The sedimentary facies and dynamic environment of the Diaokou lobe in the modern Huanghe River Delta of China

The Huanghe River captures the Diaokou River in 1964 and forms a deltaic lobe in the subsequent 12 a. The progradational process of the Diaokou lobe is in associated with complicated evolution of riverine sheet flooding, merging, and swinging. On the basis of 11 borehole cores and 210 km high resolution seismic reflection data set, the sedimentary sequence and dynamic environment of the Diaokou lobe Cone subdelta lobe of the modern Huanghe River Delta） are studied. The stratigraphy of the lobe is characterized by an upward-coarsening ternary structure and forms a progradational deltaic clinoform. Totally six seismic surfaces are identifiable in seismic profiles, bounded six seismic units （SUs）. These SUs correspond to six depositional units （DUs） in the borehole cores, and among them, SUs 4-6 （DUs D to F） consist of the modern Diaokou lobe. Lithological and seismic evidences indicate that the delta plain part of the Diaokou lobe is comprised primarily by fluvial lag sediments together with sediments from sidebanks, overbanks, fluvial flood plains and levees, while the delta front part is a combination of river mouth bar sands （majority） and distal bar and deltaic margin sediments （minority）. As a result of the high sedimentation rate and weak hydrodynamic regime in the Huanghe River Delta, the sediments in the delta front are dominated by fine-grained materials. The grain size analysis indicates the Huanghe River hyperpycnal-concentrated flow shows the suspension, transportation and sedimentation characteristics of gravity flow, and the sediment transportation is primarily dominated by graded suspension, while uniform suspension and hydrostatic suspension are also observed in places. The strength of the hydrodynamic regime weakens gradually offshore from riverbed, river mouth bar, sidebank, distal bar subfacies to delta lateral margin and flooding plain subfacies.

SEDIMENTARY EVOLUTION OF MODERN HUANGHE RIVER DELTA LOBE

The sedimentary history of a Huanghe(Yellow)River delta lobe can be divided into four stages.In the first stage,the crevasse splays and short-lived distributary channel deposits in the subaerial deltaand sheet silt in the subaqueous delta were well developed.In the second stage,further differentiationof sedimentary environments occurred in the subaerial delta lobe(distributary channel,natural levee,flood plain,central lower delta plain and lateral lower delta plain)and the subaqueous delta lobe(prodelta,delta front and delta lateral).In the third stage,crevasse splay and short-lived distributarychannel deposits mostly occurred in the lower or lower-middle part of the subaerial delta lobe,andsheet silt accumulated off the river mouth.In the fourth stage,the abandoned lobe was reworked.The common vertical sequence of the modern Huanghe River delta showed alternating clayey silt andsilt layers.A complete sequence from prodelta to upper delta plain was commonly composed of twoor more delta lobes.

Examining the evolution of tidal creeks in the Huanghe River delta using multi-temporal Landsat images

Coastal tidal creeks are important channels for exchanges of material and energy between sea and land,and play an important role in the ecological protection of tidal flats.Although tidal creeks have evolved differently in various regions,the evolutionary process of tidal creeks in the Huanghe(Yellow)River delta of China,one of the most active deltas worldwide,is not entirely clear.Therefore,the evolution of tidal creeks in the delta from 1981 to 2021 was investigated by quantitatively analysing the tidal creeks and developing a standard for dividing their evolution periods.Visual interpretation and supervised classification methods were applied to the Landsat images to extract the tidal creek network,and 17 groups of tidal creek systems were selected.Results indicate that Creek S 1 was the most developed creek for having 113 tidal creeks totaling 65.8 km in length,while Creek E 3 had the fastest growth rate for having average annual increase of 1.9 km.Meanwhile,the level of tidal creeks increased,the average and median lengths of tidal creeks increased,and the number of tidal creeks decreased since 1981.The evolution of the tidal creek system could be divided into four stages,namely,rising,developing,stabilizing,and degrading.Analyses of a representative tidal creek show that there was no degenerated tidal creek during the rising period,with an increase in the number of 50 and a length increase of 57.9 km between 1981 and 1989.The proportion of new tidal creeks in the developing period was more than 50%and the new tidal creeks in the stabilizing period were equal to the degraded tidal creeks.Extinct tidal creeks were greater than 50%during the degrading period.There was no fixed order of tidal creek evolution in each period,and there may be a skip in evolution.Our findings provided a reference for studying the evolution of tidal creeks.

