Fingerprint Study of Polygonati Rhizoma with Steaming and Exposing to the Sun Alternatively for Different Times

[Objectives]To explore the influence of different times of steaming and exposing to the sun on the fingerprint of Polygonati Rhizoma by studying the HPLC fingerprint of Polygonati Rhizoma processed products with different times of steaming and exposing to the sun,and to provide a basis for the determination of the best processing technology of Polygonati Rhizoma.[Methods]SETSAIL II AQ-C 18(5μm×250 mm×4.6 mm)was used as the column,the column temperature was 30℃,pure water(A)and acetonitrile(B)were eluted gradually,0-10 min,B(5%-10%),10-30 min,B(10%-35%),30-40 min,B(35%-60%),40-45 min,B(60%-100%),flow rate 1 mL/min,absorption wavelength 200 nm.[Results]The relative retained peak area RSDs of the common peaks in the precision,reproducibility and stability tests were all less than 5%.There were 17 common peaks in the fingerprint of nine batches of samples,and the retention time of Peak 2 was basically the same as that of the reference peak of 5-HMF.Peak 4 mainly existed in the chromatogram of Sample 3 to Sample 5,peaks 5 and 11 mainly existed after Sample 3,peaks 9,14 and 16 mainly existed after Sample 6,and peaks 12 and 17 mainly existed after Sample 4.[Conclusions]A total of 17 common peaks were obtained,and the Peak 2 was the designated peak,and the chemical components of each processed product were different.

The Inhibitory Effect of Extracts From Fructus lycii and Rhizoma polygonati on in vitro DNA Breakage by Alternariol

Alternariol caused DNA single-strand breakage. Conversion of the closed circular double-stranded supercoiled DNA (pBR 322) to the nicked circular form and linear form was used to investigate the effect of extracts of some Chinese medical herbs on DNA nicking induced by alternariol. Some substances in the extracts of Rhizoma polygonati (RP) and Fructus lycii (FL) were shown to protect DNA from the attack by alternariol.Some substance in the RP may bind to plasmid DNA, and this binding reduces the electrophoretic mobility of DNA. These results indicate that substances from FL and RP may be used as DNA protectors. It is possible that they play an important role in preventing cancer.

Botany,Traditional Uses,and Pharmacology of Polygonati Rhizoma

Huang Jing (黄精 Polygonati Rhizoma, PR) was first documented as a herbal medicine in Ming Yi Bie Lu (《名医别录》 Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians) in China. However, there was no comprehensive review on the botany, traditional uses, and pharmacological effects of PR till now. In this study, the botany, traditional uses including Taoist medicine, and pharmacological effects of PR were reviewed and summarized to provide insights on drug development of PR. In Taoist medicine, PR maintains agerasia and helps prolong human life-span, and is used for fasting (Bigu). In the Zhong Guo Yao Dian (《中国药典》Chinese Pharmacopeia) version 2020, PR exerts replenishing qi and nourishing yin, invigorating the spleen, moistening the lung, and strengthening the kidney. Pharmacological studies show that PR has effects of anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-osteoporosis, anti-cancer, anti-hyperlipidemia, cardiomyocyte protection, immunomodulatory, and thus can be used for treatment of infertility, anti-microorganisms, and improving sleep and memory. In conclusion, PR may play a potential role for chronic disease management and health preservation and this very role deserves a more in-depth research.

Extraction Optimization of Polysaccharides from Rhizoma Polygonati by Response Surface Methodology and Content Determination

[Objectives]This study aimed to investigate the water extraction-alcohol precipitation technology and content determination method of polysaccharides in Rhizoma Polygonati.[Methods]Taking the content of polysaccharides in the extract as the indicator,the extraction process was optimized using single-factor tests and Box-Behnken Design.The content of polysaccharides extracted was determined by the anthrone-sulfuric acid method.Among the three factors in the test design,the solid/liquid ratio and extraction time had a significant effect(P<0.05,P<0.01),while the extraction temperature had no effect on the content of polysaccharides extracted(P>0.05).[Results]The optimal extraction process for polysaccharides in Rhizoma Polygonati was as follows:liquid/solid ratio 20∶1(mL/g),extraction time 2 h,and extraction temperature 85℃.Under the optimal extraction process,the content of polysaccharides in the extract reached 12.50%.[Conclusions]The extraction process optimized by response surface methodology for polysaccharides in Rhizoma Polygonati is reliable and has practical value,and can be used to guide production practices.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Linoleic Acid in Polygonati Rhizoma

