Microwave-assisted Extraction of Rutin and Quercetin from Flos Sophorae

Three microwave-assisted extraction(MAE) procedures were studied. The first procedure was household microwave oven dynamic extraction(HMODE). The second procedure was special microwave oven bath extraction(SMOBE). The third procedure was microwave resonant cavity dynamic extraction(MRCDE). The results obtained by the three microwave-assisted extraction procedures were compared with those obtained by using traditional Soxhlet extraction. The results indicate that the MAE not only took a shorter time, but also simplified the procedure, and made the extraction a higher yield. At the same time the results obtained by the three MAE procedures were also compared with each other.

Optimization of Extraction Process of Quercetin from Flos Sophorae Immaturus Using Orthogonal Design

[Objectives]This study aimed to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of quercetin from Flos Sophorae Immaturus.[Methods]The natural product quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was extracted by ultrasonic-assisted method,and the content of quercetin in the extract was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.The effect of ethanol concentration,solid/liquid ratio,temperature,time and ultrasonic power on the yield of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was investigated by using single-factor experiments.Based on the results of single-factor experiments,an orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize the extraction process.The experimental data obtained were subjected to range analysis,analysis of variance and SSR test using SPSS 20.0 software to obtain the optimal extraction process.The results concluded were verified.[Results]The optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction process for quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was as follows:temperature of 85℃,time of 30 min,solid/liquid ratio of 1∶20 g/mL,ethanol concentration of 50%.Under the optimal extraction conditions,the yield of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus was the highest.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of quercetin in Flos Sophorae Immaturus.

Optimization of the Extraction Process of Rutin from Flos Sophorae by Orthogonal Experiments

[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the extraction process of rutin in Flos Sophorae.[Methods]With the percentage content of rutin extracted from Flos Sophorae as the evaluation index and rutin as the reference substance,the content of rutin in Flos Sophorae extracted ultrasonically was determined by high performance liquid chromatography.L_(9)(3^(4))orthogonal experiments were carried out to optimize the three factors(solvent concentration,material-to-liquid ratio,extraction time)that affect the effect of ultrasonic extraction of rutin from Flos Sophorae.[Results]The extraction effect of the crude medicinal powder was best with the methanol concentration of 80%,the ratio of material to liquid at 0.1∶30,and the extraction time of 40 min.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for optimizing the extraction process of rutin in Flos Sophorae.

中药槐花对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠肠道黏膜通透性的实验研究

目的研究槐花对肠道黏膜通透性的影响。方法采用葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)建立小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,随机分为对照组、急性肠炎模型组、低浓度槐花给药组(低剂量1.04 g·kg^(-1))和高浓度槐花给药组(高剂量3.12 g·kg^(-1)),每组6只,除对照组小鼠给予蒸馏水饮用外,其他组每天自由饮用新鲜配制的3%DSS溶液连续饮用7 d以构建肠炎模型。低、高剂量槐花给药组分别通过灌胃不同浓度槐花悬液给药,对照组及模型组灌胃等体积生理盐水。给药期间,观察小鼠一般情况。给药结束后,对小鼠进行表型测定,采用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色法观察结肠组织病理形态并进行组织学评分,采用血清异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC-dextran)检测肠道黏膜屏障完整性,采用免疫荧光检测两种紧密连接蛋白包括闭锁小带蛋白1(ZO-1)、咬合蛋白(occludin)的表达水平。结果(1)与对照组比较,模型组小鼠体质量、结肠长度明显降低,脾重量、粪便含水量和疾病活动指数(DAI)评分显著升高;与模型组比较,低、高浓度槐花给药组小鼠体质量、结肠长度均显著升高,脾重量、粪便含水量和活动指数(DAI)评分均显著降低。(2)与对照组比较,模型组结肠组织病理学评分升高(P<0.0001);与模型组比较,低、高浓度槐花给药组结肠组织病理学评分均显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.0001)。(3)与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肠道黏膜通透性显著升高;与模型组比较,低、高浓度槐花给药组黏膜通透性显著降低。(4)与对照组比较,模型组小鼠两种紧密连接蛋白ZO-1以及occludin表达水平明显降低;与模型组比较,低、高浓度槐花给药组两种紧密连接蛋白的表达水平有所升高。结论槐花对小鼠肠道黏膜通透性有恢复作用,并可改善小鼠溃疡性结肠炎状况。