Paleo-environmental evolution based on high-resolution phytolith since 26 ka B. P. in Huanghe River Delta

The Huanghe River Delta is one of the world＇s large rivers, the Huanghe River Delta paleoenvironmental evolution in the Huanghe River has been a hot issue since the Last Glacial. Based on the core time series established by combining AMS 14C dating of Core DYZK1 sediments in submerged of Huanghe River Delta and acoustic sequence on sub-bottom profile, phytolith analyses are carried out on 96 sediment samples. The grain size parameters, magnetic susceptibility are combined with the vertical changes of biostratum to reconstruct the paleo-sedimentary and climatic conditions in the Huanghe River Delta. The study results show that there is a significant vertical change law in the index parameters, and that sedimentary environment of Huanghe River Delta experienced an evolutionary process of fluvial facies-sealand transition facies-tidal flat facies-neritic facies- delta facies since 26.0 ka B. P.. The phytolith analyses results are as following. Firstly, The phytoliths are divided into lanceolate, smooth-elongated, spiny-elongated, rondel, long rectangular, bulliform and other types. In different sedimental environment, the phytolith content changes regularly, indicating that the phytolith assembles in the same sedimentary environment has a certain degree of stability. Secondly, The lanceolate, smooth-elongated and spiny-elongated categories of phytoliths have greater contents in the tidal flat facies and delta deposition, while have a smaller contents in the neritic facies and fluvial facies environment. Thirdly, Through comparative analysis of variation coefficient, the content of major phytolith categories in the sediment has a greater change amplitude in the sealand transition facies and fluvial facies deposition, while being more stable in the tidalflat facies and delta facies deposition.

The magnetic properties of sediment and sedimentary environment in the Huanghe Delta area after the last glacial maximum

On the basis of measuring the magnetic parameters of sediment in Core YDZ1, combined with a grain size analysis and Carbon-14 dating, the magnetic properties of sediment and sedimentary environment in the Huanghe（Yellow River） Delta area after the last glacial maximum have been studied. The results show that the ferrimagnetic minerals of a pseudo single domain and multi domain particles dominate the magnetic properties of sediment in Core YDZ1. The imperfect anti ferrimagnetic minerals have more contribution on sediment in a depth of 24.0–22.1 m, and more stable-single domain and pseudo single domain particles exist. The susceptibility of anhysteretic remanent magnetization and the ratio of the susceptibility of anhysteretic remanent magnetization to saturation isothermal remanent magnetization show a decrease trend below depth of 24 m, a marked increase trend in a depth of 24.0–13.5 m, and a rapid decrease at depth of 13.5 m, then a fluctuation trend upward. The above two magnetic parameters and the ratio of the susceptibility of anhysteretic remanent magnetization to the mass susceptibility can be regarded as the proxy indicators for the content of clay（〈4 μm）and the fine-grained size（〈32 μm）. The sedimentary environment after the last glacial maximum in the Huanghe Delta area has experienced the fluvial facies, the tidal flat facies, the neritic facies, the pro delta facies, the delta front facies and the floodplain facies. Thickness of the Holocene transgression layer is 10.5 m and the depth of substrate is about 24 m according to the YDZ1 core. The sedimentary dynamic has a variation trend with strongweak-strong, which has been proved by the Flemming triangular schema.