Objective To explore the major compound in Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精)for quality control.Methods The major compound was isolated and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS),and subsequently further identified by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).Thin layer chromatography(TLC)was optimized based on the previous methods reported in the Chinese Pharmacopeia(2015 edition).Results The major compound was isolated from the natural material and identified as linoleic acid.A high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method with robust linearity(R2=0.9997),specificity,precision,stability,repeatability and recovery was developed for linoleic acid determination.TLC chromatogram was improved significantly after optimization for qualitative analysis.Conclusions The optimized TLC method is practical and can be adopted for quality control of Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精).The levels of linoleic acid vary between species of Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精),with Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua(Jiang Xing Huang Jing,姜型黄精)showing the highest contents.This study provides valuable information for quality control of Polygonati Rhizoma(Huang Jing,黄精).

黄精多糖提取工艺优化及其吸湿、保湿性能研究

目的:优化黄精多糖提取工艺,并研究其吸湿保湿性能、探索其护肤功能。方法:采用热回流法结合正交进行黄精多糖提取工艺优化;以黄精多糖为实验对象,采用重量法进行吸湿性(相对湿度分别为43%和81%)、保湿性试验,并对吸湿曲线进行模型拟合;将黄精多糖添加到市售面霜中进行皮肤水分测试。结果:实验表明黄精多糖最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比1∶25(g/mL),提取时间是150 min,提取次数为1次;黄精多糖在不同相对湿度下的吸湿均符合双指数模型;置于干硅胶环境下48 h,黄精多糖保湿率为14.00%。结论:黄精多糖具有良好的保湿性,在护肤品开发中具有一定的应用价值。

玉竹的化学成分、药理作用及其食品开发研究进展

玉竹不仅富含糖、蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素和矿物质等营养成分,还含较高的多糖、甾体皂苷、黄酮等生物活性成分,具有抗氧化、调节糖脂代谢、增强免疫、抗肿瘤、抗微生物、抗疲劳、抗衰老、护肝、调节胃肠道菌群、减肥等药理作用,已广泛用于普通食品和健康食品的开发利用。本文对其营养功能成分、生物活性及其在食品加工领域中的应用进展进行系统总结,以为其深入开发提供参考和支持。

黄精转录组SSR分子标记开发及种质遗传多样性分析

为丰富可用于黄精属鉴定的SSR分子标记,开发可用于黄精属(Polygonatum sp.)种质资源鉴定与遗传多样性分析的简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat,SSR)分子标记,为药材黄精正品和伪品的鉴定及遗传多样性分析提供基础。通过对3种黄精属植物进行转录组测序,从60836967个Unigenes鉴定出19630个包含1~6个碱基重复类型的SSR位点,设计和筛选获得了9对SSR有效性引物,并对来源于5个省份共计31份种质资源进行鉴定与遗传多样性分析。9对SSR引物不仅能够将长梗黄精与其他3种药材黄精划分开,还能够较好地区分不同基源黄精(滇黄精、黄精、多花黄精),并且31份资源遗传相似系数范围为0.0769~0.75。此外,构建了31份黄精属种质资源的DNA指纹图谱数据库,开发了相对应的指纹图谱。本研究结果为黄精属种质资源的分类鉴定、遗传多样性分析和品种选育提供了可用的分子标记以及参考依据。

高能电子束辐照对黄精品质的影响

以药食同源中药材黄精为原料,采用辐照剂量为0、2、4、6、8 kGy的高能电子束对其进行处理,分析不同辐照剂量下其微生物含量、主要活性物质含量、高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)指纹图谱、色泽、水分、灰分和浸出物等的变化情况,探究高能电子束辐照对黄精品质的作用。结果显示,经高能电子束辐照后,能有效减少黄精中需氧菌、霉菌和酵母菌的总数;低辐照剂量后,黄精活性成分的含量无显著性变化(P>0.05);黄精HPLC指纹图谱相似度均大于0.90,表明经不同辐照剂量的电子束辐照处理后黄精的指纹图谱整体仍较为一致且稳定;当辐照剂量为2、4 kGy时,其色泽与对照组相比无显著性变化(P>0.05);各辐照剂量下黄精的水分、灰分和醇溶性浸出物均符合2020年版《中国药典》的相关规定。综上,当电子束的辐照剂量为2 kGy时,既能使黄精微生物数量明显降低,又能够保障其品质。