黄芪槐花散颗粒剂+肠内营养(EN)治疗方案在环状混合痔围手术期的应用效果研究

目的 探究黄芪槐花散颗粒剂+肠内营养(EN)治疗方案在环状混合痔围手术期的应用效果。方法选择本院自2021年1月—2022年5月收治的240例环状混合痔患者进行临床实践研究,采用双色球法对患者进行分组,分为实验组和对照组,120例/组,对照组术前及术后正常饮食,实验组术前口服EN,术后口服黄芪槐花散颗粒剂+EN,对比两组患者治疗前后的白蛋白、前白蛋白等营养指标水平、切口疼痛程度评分及术后首次排便时间、切口愈合时间。结果 治疗前,两组患者白蛋白、前白蛋白等营养指标水平、切口疼痛程度评分对比差异不显著,无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,实验组患者白蛋白、前白蛋白等营养指标与对照组差异不显著,无统计学意义(P>0.05);实验组患者术后第2~6d切口疼痛程度评分低于对照组,实验组患者术后首次排便时间长于对照组,实验组患者切口愈合时间短于对照组,两组对比差异显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 黄芪槐花散颗粒剂+EN治疗方案在环状混合痔围手术期的应用效果显著,值得推广。

槐花槐角粗提物对肉鸡生长性能、免疫力和抗氧化功能的影响

试验旨在研究槐花槐角粗提物对肉鸡生长性能、免疫力和抗氧化功能的影响。选取300只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复15只。A组(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验B组、C组、D组分别在基础饲粮中添加100、150、200 mg/kg槐花槐角粗提物。试验期42 d。结果显示:1~42 d,与对照组相比,各试验组的平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05);D组胸肌和腿肌黄度、剪切力显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,C组和D组21 d和42 d的胸腺指数、法氏囊指数、血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量显著升高(P<0.05),C组和D组28 d新城疫和禽流感抗体效价显著增高(P<0.05);C组和D组血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量显著降低(P<0.05),血清白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量显著增高(P<0.05),各试验组血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著升高(P<0.05),血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。研究表明,饲粮中添加槐花槐角粗提物能够促进肉鸡生长发育,改善肉品质,提高机体免疫力,增强机体抗氧化功能,且以添加200 mg/kg槐花槐角粗提物效果较好。

心脉通胶囊质量标准研究

目的:统一并提高心脉通胶囊的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱鉴别法(TLC)检验决明子和槐米;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定阿魏酸、葛根素的含量。结果:TLC法斑点清晰,分离度好,专属性强。阿魏酸、葛根素在各自范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999),阿魏酸平均回收率为100.3%,RSD=2.0%(n=6),葛根素平均回收率为99.0%,RSD=0.4%(n=6)。结论:本实验建立的质量标准科学、全面、方法可行,可用于心脉通胶囊的质量控制。

冬虫夏草菌株发酵槐花香料的制备及其卷烟加香应用研究

为开发新型天然槐花香料,以槐花为底物,接种冬虫夏草菌株SCT-1后进行发酵,通过因子筛选试验优化发酵培养基配方,将最优条件下所得香料进行嗅香评价、卷烟加香感官评吸和挥发性致香成分分析。结果表明:发酵培养基最优配方为槐花粉100 g/L、玉米粉2 g/L、麸皮2 g/L和蔗糖2 g/L,该配方下所得香料以坚果香为主,奶香、青香为辅,由其制得的卷烟坚果香气、甜味和烟气细腻感增加,刺激性降低;挥发性致香成分苯乙烯、(2Z)-2-辛烯-1-醇、萘、苯并噻唑和甲基丁香酚对该香料香气具有贡献,(E)-2-庚烯醛、苯甲醛、芳樟醇、松油烯-4-醇和α-松油醇对该香料香气具有显著贡献。

