A 48-bp deletion upstream of LIGULELESS 1 alters rice panicle architecture

Panicle architecture is an agronomic determinant of crop yield and a target for cereal crop improvement.To investigate its molecular mechanisms in rice,we performed map-based cloning and characterization of OPEN PANICLE 1(OP1),a gain-of-function allele of LIGULELESS 1(LG1),controlling the spread-panicle phenotype.This allele results from a 48-bp deletion in the LG1 upstream region and promotes pulvinus development at the base of the primary branch.Increased OP1 expression and altered panicle phenotype in chimeric transgenic plants and upstream-region knockout mutants indicated that the deletion regulates spread-panicle architecture in the mutant spread panicle 1(sp1).Knocking out BRASSINOSTEROID UPREGULATED1(BU1)gene in the background of OP1 complementary plants resulted in compact panicles,suggesting OP1 may regulate inflorescence architecture via the brassinosteroid signaling pathway.We regard that manipulating the upstream regulatory region of OP1 or genes involved in BR signal pathway could be an efficient way to improve rice inflorescence architecture.

Study on Effect of Iron in Anther Media of Early Japonica Rice in Cold Region

In this study, through vitro culturing anthers of 7 F1 progenies of early Japonica rice in cold region on medium with different Fe2+ contents, it was found that Fe2+ content generated greater impacts on the induction rate and green plantlet differentiation. The result demonstrated that if Fe2+ increased from 32 to 40 mg/kg, the induction rate of early Japonica rice anther culture in N6 culture media was more then 1.4 times higher than that in N6 culture media containing 5.6 mg/kg Fe2+. In this concentration range, the induction rate increased with the increase of Fe2+ content, while if the concentration was over this concentration range, the induction rate decreased with the increase of Fe2+, showing single peak distribution. When the Fe2+ was 40 mg/kg in differentiation medium, the differentiation rate decreased dramatically. The green plantlet differentiations of callus which were induced on culture media containing 32-40 mg/kg Fe2+ were different, when they were cultured on MS culture media, and 85.7% materials could increase green plantlet productivity to about 7.8%. Therefore, increasing Fe2+in induction media properly could increase anther culture efficiency of early Japonica rice in cold region.

Study on the Occurrence and Epidemic Regularity and Region Division of Rice Blast in Nanchong City

With the aim to improve the level of monitoring and warning as well as the comprehensive control of rice blast disease, and to feasibly reduce the disease threat in Nanchong City, the methods of GPS and GIS, systematical monitoring and field survey, rice blast resistance identification, physiologic races of rice blast monitoring, and meteorological data analysis were performed to study the occurrence and epidemic region division, precise demarcation and occurrence and epidemic regularity of rice blast in Nanchong City. This study first completed the epidemic region division and precise demarcation; first clarified the initial affection（beginning period） locations, occurrence characteristics, epidemic trends and characteristics; explicated the existence of four epidemic peak periods of rice blast in the field, where the damage areas of first peak period played a decisive role during the blast epidemic years; in late May, the cumulative occurrence areas and annual occurrence areas presented higher positive correlation with the correlation coefficient of 0.817;and established a prediction model of occurrence areas per year based on the disease field rate at the end of boot stages and the diseased plant rate at dough stages. The results of investigation on the impact factors investigation of blast disease in Nanchong in recent years suggested that the internal causes were the decrease or loss of blast resistance of the rice cultivars, as well as the increase of physiological races with strong resistance to rice blast and the emergence of new virulent physiologic varieties; the external causes were suitable temperature, too much rainy, and sunlight shortage. Between 2010 and 2015, the short-term forecast accuracy for rice blast in Nanchong was up to 100%, and medium-and long-term forecast accuracy was also up to 98% and 95%, respectively, which increased by 5-15% than that before 1997, thereby making the control effect of rice blast in Nanchong increased by 15-30%.