高能电子束辐照对黄精微生物及品质的影响

为探究高能电子束辐照对黄精的影响,以未辐照样品为对照,研究不同剂量(2、4、6、8、10 kGy)电子束辐照对黄精微生物含量、水分、总灰分、浸出物及色泽、挥发性物质的影响。结果表明,经2 kGy剂量辐照,黄精中微生物总数降低至《中国药典》要求限度;随着剂量增加,辐照杀菌效果更好。辐照对黄精水分和总灰分含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。辐照剂量≥4 kGy时,黄精浸出物含量、色度黄蓝值(b^(*)值)和饱和度显著增加(P<0.05),但不影响总色泽。辐照对黄精主要挥发性成分无明显影响,但在一定剂量下,会加速芳香成分、氮氧化合物、甲烷物质及醇类、醛酮类化合物挥发;主成分分析及线性判别分析表明,2 kGy剂量辐照对黄精挥发性影响最小。综合分析,2 kGy剂量高能电子束辐照能有效杀灭黄精中的微生物,且对其水分、总灰分、浸出物、色泽及挥发性成分无显著影响。

黄精药食同源价值研究进展

药食同源思想源远流长,体现了中医药特色。黄精作为药食同源传统中药材,对延缓衰老、预防和治疗疾病有显著效果,在医药、保健食品等领域开发前景广阔。本文综述了药食同源文化来源及现状,分析了黄精的药膳起源、化学成分、药理作用以及加工应用方面的最新进展,结合湖南黄精的种植情况,为黄精资源进一步开发提供参考依据。

基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS的黄精炮制前后低聚糖成分分析及抗氧化活性研究

目的:探究黄精酒制前后低聚糖的成分种类、变化情况,以及生、酒黄精低聚糖抗氧化活性。方法:采用超高效液相色谱串联四极杆飞行时间高分辨质谱对1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMP)衍生化后的低聚糖进行成分分析,采用苯酚-硫酸法测定低聚糖含量,采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除法和2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS+)自由基清除法测定其体外抗氧化活性,利用秀丽隐杆线虫测定体内抗氧化活性。结果:在生、酒黄精低聚糖中同时检测到蔗糖、蔗果三糖和蔗果四糖3种低聚糖,蔗糖、蔗果三糖、蔗果四糖在炮制后减少,棉子糖、蜜二糖、蔗果五糖、蔗果六糖在炮制后未检测出,葡萄糖、果糖和半乳糖3种单糖含量增加;生、酒黄精低聚糖质量分数分别为78.17%、70.80%;生、酒黄精低聚糖对DPPH自由基的半数效应浓度(EC50)分别为2.12、0.41mg·mL^(-1)、ABTS+自由基的EC50分别为2.90、0.95 mg·mL^(-1);生、酒黄精低聚糖对秀丽隐杆线虫热应激和氧化应激损伤具有良好的缓解作用。结论:黄精经炮制后低聚糖成分含量发生变化;黄精低聚糖具有一定的体外和体内抗氧化作用,酒制后活性增强。以上结果可为黄精炮制前后作用改变的研究及对黄精的开发利用提供参考。