槐米药材、饮片、标准汤剂与配方颗粒的HPLC特征图谱相关性研究及量值传递分析

目的 建立槐米药材、饮片、标准汤剂及配方颗粒的HPLC特征图谱,对其相关性进行评价并考察量值传递规律。方法 色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为257 nm,柱温为30℃,流速为1.0 mL·min^(-1)。以特征图谱为对照,比较15批槐米药材-饮片-标准汤剂-配方颗粒特征图谱及相关性,分析其量值传递规律。结果 15批槐米药材、饮片、标准汤剂及配方颗粒HPLC特征图谱共确定了7个共有峰,并指认出芦丁、异槲皮苷、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、水仙苷、槲皮素、异鼠李素6种成分,经过相似度比较,槐米药材、饮片、标准汤剂、配方颗粒特征图谱相似度均大于0.90,主要化学成分组成基本相同,相关性较好。对生产过程中各关键环节样品测定指标成分含量及转移率,未出现离散的数据,有较好的传递性。结论 建立的槐米药材、饮片、标准汤剂及配方颗粒的HPLC特征图谱,能较全面地反映槐米药材、饮片、标准汤剂及配方颗粒的多成分整体面貌,为槐米配方颗粒生产过程的质量控制提供了科学依据。

Optimization of extraction process for total flavonoids of Sophorae Flos for the treatment of hyperlipidemia based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of Sophora Flos(SF)in the treatment of hyperlipidemia(HLP)using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods,and to optimize the extraction process of the predicted active components.The STRING database was used for protein interaction analysis and PPI network construction via Cytoscape 3.9.1.Pymol was employed for docking and visualization.An extensive review of SF identifi ed 6 active ingredients,297 related objectives,84 disease objectives,and 57 total objectives.After protein interaction and topology analysis,18 core targets were identified.These included 146 gene function entries(P<0.05).Active compounds,mainly flavonoids,can modulate the expression of various proteins such as TNF,IL-6,IL-1β,PPARG,and TGFB1 to achieve therapeutic effects on HLP.The network pharmacology and molecular docking results suggested that the active fl avonoids component in SF may be related to the treatment of hyperlipidemia.Therefore,the orthogonal experiment method was used to optimize the extraction process of total fl avonoid from SF using ethanol refl ux extraction,based on a single factor experiment.The effects of refl ux time,solid-liquid ratio,ethanol concentration,and other factors on the extraction of total fl avonoid from SF were investigated.The optimum process conditions were refl ux time of 1.25 h,solid-liquid ratio of 1:15 g/mL and ethanol concentration of 60%.Using these conditions,the purity of total fl avonoid extracted from SF was 70.33±0.22%.

广西全州县金槐种植区土壤硒含量及其与金槐米中硒的相关性分析

采集广西全州县金槐主要种植区土壤样品和对应金槐米样品进行检测与分析,探讨全州金槐米中硒含量与其种植土壤中硒含量的相关性。结果表明:该研究区域土壤硒含量为0.27~2.22 mg/kg,平均值为0.82 mg/kg,为富硒土壤。金槐米样本硒含量为0.020~0.122 mg/kg,平均含量为0.042 mg/kg。对土壤硒含量和对应金槐米硒含量数据进行相关性分析,得到回归方程为y=0.0115x+0.0325,相关系数r=0.264>r_(0.05)=0.203,表明金槐米硒含量(y)与土壤硒含量(x)存在显著的正相关。

槐花和槐米的本草考证

槐花和槐米为豆科植物槐Styphnolobium japonicum(L.)的干燥花和花蕾,两者都是历史较为久远的中药材。槐花的作用是凉血止血,清肝明目,特别适合血热引起的出血,因为它味苦性寒,擅长清除大肠之热,所以它们通常用于治疗便血和痔疮出血,又可以清肝热,所以可以治疗肝热引起的目赤、头晕等症。槐米主要可以凉血止血,所以临床上主要用于治疗痔疮出血、便血等血热引起的出血。文章通过查阅50余部医学古籍,对古今槐花和槐米用药的本草考证以及炮制历史沿革进行研究,发现清朝之前槐米和槐花做同种药材使用,清朝开始才将两种药材分开记载,同时炒法是槐米和槐花最主流的炮制方法。进而思考炮制及其传承和应用中所存在的问题,为槐米和槐花的现代临床合理用药及饮片炮制规范提供参考依据。