Characteristics and Transformation of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Rice of Yangtze River Delta Region

[Objective]Characteristics of heavy metal pollution in soil and rice of Yangtze River Delta Region were studied.[Method]Heavy metal contents of more than 150 samples in Yangtze River Delta region were determined so as to make the soil environmental quality assessment and study the content distribution,transformation and distribution characteristics of heavy metals in different regions and different plant parts.[Result]The Yangtze River Delta region was polluted by Cd,Pb,Cr,Cu and Zn,among them Cd pollution was the most serious;Pb,Cu and Zn took second place;Cr appears the lightest;And there was almost no Hg and As pollution in this area.The Nemero pollution index of soil was 0.880 which was at the alert level.Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg and Zn in rice grains exceeded the background values.Heavy metal pollutions in soils divided by regions were in order of Taihu Lake region 〉Zhejiang region〉 Yangtze River region and urban areas 〉towns and rural areas.Heavy metal pollutions in soil divided by the uptake level were in order of rhizosphere soil 〉rice straw 〉rice grain.Transformation coefficients were in order of Cd〉 Cu 〉Zn〉 As 〉Hg〉 Pb〉 Cr.Distribution coefficients were in order of Zn〉 Cr〉 Cd 〉Cu〉 Hg 〉Pb 〉As.[Conclusion]There were larger value ranges of contaminated elements in the Yangtze River Delta Region,moreover individual samples had serious pollution,so the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution should be strengthened.

Population Construction and Super-high Yield Characteristics of Japonica Super Rice in Cold Regions

[Objective] This study was conducted to construct a super-high yield population of Japnica rice in cold regions of North China and to explore its characteristics. [Method] The super rice variety Longjing 21 was selected as the experimental material. Different row spacing（two levels）, plant spacing（three levels） and seedling number per hill（three levels） were designed in field trials. Then, the growth stages,dry matter accumulation, leaf area, yield and yield components of these different treatments were measured. [Result] Rice yield had significantly negative correlation with plant spacing and row spacing, but no significant correlation with seedling number per hill. Rice yield was mainly affected by plant spacing, and less affected by seedling number per hill. The best recommended specifications for plant spacing of super rice variety Longjing 21 were 24 cm for row spacing, 12 cm for plant spacing and five seedlings per hill, and the expected yield was 10 473.0 kg/hm^2.The increased number of total spikelets（4.5×108hm2or more） in populations was the major reason for high yield. Super-high yield populations had fewer tillers at the early growth stage and achieved the expected number of productive tillers at critical leaf-age（June 25）, and tiller number peaked at jointing stage（July 6） and was about 1.2 times of the expected number. The percentage of productive tillers in total tillers of super-high yield population was more than 85% at heading stage. At middle growth stage（from jointing to heading stage）, the dry matter accumulation, leaf area index（LAI） at heading stage, effective leaf area, spikelet number of population,spikelet number per leaf area unit（cm2）, and culm-sheath weight per stem of super-high yield population were significantly higher than those of other populations.At late growth stage（from heading to maturity stage）, the leaf area decreasing rate of super-high yield population was significantly smaller than that of other populations. At late growth stage（from heading to maturity stage）, the leaf area decreasing rate, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, biomass accumulation, number of filled grains per leaf area unit（cm^2） and grain weight per leaf area unit（cm^2） of high-yield population were significantly higher than those of other populations. Output and translocation of dry matter（weight per stem and sheath and total filling rate at maturity） from heading to milky stage of super-high yield population were significantly higher than those of other populations. [Conclusion] The characteristics of superhigh yield rice in cold region of North China are enriching the amount of actual filling of sink through improving photosynthetic efficiency from heading to maturity stage on the basis of enough panicle numbers.

Evaluating Varieties and Test Sites in the 2017 Rice Regional Trials of Hubei Province by GGE Biplot Based on Genstat

为分析水稻区试参试品种的丰产性、稳产性、适应性以及区试地点的代表力和鉴别力,采用Gen Stat软件中的GGE双标图对湖北省2017年水稻区试A组12个参试品种和10个区试地点进行了分析。结果表明,深两优10号、亮两优1212、隆晶优4393、襄优5327产量较高,亮两优1212、隆晶优4393、聚两优639、深两优10号具有较好的稳产性,襄优5327稳产性较弱,但在生产上仍有推广利用的价值。区试地点沙洋县、黄冈市、孝南区的代表力和鉴别力较强。