黄精霉变过程中麦角甾醇变化规律及基于电子鼻技术的快速预测模型研究

目的:麦角甾醇是霉变相关的重要指标之一,探索建立一种麦角甾醇快速检测方法。方法:采用人工模拟培养获取不同霉变程度的黄精样品;采用传统性状鉴定法开展黄精外观性状的观察、鉴定与分类;使用超高效液相色谱法进行麦角甾醇含量测定;通过电子鼻技术实现黄精气味的数字化检测。结果:共制备得到35份不同霉变程度的黄精样品;感官评价将黄精样品分为未霉变、轻微霉变和严重霉变3个阶段;35份黄精样品中麦角甾醇质量分数为0~90.4356 mg·kg^(–1),随着黄精霉变程度增加而上升;电子鼻的18根传感器中,S1~S16均表现出随着黄精霉变程度加深其最大响应值的绝对值降低,S18则相反,其最大响应值随着黄精霉变程度增加而升高。相关性分析显示,麦角甾醇含量与S1、S7~S16响应值呈极显著负相关,与S2~S6、S17、S18响应值呈极显著正相关,并且建立了回归方程Y=67.577–78.453X(r=0.634),其中Y为麦角甾醇含量、X为传感器PA/2最大响应值。结论:黄精的气味与其内在的化学成分麦角甾醇密切相关,电子鼻技术联合回归分析能为初步预测黄精中麦角甾醇的含量提供一种可行、有效的方法。

黄精化学成分、药理作用研究进展及质量标志物(Q-Marker)预测分析

中药黄精为百合科、黄精属植物黄精Polygonatum sibiricum Red.、多花黄精Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua或滇黄精Polygonatum kingianum Coll.et Hemsl.的干燥根茎,用药历史悠久,性平、味甘,归脾、肺、肾经,具有养阴润肺、补脾益气、滋肾填精之功效,用于治疗肺虚燥咳、脾胃虚弱、体倦乏力、口干食少、精血不足、内热消渴等。本文对黄精的化学成分及现代药理研究进行综述,并基于其药理活性、药效物质、植物亲缘学、药材配伍、加工炮制和网络药理学等研究,预测分析了其质量标志物(quality markers,Q-marker)。初步确定黄芩素、甘草素、β-谷甾醇、薯蓣皂苷元、5,4′-二羟基黄酮、3′-甲氧基大豆苷、新甘草苷和黄精多糖为黄精的质量标志物,为黄精质量控制和临床用药提供参考依据。

黄精化学成分、药理作用研究进展及质量标志物预测分析

黄精是常用的补益药,主要炮制品有酒黄精、蒸黄精、蜜黄精。笔者查阅相关文献,对黄精的化学成分、药理作用进行总结。发现黄精的化学成分多样,主要为皂苷类、多糖类、氨基酸类、黄酮类等,经过炮制后其多糖类、皂苷类、氨基酸类、黄酮类、蒽醌类及矿物质成分含量发生明显变化;具有抗衰老、抗氧化、抗糖尿病、抗骨质疏松及免疫调节作用;从传统药性、炮制前后化学成分变化、化学成分可测性方面分析,初步确定黄精多糖、甾体皂苷类、氨基酸类、酚类、黄酮类可作为其质量标志物(Q-Marker)的参考。

炮制方法对黄精化学成分与药理作用影响研究进展

黄精为百合科黄精属植物滇黄精、黄精、或多花黄精3种黄精的干燥根茎,其炮制品为药用中药,具补气养阴、补脾润肺、滋肾等功效。目前黄精的炮制方式多样繁杂,缺乏炮制后黄精化学物质及药效变化的系统性融合整理研究。通过对近十年来黄精炮制方法及其化学、药效变化进行分类、归纳,发现黄精常用炮制方法有清蒸、酒制、九蒸九制等,黄精炮制后多糖、皂苷及挥发性物质均发生显著变化,其药效增强,刺激性毒性降低,更适合人食用。文章为黄精工艺优化、对“症”炮制等提供参考。

安徽九华黄精产业存在的问题及高质量发展对策

黄精(Polygonati Rhizoma)是药食同源的中药材,广泛应用于医药、保健、食品、化妆等行业。通过实地调研,对安徽九华黄精Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua植物资源及其道地性、产业现状与存在的问题进行分析,为相关政策的制定和实施提供参考。结果表明安徽九华黄精产业在资源、种植、加工、市场、平台建设等方面存在诸多问题,阐述了解决这些问题的对策,提出了九华黄精产业高质量发展的五大战略。