槐米蜂蜜口服液的研制

以槐米、蜂蜜为原料,研制酸甜适口的槐米蜂蜜口服液。以综合评分为指标,通过单因素实验与正交实验获得口服液的最佳配方。结果表明:槐米提取液20%、蜂蜜添加量4%、木糖醇添加量7%、维生素C添加量0.03%,所制备的槐米蜂蜜口服液色泽黄亮清透,槐米蜂蜜的清香,香味协调,酸甜可口,澄清透明的槐米蜂蜜口服液。

基于UPLC指纹图谱结合色度值的槐花炮制前后变化规律研究

目的分析槐花炮制前后UPLC指纹图谱与色度值的差异及动态变化规律,为槐花生品、炒槐花、槐花炭的鉴别及炮制工艺研究提供参考。方法建立槐花炮制前后样品的UPLC指纹图谱,采用分光测色仪测定色度值,结合相似度评价、单因素方差分析、聚类分析、主成分分析以及正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)等方法,研究槐花生品、炒槐花、槐花炭的差异性,同时分析槐花炮制过程中指纹图谱与色度值的动态变化规律。结果槐花炮制前后指纹图谱和色度值差异明显。槐花生品、炒槐花、槐花炭分别标定了15、16、14个共有峰,指认了峰2、峰3、峰8、峰9、峰10、峰11、峰14、峰15分别为5-羟甲基糠醛、原儿茶酸、芦丁、异槲皮苷、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、水仙苷、槲皮素、山柰素,其中峰1和峰2(5-羟甲基糠醛)为炮制后新增的特征峰,峰17则在炮制后缺失;槐花炮制前后色度值发生明显变化,其中槐花炭的色度值L^(*)、b^(*)、E^(*)远低于槐花生品和炒槐花,炒槐花的色度值a^(*)稍高于槐花生品和槐花炭,依据色度值可区分槐花生品、炒槐花和槐花炭样品;聚类分析和主成分分析均可将槐花生品、炒槐花和槐花炭进行区分;OPLS-DA结果表明,芦丁和槲皮素是槐花生品、炒槐花、槐花炭主要的差异成分(VIP值>1)。槐花生品在炮制46 min内,峰1~峰16的峰面积/称样量/1000比值均呈现先增大后减小的规律,峰17则呈现一直减小的规律。以饮片色泽为评价指标,炒制温度为160℃时,炒槐花、槐花炭的炒制时间应分别以4~6、14~18 min为宜。结论建立的UPLC指纹图谱和色度值的测定方法可为槐花生品、炒槐花、槐花炭的鉴别以及炮制工艺研究提供参考。

槐米柠檬饮料的加工工艺研究

以槐米、柠檬为原料,绵白糖、柠檬酸钠为辅料,研制出一种酸甜适中、口味清香的新型槐米柠檬饮料。以槐米柠檬饮料的质量品质为考查指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验得出该产品的最佳配方为槐米提取液添加量15%,柠檬汁添加量10%,绵白糖添加量8%,柠檬酸钠添加量0.03%。此配方可制得一款色泽鲜黄明亮、口感细腻、甜中带酸、滋味可口的优质健康饮料。

槐米提取物对肝纤维化模型小鼠的治疗作用

目的建立肝纤维化小鼠模型,探究槐米提取物对肝纤维化模型小鼠的治疗作用。方法使用胆总管结扎方法诱导小鼠肝纤维化,将18只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为:正常组、模型组、槐米提取物治疗组(FSI组),每组6只。造模过程中观察小鼠健康状态;微板法检测各组小鼠血清谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)水平,可见分光光度法和TBA法检测各组小鼠血清还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)水平;将各组小鼠肝脏进行病理切片,观察AST、ALT、GSH、MDA水平。结果与正常组相比,模型组小鼠血清AST和ALT水平较正常组明显升高(t=16.28,P<0.001;t=7.076,P<0.01),MDA水平高于正常组(t=12.14,P<0.001),GSH水平下降(t=7.117,P<0.01)。FSI组小鼠使用槐米提取物治疗后,血清AST(t=3.775,P<0.05),ALT(t=2.98,P<0.05)水平较模型组下降,肝功能得到改善,MDA下降(t=3.421,P<0.05),GSH(t=4.681,P<0.05)升高至正常组水平。另外,模型组小鼠肝脏变性明显、粘连,表面粗糙,黄疸较为严重,FSI组小鼠肝脏无粘连,表面光滑,给药后黄疸现象消退。模型组肝细胞变性,坏死,炎性细胞浸润,胶原纤维增生形成假小叶,对比正常组纤维化明显。FSI组肝细胞结构较正常,相同面积下的炎性细胞个数减少,增生的胶原纤维较模型组减少,肝小叶结构破坏程度减轻。结论槐米提取物能减轻肝脏纤维化程度,其机制与其抗炎、抗氧化、改善肝功能异常有关。