A Method for Upscaling Genetic Parameters of CERES-Rice in Regional Applications

To upscale the genetic parameters of CERES-Rice in regional applications, Jiangsu Province, the second largest rice producing province in China, was taken as an example. The province was divided into four rice regions with different rice variety types, and five to six sites in each region were selected. Then the eight genetic parameters of CERES-Rice, particularly the four parameters related to the yield, were modified and validated using the Trial and Error Method and the local statistical data of rice yield at a county level from 2001 to 2004, combined with the regional experiments of rice varieties in the province as well as the local meteorological and soil data （Method 1）. The simulated results of Method 1 were compared with those of other three traditional methods upscaling the genetic parameters, i.e., using one-site experimental data from a local representative rice variety （Method 2）, using local long-term rice yield data at a county level after deducting the trend yield due to progress of science and technology （Method 3）, and using rice yield data at a super scale, such as provincial, ecological zone, country or continent levels （Method 4）. The results showed that the best fitness was obtained by using the Method 1. The coefficients of correlation between the simulated yield and the statistical yield in the Method 1 were significant at 0.05 or 0.01 levels and the root mean squared error （RMSE） values were less than 9% for all the four rice regions. The method for upscaling the genetic parameters of CERES-Rice presented is not only valuable for the impact studies of climate change, but also favorable to provide a methodology for reference in crop model applications to the other regional studies.

Effect of Salt Stress on Nitrogen Assimilation of Functional Leaves and Root System of Rice in Cold Region

The aims were to investigate the effect of salt stress on key enzyme activity of nitrogen metabolism and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen response to salt stress.Two rice cultivars,Mudanjiang 30(sensitive cultivar)and Longdao 5(salt-tolerant cultivar),were treated with different salt concentrations(CK 0%,S10.075%,S20.15%,S30.225%and S40.3%).The results showed that the activities of nitrate reductase(NR),glutamine synthase(GS),glutamate synthase(GOGAT)and glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH)in the functional leaves and roots of rice in cold region presented a single peak curve change and the peak occurred in the heading stage;compared with those of the CK,the activities of NR,GS and GOGAT of rice in cold region decreased,but the activity of GDH increased in the heading stage under salt stress.The variation for key enzyme activity of nitrogen metabolism was the highest under S4 treatment.The activities of NR,GS and GOGAT in the functional leaves significantly decreased compared with those in roots;the concentrations of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in the functional leaves and roots of rice in cold region presented a single peak curve change and the peak occurred in the heading stage;compared with that of the CK,the concentration of nitrate nitrogen decreased in leaves and roots,the concentration of ammonium nitrogen decreased and the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in roots increased under salt stress.The variations for the activities of NR,GS and GOGAT in the functional leaves and roots of Longdao 5 were less than those of Mudanjiang 30 under the same concentration of salt stress.

Effects of Straw and Biochar Returned to the Soil on Soil Physical Properties and pH Value in Cold Rice Region

[Objectives]In order to explore the feasibility of using straw and biochar returned to the soil to improve soil physical properties and pH value in cold rice regions of China.[Methods]the effects of straw directly returned to the soil and charred straw(biochar)returned to the soil on soil bulk density,porosity,temperature and pH value of cold paddy soil were studied in this paper.[Results]The results showed that compared with conventional production,straw(6 t/ha),a small amount of biochar(2 t/ha)and a large amount of biochar(40 t/ha)returned to the soil reduced paddy soil bulk density at different growth stages by 6.02%-11.86%,2.69%-6.67%and 8.58%-11.32%,respectively,increased total porosity by 7.41%-14.93%,3.19%-8.38%and 9.81%-14.27%,respectively,and increased aeration porosity by 22.28%-192.11%,17.80%-92.11%and 52.44%-157.11%,respectively.Straw and a small amount of biochar returned to the soil had no significant effect on soil temperature and pH value of paddy field,but a large amount of biochar returned to the soil could significantly increase soil temperature by 5.13%-8.79%and pH value by 3.15%-5.96%in the later stage of rice growth.[Conclusions]The straw and biochar returned to the soil could reduce soil bulk density,increase total porosity and aeration porosity,and only a large amount of biochar returned to the soil could significantly increase soil temperature and pH value.

Standardized Cultivation of Cold Region Rice in Heilongjiang Reclamation Area

The paper analyzes the characteristics of rice production in Heilongjiang Reclamation Area(HRA)and the achievements made through innovative research and practice,evaluates the standardized mode of rice cultivation and technical standards for rice production,which play a key role in guaranteeing the growth of grain total output in Heilongjiang reclamation area and make great contributions to the national grain safety.

Design and Research on Virtual Display of Whole Process Mechanization for Rice Production in Cold Region

With the development of society,the virtual reality technology and multimedia technology have been applied to modern large-scale agriculture. The paper describes the design ideas for animation display of mechanized rice production in cold region,and elaborates the design of major part of each scene. By animation display,we can know about the whole process of rice production,as well as the benefits of mechanized operation.