Internal Facies Architecture and Evolution History of Changxing Mouth-Bar Complex in the Changjiang(Yangtze)Delta,China

River-mouth bar is a fundamental element to constitute a delta system, and its internal facies architectures are vital to reconstruct delta evolution history and study high-resolution sequence stratigraphy. Changxing Island is a representative mouth-bar complex in the modern Changjiang Delta. Its vertical stacked strata produced by delta progradation were first studied by detailed facies analysis of core CX03, and then a general facies architecture and evolution history of mouth-bar complexes in the modern Changjiang Delta were discussed through a comparative study of 5 different cores and historical charts. A progradational deltaic sequence has generally a similar internal facies architecture, composed of massive muddy deposits of prodelta and delta-front slope facies at the bottom, sand-dominated deposits of delta-front platform, inter-bar channel and mouth-bar facies at the middle, and heterolithic deposits of tidal flat and saltmarsh facies at the top. There is a significant time lag for the initial formation of channel-mouth bar systems between Chongming and Jiuduansha Islands. Compared with subtidal flats, sedimentation rates on intertidal flats were highly accelerated, potentially resulting from weakening wave and tidal strength over extensive intertidal flats and increasing human embankment activities in the last few centuries. These findings provide some new clues to understand modern and ancient mouth-bar evolution and resultant sequence strata in tide-dominated deltas.

黄河三角洲近岸潮汐动力对地貌演变的响应及其沉积效应

近年来自然过程和人类活动显著改变了黄河入海流路以及近岸地貌格局,而剧烈的地貌演变对近岸水动力环境的影响尚未得到充分研究。为厘清近30年来黄河三角洲近岸水文动力格局对地貌演变的响应过程,本文基于Landsat系列遥感影像和多期测深数据,分析了1992-2020年黄河三角洲岸线和地形变化,并采用TELEMAC-2D建立了多套覆盖整个渤海的数值模型,研究了地貌演变对黄河三角洲邻近海域潮汐动力的影响及其沉积效应。结果表明,黄河三角洲近岸冲淤格局呈现显著的时空异质性,分布多个淤积和侵蚀中心,且2000-2020年南侧老清水沟外侵蚀中心向南移动9.6 km,1992-2015年北侧刁口河口外侵蚀中心东移6.4 km。中长时间尺度黄河三角洲岸线和地形变化主导了潮汐动态,三角洲北部刁口河口近岸潮差减小,清水沟河口外潮差增大,5 m水深处的潮差变化增大幅度达0.27 m;黄河口近岸K_1分潮振幅显著增加,M_2分潮振幅明显减小,东营港附近无潮点向东迁移3.8 km。刁口河口和老河口外高流速区持续减弱,现行河口外逐渐发育形成另一高流速区,持续稳定的高流速区造成了水下三角洲的冲刷,南北侧高流速区沉积物粗化。

台风“杜苏芮”远端影响下黄河三角洲沉积特征变化

通过原位观测、无人机遥测、野外调查取样和室内测试分析等多种手段,探讨了2023年台风“杜苏芮”外围风圈对黄河三角洲沉积环境的影响。研究结果表明:①台风外围风圈引起黄河三角洲区域风场特征出现快速调整,河口动力增强,导致沉积物再悬浮;②受海洋动力变化影响,河口三角洲不同断面整体呈现出近海一侧高程降低、向陆一侧潮沟增加的特征,受沿海人为工程影响,垦东12附近台风后淤积明显,废弃清水沟河道断面靠海部分侵蚀,靠岸部分淤积;③除高程外,三角洲不同断面位置沉积物粒度发生显著变化,粒度变化受到潮沟侵蚀、河流输沙、河口侵蚀和废弃河道充填等不同因素的影响,呈现出空间差异性。研究结果揭示了未直接过境的台风依然可能通过外围风圈影响三角洲沉积演化过程,在未来三角洲沉积演化研究与防灾减灾应对过程中应予以重视。

珠江口盆地中北部中新统珠江组浪控三角洲沉积时空演化模拟

基于沉积背景、高分辨率层序地层格架及沉积微相展布分析,应用沉积正演模拟方法,综合利用地震、测井、岩心等资料,开展沉积作用和沉积过程的三维时空演化模拟,定量恢复了珠江口盆地中北部中新统珠江组浪控三角洲沉积演化过程,探讨了沉积环境与波浪参数对砂体展布的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区珠江组沉积期的沉积微相随基准面的变化呈规律性演化,滨线呈现先向陆迁移、再向海迁移的趋势。(2)珠江组沉积期的波浪作用较强,波浪角度为近南东方向,波浪作用对三角洲砂体展布具有明显影响。随着波浪高度增加,波浪阻碍三角洲河口细粒沉积物堆积的作用增大,并将其搬运至深水区,泥质沉积物趋向沉积于波基面以下区域,波基面以上区域砂质碎屑含量较高。波浪作用入射角度发生倾斜,会导致三角洲在演化过程中产生不对称的沉积和形态。(3)有利储层砂体主要发育于滨岸线附近。沉积正演模拟为定量恢复沉积演化过程提供更为直观的方法,且在确定浪控三角洲潜在形态方面具有预测作用。