Chemical composition and pharmacological properties of Flos sophorae immaturus, Flos sophorae and Fructus sophorae: a review

The flower buds and fruits of Sophora japonica are known as Flos sophorae immaturus(Chinese Huaimi,FSI),Flos sophorae(Chinese Huaihua,FLS)and Fructus sophorae(Chinese Huaijiao,FRS)due to their different physiological forms.FSI and FLS are precious resources of homology of medicine and food,while FRS is a valuable Chinese herb,and all of which have been used for thousands of years.There are great differences in the active ingredients,functions and toxicological properties of FSI,FLS and FRS.However,they are often confused and assumed to have fairly similar validity,which is detrimental to their precision development of resources of homology of medicine and food.This review summarized the active constituents,analytical techniques and pharmacological properties of FSI,FLS and FRS,then systematically compared their differences.The article will help people better understand and distinguish the differences and characteristics of FSI,FLS and FRS in bioactive constituents,content of functional components and pharmacological properties,which can contribute to their highly efficient targeted applications in the future food and medical fields.

基于多模式识别结合UPLC指纹图谱和色度值的槐花质量评价研究

目的:分析不同产地槐花UPLC指纹图谱的差异性以及与外观颜色的相关性。方法:测定16批不同产地槐花的指纹图谱和色度值,并进行相似度评价、聚类分析、主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘判别分析以及皮尔逊相关性分析。结果:建立了槐花UPLC指纹图谱,标定了15个共有峰,指认了其中6个成分。样品与对照图谱的相似度均大于0.990。16批样品聚为2类,河北、河南、云南产地的样品聚为第1类,安徽、山东产地的样品聚为第2类。主成分综合得分结果表明河北唐山产的槐花质量最优,经筛选得出色谱峰6(芦丁)、12(槲皮素)是引起不同产地槐花的分类差异的主要成分。皮尔逊相关性分析表明色谱峰6(芦丁)与L^(*)、E^(*)值呈极显著正相关。结论:该研究建立的UPLC指纹图谱和色度值测定方法可为槐花质量评价提供参考。

槐米中芦丁的提取及应用研究

芦丁是一种生物类黄酮,大量存在于槐米中。本实验采用了浸渍法、水沸腾法、回流法、超声辅助提取方法、微波辅助提取法提取槐米中的芦丁,对溶剂用量、固液比、温度、提取时间等影响因素进行了考察,确定了较佳的提取方法和提取条件;将提取得到的芦丁进行了应用研究,用芦丁与铁盐的络合物制成色素,以乙醇为溶剂,按比例加入月桂醇聚氧乙烯基醚、十二烷基硫酸钠、果胶等物质制成染发剂,并进行染发实验,结果显示配制的染发剂染发效果较好。

不同施肥方式对金槐槐米产量的影响

文章研究了不同施肥处理(CK处理不施肥;T_(1)处理仅施基肥;T_(2)处理施基肥,3月下旬施1次追肥;T_(3)处理施基肥,6月中旬施1次追肥;T_(4)处理施基肥,3月下旬施1次追肥,6月中旬施1次追肥)对金槐槐米鲜质量、干质量、出米率、槐米产量和金槐生长的影响。结果表明,施用基肥有利于金槐槐米产量的增加,仅施用基肥处理的T_(1)效果与T_(4)加施2次追肥的处理相比显著较低(P<0.05)。T_(2)处理的鲜质量、干质量、出米率和槐米产量与T_(3)处理相比,T_(2)处理的效果略优于T_(3)处理,但低于T_(4)处理。实验结果表明,T_(4)处理金槐槐米产量最佳。