Natural conditions and cropping regionalization of rice area in China

The formation of rice distribution is based on certain natural ecological conditions and social economic environments. In China, rice cropping is distributed in a vast area extending across 5 tempera ture belts, the northernmost of rice growing area in the world being in China. Distribution of rice cropping is characterized by a gradual decrease from south to north, from large and concentrated regions in Southeast to small and separated areas in Northwest. Natural conditions in rice regions differ in China with a varied topography, high in the west and low in the east. Rice fields in the west are mostly distributed on flatlands on plains, valleys among mountains, tablelands in river valleys, yellow-soil plains and basins in low valleys, alluvial plains, plains in river valleys, while those in the east are mainly distributed on alluvial plains, hilly areas among low mountains, coastal plains, along rivers and lakes and in basins among mountains.

Improvement of foreign gene expression in transgenic rice(Oryza sativa L.)by matrix attachment regions(MARs)

Matrix attachment regions or matrix associated regions (MARs) were special DNA sequences in chromatin of eukaryotic cells that tightly associated with the nuclear matrix or scaffold in vitro after a combination of nuclease digestion and extraction. They were also called scaffold attachment regions(SARs) . It was found that MARs could improve the expression level and the stability of foreign genes in transgenic plants. The reason might be that a transgene flanked by MARs was transmitted into the plant cells, the MARs would attach the nuclear

The East Asia regional meeting of International Program on rice biotechnology was held in CNRRI

Supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, the East Asia regional meeting of the international program on rice biotechnology was held in CNRRI Nov 5—8 1996. About 76 delegates from home and abroad attended the meeting and more than 80 papers were presented or posted. The objective of the meeting was to review the status of rice biotechnology since 1995 and to promote the international collaborative activities. The topic involved anther culture, gene isolation and characterization, transfer and expression of foreign genes, etc.

Mechanization of irrigated rice cropping regions in China

The mechanization of rice production in China has experienced a comparatively long and an undulating process. The full-scale making of mechanization of irrigated rice cropping regions was started at the mid 1960’s, later than that of upland cropping and its average level of mechanization operation also lower than the average level of the country. During this peiod, however, a series of mechines were created, which adapted to the characteristics of rice cropping regions in China, and the foundation was laid for the later paddy field machinery. For example, transplanting machine (created in 1956), boat—shaped tractors (1961), paddy field ploughing and harrowing serial (1974), and single wheel plowing machines (1979) etc.

低温胁迫下水稻孕穗期幼穗的转录组动态分析

为深入了解寒地水稻孕穗期耐低温机理,明确低温应答的分子机制,本研究对孕穗期耐冷性强的水稻品种龙粳25(LG25)的幼穗进行低温胁迫转录组动态分析。通过测序,共获得515.26 Mb的Clean Reads,筛选获得6927个差异表达基因(DEGs)。其中,低温处理2 d时,获得6784个DEGs;低温处理4 d后,DEGs显著减少,仅获得1149个。GO富集分析表明,韦恩图各部分的上调和下调基因分别显著富集到33个生物进程GO类别,其中包含基因数最多的类别为单生物代谢过程,低温应答和高温应答在LG25的韦恩图各部分富集最多。KEGG富集分析表明,韦恩图各部分DEGs共富集到32条信号通路,其中植物激素信号转导通路在韦恩图各部分显著富集最多,共包含83个DEGs,分布在脱落酸、生长素、油菜素内酯、细胞分裂素、赤霉素、乙烯、茉莉酸、水杨酸等8个激素通路中,以生长素、脱落酸和水杨酸等激素包含的DEGs较多,分别为26个、17个和15个。

2013—2022年黄淮稻区国审水稻品种的特征特性分析

本研究旨在探讨黄淮稻区水稻新品种选育的发展趋势,本研究以近10年间(2013—2022年)黄淮稻区国审水稻品种为对象,分析了水稻品种的基本情况、特征特性和演变趋势。结果表明,黄淮稻区国审水稻品种数量先升后降,产量平均每年增加49.5 kg/hm^(2)。有效穗数、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重四个产量因素都随年份呈现增长,分别每年增加0.36万/hm^(2)、1.03粒、0.12%、0.11g。粒数和千粒重对产量增长贡献较大,有效穗数与产量负相关。整精米率和直链淀粉含量表现相对较好,垩白度表现较差,胶稠度有下降趋势;穗颈瘟逐渐变重。黄淮稻区水稻品种选育应注重在适当穗数基础上追求大穗,靠理想株型增强光合性能确保结实率和千粒重。垩白度是限制黄淮稻区米质的主要指标,重视胶稠度选育;抗稻瘟病基因抗性正在减弱,需继续挖掘和引进抗源或抗病基因。