川东北地区上三叠统须家河组沉积特征及其演化

川东北元坝、通南巴地区上三叠统须家河组致密气勘探开发不断获得储量和产量的稳定增长,但相邻的南部地区却鲜有重要突破,其主要原因是勘探程度低,缺少系统、精细的沉积相研究。为此,基于测井识别、录井岩性分析、野外露头考察、钻井岩心观察,对川东北地区须家河组沉积特征及其演化开展系统研究。结果表明:(1)川东北地区须家河组为辫状河三角洲平原亚相,可进一步划分为分流河道微相和分流河道间微相,分流河道间微相以发育沼泽沉积为主,沉积物粒度细,主要为泥、页岩,分流河道微相以发育心滩沉积和河道充填沉积为主,沉积物较粗,以中细砂岩为主;(2)须家河组物源主要来自南东方向,沉积相带展布受物源方向控制整体具有呈纺锤状或条带状沿北西—南东向展布的特征;(3)须二段、须四段属于高物源供给辫状河三角洲,在川东北地区以发育分流河道微相为主,心滩沉积大规模发育;须三段、须五段属于低物源供给辫状河三角洲,在川东北地区以发育分流河道间沉积为主。

川东北五宝场地区沙溪庙组二段沉积相特征及演化

针对川东北五宝场地区沙溪庙组二段沉积相特征不清晰的问题,基于岩心、钻井、测井和地震资料,厘定了五宝场地区沙溪庙组主力储层沙二段沉积相类型及分布,明确了亚相之间的沉积界限,分析了沉积演化过程。结果表明:五宝场地区沙二段主体发育曲流河三角洲沉积。沙二1亚段沉积时期,主要发育三角洲前缘沉积,南部黄龙场井区可见前三角洲沉积;沙二2亚段沉积时期,北部出现三角洲平原沉积,南部以三角洲前缘沉积为主,黄龙场井区局部可见前三角洲沉积;沙二3亚段沉积时期,广泛发育三角洲平原沉积,南部黄龙场井区以三角洲前缘沉积为主。其中,古气候、构造运动和古地貌等共同控制了川东北五宝场地区中侏罗统沙二段沉积相平面展布和沉积演化,古地形起主导作用,进而影响砂体分布。

珠江三角洲西北部晚第四纪沉积演化研究

通过对珠江三角洲西北部的地层、沉积演化过程开展深入研究,结果显示研究区发育有河流相、滨海相、浅海相和河海混杂相等沉积相;晚更新世时期沉积厚度变化较大,地层垂向相变相似;全新世时期,整体沉积厚度相差不大,受沉积环境和地形地貌影响,地层垂向沉积表现出同期异相性分布。晚第四纪以来,研究区沉积历史海陆交互相相变频繁,形成了复杂多样的三角洲沉积物。

黄河口水下滑坡体系

自1988年以来，通过多次野外考察和深入研究，在黄河口发现并确认存在大规模的水下滑坡体系。根据声纳图象和浅地层创面记录，对滑坡进行分类命名和特征分析。研究表明，该滑坡体系中存在瓶颈状滑坡、平移板状滑坡和旋转滑坡3种类型；许多单个滑坡在下坡方向汇集成复会滑坡系统，有时数十条滑坡汇集成境蜒数公里的大规模复杂体系。滑坡冲沟分布广泛，将底坡表层切割得支离破碎，与密西西比河口比较，黄河口水下滑坡具有高含水、浅表多发、微型多样、搬运机制清楚、滑坡全部呈负地形、分布广泛等特点，对形成黄河口及水下三角洲的特点及其发育演化有重要作用。滑坡沉积物各阶段存在不同的流变组合，构成完整的流谱。河口底被沉积物向海洋的输送具有阵发性和事件性。