基于网络药理学和实验验证探究黄精增强免疫功能的作用机制

目的:探究黄精增强免疫功能的作用机制。方法:使用中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP)收集黄精活性成分,通过SwissTargetPrediction数据库获得对应靶点基因。使用GeneCards、DrugBank数据库筛选免疫抑制(IS)相关靶点基因,并通过Venny数据库获得与黄精靶点基因的交集基因。使用String数据库构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(PPI)网络,使用Cytoscape软件构建“黄精-有效成分-靶基因-免疫抑制”网络,利用Metascape数据库对交集基因进行基因本体(GO)富集分析以及京都基因和基因组百科全书(KEGG)富集分析,使用分子对接对有效成分和靶点进行验证。体外细胞试验采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW264.7细胞模型,通过MTT法检测不同浓度黄精提取物对细胞的毒性反应;采用Griess法检测黄精提取物对细胞中一氧化氮(NO)的影响。结果:经过筛选,ESR1、SRC、IGF1R、PTGS1、PTGS2等均参与了多个关键生物过程和关键通路。GO富集表明,细胞活化、炎症反应、细胞对应激的反应等为主要生物过程;KEGG富集表明,糖尿病并发症中的AGE-RAGE信号通路、AMPK、核因子κB信号通路等是关键通路。分子对接结果显示有效成分与核心靶点对接结果良好。体外试验结果显示,与LPS组比较,50,200,800μg/mL的黄精提取物组RAW264.7细胞中NO生成量均显著降低(均P<0.01)。结论:本研究初步预测了黄精增强免疫功能的ESR1、SRC等作用靶点和AMPK、核因子κB等信号通路,并结合Griess法表明黄精可通过调控炎症模型RAW264.7细胞NO的释放来发挥免疫作用。

基于网络药理学和分子对接探讨熟地黄—黄精治疗阿尔茨海默病的作用机制

目的 整合网络药理学、分子对接技术探究熟地黄—黄精治疗阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)的作用机制。方法 在中药系统药理数据库(Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology, TCMSP)数据库中收集熟地黄、黄精化学成分和潜在作用靶点,在在线人类孟德尔遗传(online mendelian inheritance in man, OMIM)、治疗靶点(therapeutic target database, TTD)、GeneCards、Drug Bank数据库收集AD疾病靶点基因,运用Cytoscape3.9.1构建“中药—成分—靶点”网络;将熟地黄、黄精与AD的交集靶点基因上传至STRING数据库中分析核心靶点基因;将交集靶点上传至DAVID数据库中进行GO和KEGG富集分析,并通过分子对接检测核心化学成分和核心靶点基因的结合能力。结果 在熟地黄、黄精中共筛选出13个化学成分,其中薯蓣皂苷、3′-甲氧基黄豆苷、豆甾醇、黄芩苷、β-谷甾醇为核心化学成分;AD相关靶点共筛选出2471个,熟地黄、黄精与AD的交集靶点共有68个;PPI分析显示,蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt1)、前列腺素G/H合成酶2(prostaglandin G/H synthase 2,PTGS2)、凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3等为核心交集靶点基因;GO分析显示,生物过程主要涉及对含氧化合物、对化学物质的反应等,细胞组成主要涉及神经元投射、神经元部分、躯体树突间室等,分子功能主要涉及酶结合、G蛋白偶联胺受体活性、相同蛋白质结合等;KEGG分析结果显示,核心靶点基因涉及的通路主要为内分泌抵抗、麻疹、雌激素信号通路、凋亡、流体剪切应力与动脉粥样硬化等;分子对接结果显示,核心化学成分黄芩苷、β-谷甾醇、3′-甲氧基黄豆苷与核心靶点结合效能高。结论 熟地黄、黄精防治AD的成分主要为黄芩苷、β-谷甾醇、3′-甲氧基黄豆苷等,这些成分可通过调节10个核心靶点基因发挥防治AD的作用,其机制可能与凋亡、雌激素通路等5个途径有关。

安徽池州道地黄精中总黄酮的提取工艺优化和含量测定研究

利用超声提取法对池州黄精中总黄酮进行提取,并对提取条件进行优化,基于硝酸铝-亚硝酸钠比色原理,采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定总黄酮含量。最优乙醇体积分数、料液比、超声时间和超声温度分别为80%、1:10、25 min和30℃,该条件下测得黄精样品中总黄酮含量为0.735 mg/g。结果表明优化后的总黄酮提取效率高,建立的紫外-可见分光光度含量测定法精密度高、重复性好,可为池州黄精资源开发提供可行性依据。