal in 1913 transformed ocean-shipping and the availability of internationally-traded goods, shortened travel time between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, increased ship tonnage, and sparked the growth of port authorities on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the Panama Canal. Historically, the United States was number one and China was number two in tons of cargo that pass through the canal annually in the high stakes game of import and export markets. Prior to the construction of the Panama Canal, the most efficient way to cross the 82-kilometer isthmus, between the Port of Panama City on the Pacific and the Port of Colon on the Atlantic, was by mule trails through tropical forests and river transportation. Since the construction of the Panama Canal through tropical forests in the 1910s, pesticides have been essential for managing mosquitoes as well as controlling wetland vegetation that blocked lakes, rivers and the canal. The pri<span>mary objective of this research study is to document the long-term environmental impacts of pesticide and herbicide use in the Panama Canal Zone. Many of these chemicals, including 2, 4,-D, 2, 4, 5-T and DDT, have a long half-life under water and some, like arsenic (As), have no half-life. Pesticides </span>and chemicals flowed into Lake Gatun via surface runoff either in solution or attached to the sediment during the rainy season. The by-product 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxin (TCDD) is an unanticipated contaminant created during the manufacture of the herbicide 2,4,5-T. TCDD can bio-accumulate in fish and birds and enter into the human food supply. The extent of the current chemical and pesticide contamination on former U.S. military base grounds and in Lake Gatun is unknown. Systematic soil sampling of current and former military bases, chemical disposal sites and Lake Gatun or the Panama Canal sediments is needed to determine if mitigation is necessary.
文摘Since the beginning of 21 th century, promoting culture export and spreading Chinese culture have become the top priorityof China. As the main carrier of culture, excellent literary works become the best choice for Chinese culture"going out". The trans-lation of folk culture in Tale of Hulan River translated by Howard Goldblatt is analyzed from the perspective of deconstructionismwith an aim to give other translators some inspiration and enlightenment on translation of Chinese culture.
文摘This essay examines an American 19th-century sculpture, Howard Roberts＇ Hypatia, both historically and aesthetically （see Figures 1 and 2）. Problems of interpretation are found at both levels because of limited documentation. However, a speculative analysis adapting Plotinus＇ notions on the ＂delight of the intellect＂ and of ＂seeing＂ assist in considering beauty in the carved form, even if the subject is grave. What prompted this commission and who commissioned this work are questions to be considered.
文摘Feidu,a novel by Jia Pingwa,which is regarded as one of the most controversial fiction in China since 1993,has recently come back to the attention of the public in China because of the publication of its English version Ruined City:A Novel in 2016 in the US.The present paper intends to investigate the different receptions of the novel in China and in countries,like Japan,France,and America.Special attention is given to its translation,promotion,and reception in America on the basis of analyses of the para-texts of the English version,such as the preface of the translator,the promotional words on the part of the American publisher,the endorsement of literary scholars both at home and abroad,and the comments on it by critics.It is found that:(1)The novel was enthusiastically accepted and highly acclaimed in France and Japan,which constitutes a sharp contrast with its reception among Chinese readers and scholars;(2)it got a chance to be translated into English and promoted to the readership 23 years after its publication owing to the efforts of“different agents”,among whom were the translator,the editor,the publisher and many influential scholars both at home and abroad;(3)Goldblatt,rather than others,was finally chosen as the translator of the book on account of the cultural,social,symbolic,and economic capitals he possesses;and(4)the state-sponsored English translation and publication of the book in America was part of China’s effort of introducing its contemporary literature outside China.However,in its consecration in the dominant field of world literature,the novel met with obstacles,and its reception not very satisfactory.The authors of the present paper draw on sociological perspectives proposed by Pierre Bourdieu for an explanatory account of the phenomenon.In addition,Actor-Network Translation Studies(ANTS),a sociological framework for translation research proposed by Jonathan Stalling,is also introduced,and its important concepts turn out to have such explanatory power as to give us to a better understanding of the mechanism of literature translation and reception in a foreign culture.
文摘Where do we draw the line of divinely inspired visionary art, and Christian kitsch？ Folk artists such as the Rev. Howard Finster and Sister Gertrude Morgan straddled the fence of kitsch and visionary art because they created work that was blatantly polemical and didactic, yet lived lives that inspired thousands of people across the US. The so-called ＂Southern Folk Art＂ movement consists of self-taught artists from the American South who are self-trained and rely heavily on ＂visions＂ and ＂prophetic words＂ as the genesis of their art. This article contends that the art produced by folk artists is documentation of their visionary insights as opposed to detached works that are admired for aesthetic reasons. While folk art of the American South portrays the charismatic imagination with themes of eschatological community and the second coming, it is the ＂visionary artist＂ that is contemplated, rather than his or her bona fide message of redemption and re-creation.
文摘In the text of Wolf Totem, there are many spots of indeterminacy left purposely or involuntarily by the author in the depiction of characters, scenes, events and in the use of culture-related expressions, which are to be filled in by individual＇s interpretation through active reading of the work. Howard Goldblatt, as the translator of this work, adopts ＂creative rewriting＂ in the translation of Wolf Totem to actualize the indeterminacy and the factors guiding his concretization.