准噶尔盆地石南31井区下白垩统清水河组一段辫状河三角洲相及沉积演化

针对准噶尔盆地腹部石南31井区下白垩统清水河组一段三角洲相沉积的不同认识,根据砾岩的成层性、组构、结构成熟度、孔隙发育等特征,以及砂岩的结构、构造、粒度特征、砂体的空间展布特征,笔者认为清水河组一段是较强水动力条件下牵引流沉积的产物,其沉积环境属辫状河三角洲。通过对岩心的详细观察与描述,结合测井相分析,以石南31井区211口井的单井相分析为基础,依据连井相剖面分析和平面沉积相综合研究,认为该区辫状河三角洲的各亚相发育齐全,并识别出了辫状河道、河漫、水下分流河道、支流间湾、河口砂坝、远砂坝、前三角洲泥、前三角洲沟道砂等微相。在清一段早期(K1q12),研究区以湖泊相沉积为主,仅东南部为辫状河三角洲沉积。其后,研究区南北两个方向的辫状河三角洲相向推进(K1q11-3-4、K1q11-3-3);继而,东南部的辫状河三角洲平原消失,研究区内仅见三角洲前缘(K1q11-3-2)沉积;K1q11-3-1沉积时期以细粒沉积为主,而沉积相格局则大致同前。同样,K1q11-2沉积时期,北方发育辫状河三角洲平原及前缘,东南方仅发育三角洲前缘。清一段晚期(K1q11-1),由于湖平面快速上升,全区均演化为前辫状河三角洲亚相,主要由前三角洲泥构成,并且发育条带状分布的沟道砂沉积。

曲流河浅水三角洲沉积过程与沉积模式探讨——沉积过程数值模拟与现代沉积分析的启示

浅水曲流河三角洲是近年来沉积学研究的热点和油气勘探的重点对象,国内外学者基于地下储层、露头、现代沉积进行了大量研究,关于浅水曲流河三角洲的沉积特征与沉积模式,不同学者往往持不同观点,在缺乏沉积过程与演化特征观察、分析的现状下,很难统一认识。基于此,本文选取鄱阳湖赣江三角洲这一典型的浅水曲流河三角洲,根据其水动力、水深、沉积物供给等数据,采用基于泥沙水动力学的沉积过程数值模拟软件(Delft3D)再现浅水曲流河三角洲的生长与演化过程,并与现代浅水曲流河三角洲对比验证,建立浅水曲流河三角洲沉积模式。研究表明:(1)在浅水环境下,曲流河三角洲快速向湖生长,三角洲前缘持续向前延伸并快速平原化,具有典型的宽平原-窄前缘的特征。三角洲垂向沉积厚度较小,但底积-前积-顶积三层结构完整。(2)浅水曲流河三角洲平原发育数条同期活跃的高弯度分流河道,在平原近端,分流河道存在频繁的侧向迁移现象,可对先期三角洲前缘、前三角洲沉积侵蚀改造,形成串珠状点坝,经长期侧向迁移可形成大规模的长条宽带状分流河道复合体,分流河道对先期沉积体的长期改造使得大部分厚层砂体呈正韵律,导致先期河口坝保存程度较低;在前缘远端,由于堤岸不稳定,分流河道往往存在决口改道现象,废弃的水道缺乏砂质沉积物供给而成为高泥质充填水道,多条废弃分流河道在三角洲平原远端形成高泥质充填河网系统。(3)浅水曲流河三角洲前缘水下分流河道是平原分流河道在水体中的短程延伸,水道长约300m,由于水体较浅,河口处水流冲刷能力较强,水携沉积物多在水下分流河道侧缘堆积形成指状坝。由于分流河道建设性极强,水下分流河道往往频繁发生决口或侧向摆动,经多期复合,可形成多分叉复合体指状坝,而前缘水下分流河道在废弃后往往被泥质充填。(4)受三角洲平原远端水道决口改道的控制,前缘多分叉指状复合坝沿岸线迁移,可形成大面积近等厚砂体。

吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系梧桐沟组一段沉积演化规律

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