寒地水稻孕穗期低温胁迫响应的转录组分析

水稻是世界重要的口粮作物,其整个生育周期都会受到低温冷害的威胁。为探究寒地水稻孕穗期低温胁迫应答基因的发掘及其低温应答调控机制,本研究对孕穗期低温下寒地水稻孕穗期耐冷品种龙粳25(LG25)和不耐冷品种龙粳11(LG11)的幼穗颖花展开转录组测序分析。结果表明,龙粳11中共筛选得到11 269个差异表达基因(DEGs),龙粳25中仅有1 148个DEGs。GO富集分析表明,龙粳11中差异基因多显著富集在光合作用相关的GO条目中,龙粳25多富集在低温、热响应及花粉发育相关的GO条目中。低温胁迫下,二者共同显著富集到低温响应及花粉发育GO条目。KEGG富集分析表明,龙粳11中差异基因多显著富集在光合有机物中的碳固定、光合作用等KEGG通路中,龙粳25多显著富集在淀粉蔗糖代谢、氨基糖和核糖代谢等KEGG通路中。

滨海盐碱稻区水稻氮肥适宜用量及运筹模式研究

通过在辽河三角洲滨海盐碱稻区设置田间小区试验,探明了不同氮肥用量(0~420 kg/hm^(2))和运筹模式(基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥分别为6∶3∶1与4∶3∶3,以下简称6∶3∶1模式与4∶3∶3模式)对水稻生长发育以及产量品质的影响。通过对水稻分蘖动态调查研究表明,两种氮肥运筹模式下水稻平均茎蘖数均与施氮量呈显著正相关(r^(2)≥0.90),同时,6∶3∶1模式下氮肥用量对水稻平均茎蘖数的影响程度高于4∶3∶3模式。通过分析不同施氮量与产量的相关关系,发现了两者符合线性加平台肥料效应模型,拟合得到6∶3∶1模式与4∶3∶3模式下的最佳施氮量(EONR)分别为216 kg/hm^(2)(210~235 kg/hm^(2))与316 kg/hm^(2)(300~332 kg/hm^(2)),6∶3∶1模式的EONR比4∶3∶3模式高46.3%。通过考查两种氮肥运筹模式下的氮素利用率指标,发现4∶3∶3模式下各处理氮素利用率(37.2%~40.8%)显著高于6∶3∶1模式(29.9%~34.2%)。通过分析稻米营养与食味品质,在兼顾产量的前提下,再次明确了6∶3∶1模式与4∶3∶3模式下适宜氮肥用量分别为300~332与210~235 kg/hm^(2)。综合考虑水稻产量、氮素利用率以及稻米品质3个指标,推荐辽河三角洲滨海盐碱稻区的适宜氮肥施用量为210~235 kg/hm^(2),最宜采用的氮肥运筹模式为4∶3∶3。研究结果可以为辽河三角洲盐碱稻区合理施肥与氮肥高效利用提供切实的技术指导,为该地区水稻产业绿色发展提供理论支撑。

气候变化对川渝地区再生稻产业的影响与建议——以富顺县为例

2022—2023年以田间调查、电话访谈、文献查阅和专家座谈等方式对川渝地区再生稻生产情况进行了调研,统计分析了气候变化下川渝再生稻种植区生产格局变化和发展趋势,以富顺县为例,剖析了川渝地区再生稻产业发展的潜力和面临的挑战,并就如何提升再生稻气候韧性提出5条建议。调研显示,在气候变暖情况下,川渝地区秋季热量资源更加丰富,再生稻种植呈现适生区、优生区面积不断增加、产量稳步提高等有利变化;但气象灾害呈重发趋势,再生稻生产气候风险增高。富顺县为再生稻种植优生区,具有自然条件、技术、品种、历史、品牌、需求和政策等优势。随着再生稻产业的迅猛发展和极端天气频发重发,提高应对气候变化能力、加强再生稻气候韧性建设,对加快推进川渝地区再生稻产业发展和品牌建设具有重要的现实意义。