Research on measuring time constant of NANMAC thermocouple

The theory for measuring the time constant of thermocouple was introduced, and the method for measuring the time constant of NANMAC thermocouple by using dynamic calibration system of transient surface temperature sensor was proposed. In this system, static and dynamic calibrations were conducted for infrared detectors and thermocouples, and then both temperature-time curves were obtained. Since the frequency response of infrared detector is superior to that of calibrat- ed thermocouple, the values measured by infrared detectors are taken as true values. Through dividing the values measured with thermocouples by those with infrared detectors, a normalized curve was obtained, based on which the time constant of thermocouple was measured. With this method, the experiments were carried out with NANMAC thermocouple to obtain its time constant. The results show that the method for measuring the time constant is feasible and the dynamic calibration of thermocouples can be achieved at microsecond and millisecond level. This research has a certain reference value for research and application of NANMAC thermocouple temperature sensor.

FLIP AND N-S BIFURCATION BEHAVIOR OF A PREDATOR-PREY MODEL WITH PIECEWISE CONSTANT ARGUMENTS AND TIME DELAY

In this paper, the stability and bifurcation behaviors of a predator-prey model with the piecewise constant arguments and time delay are investigated. Technical approach is fully based on Jury criterion and bifurcation theory. The interesting point is that the model will produce two different branches by limiting branch parameters of different intervals. Besides, image simulation is also given.

Prediction and Derivation of the Higgs Boson from the Neutron and Properties of Hydrogen Demonstrating Relationships with Planck’s Time, the Down Quark, and the Fine Structure Constant

A high accuracy Higgs boson, H0, is an important physical constant. The Higgs boson is associated with the property of mass related to broken symmetry in the Standard Model. The H0 mass cannot be derived by the Standard Model. The goal of this work is to derive and predict the mass of H0 from the subatomic data of the frequency equivalents of the neutron, electron, Bohr radius, and the ionization energy of hydrogen. H0’s close relationships to the fine structure constant, α, the down quark, and Planck time, tP are demonstrated. The methods of the harmonic neutron hypothesis introduced in 2009 were utilized. It assumes that the fundamental constants as frequency equivalents represent a classic unified harmonic system where each physical constant is associated with a classic harmonic integer fraction. It has been demonstrated that the sum exponent of a harmonic integer fraction, and a small derived linear δ value of the annhilation frequency of the neutron, vn, 2.2718591 × 1023 Hz, (vns) as a dimensionless coupling constant represent many physical constants as frequency equivalents. This is a natural unit system. The harmonic integer fraction series is 1/±n, and 1 ± 1/n for n equals 1 to ∞. The H0 is empirically and logically is associated with harmonic fractions, 1/11 and 1 + 1/11. α-1 is associated with 11. α-1 is a free space scaling constant for the electromagnetic force so it is logical that 11 should also have a pair, but for a free space mass constant. Also there should be a harmonic faction pair for the down quark, 1 - 1/11, just as there is pairing of the up quark, 1 - 1/10, and top quark, 1 + 1/10. The harmonic neutron hypothesis has published a method deriving a high accuracy Planck time, tP from the same limited subatomic data. The δ line for H0 should be closely associated with tP since they both are related to mass. The preferred derived value related to tP2 is 125.596808 GeV/c2. A less attractive derived value is 125.120961 GeV/c2 from the weak force factors only. The experimental CMS and Atlas value ranges are 125.03+0.26+0.13-0.27-0.15 and 125.36±0.37±0.18 GeV/c2. Empirically the H0 δ line is closely related to the same factors of the tP δ line, but with inverse sign of the slope. The H0 completes the paring of a free space constant for mass, the down quark, and an inverse sign δ line factors with tP. It is possible to accurately derive the mass of H0 from subatomic physical data. The model demonstrates that H0 is closely associated with α, the down quark, and tP. This prediction can be scrutinized in the future to see if it is accurate. The model has already published accurate predictions of the masses of the quarks.

The Derivation of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Peak Spectral Radiance, Planck Time, and the Hubble Constant from the Neutron and Hydrogen

Purpose: The cosmic microwave background radiation, CMB, is fundamental to observational cosmology, and is believed to be a remnant from the Big Bang. The CMB, Planck time, tP, and the Hubble constant, H0, are important cosmologic constants. The goal is to accurately derive and demonstrate the inter-relationships of the CMB peak spectral radiance frequency, tP, and H0 from neutron and hydrogen quantum data only. Methods: The harmonic neutron hypothesis, HNH, evaluates physical phenomena within a finite consecutive integer and exponential power law harmonic fraction series that are scaled by a fundamental frequency of the neutron as the exponent base. The CMB and the H0 are derived from a previously published method used to derive tP. Their associated integer exponents are respectively +1/2, −3/4, and −128/35. Results: Precise mathematical relationships of these three constants are demonstrated. All of the derived values are within their known observational values. The derived and known values are: νCMB, 160.041737 (06) × 109 Hz, ~160 × 109 Hz;2.72519 K, 2.72548 ± 0.00057 K, H0 2.29726666 (11) × 10−18 s−1, ~2.3 × 10−18 s−1;and tP 5.3911418 (3) × 10−44 s, 5.39106 (32) × 10−44 s. Conclusion: The cosmic fundamental constants tP, H0, and CMB are mathematically inter-related constants all defined by gravity. They are also directly derivable from the quantum properties of the neutron and hydrogen within a harmonic power law.

Is Quintessence an Indication of a Time-Varying Gravitational Constant?

A model is presented where the quintessence parameter, w, is related to a time-varying gravitational constant. Assuming a present value of w = -0.98 , we predict a current variation of ?/G = -0.06H0, a value within current observational bounds. H0 is Hubble’s parameter, G is Newton’s constant and ? is the derivative of G with respect to time. Thus, G has a cosmic origin, is decreasing with respect to cosmological time, and is proportional to H0, as originally proposed by the Dirac-Jordan hypothesis, albeit at a much slower rate. Within our model, we can explain the cosmological constant fine-tuning problem, the discrepancy between the present very weak value of the cosmological constant, and the much greater vacuum energy found in earlier epochs (we assume a connection exists). To formalize and solidify our model, we give two distinct parametrizations of G with respect to “a”, the cosmic scale parameter. We treat G-1 as an order parameter, which vanishes at high energies;at low temperatures, it reaches a saturation value, a value we are close to today. Our first parametrization for G-1 is motivated by a charging capacitor;the second treats G-1(a) by analogy to a magnetic response, i.e., as a Langevin function. Both parametrizations, even though very distinct, give a remarkably similar tracking behavior for w(a) , but not of the conventional form, w(a) = w0 + wa(1-a) , which can be thought of as only holding over a limited range in “a”. Interestingly, both parametrizations indicate the onset of G formation at a temperature of approximately 7×1021 degrees Kelvin, in contrast to the ΛCDM model where G is taken as a constant all the way back to the Planck temperature, 1.42×1032 degrees Kelvin. At the temperature of formation, we find that G has increased to roughly 4×1020 times its current value. For most of cosmic evolution, however, our variable G model gives results similar to the predictions of the ΛCDM model, except in the very early universe, as we shall demonstrate. In fact, in the limit where w approaches -1, the expression, ?/G , vanishes, and we are left with the concordance model. Within our framework, the emergence of dark energy over matter at a scale of a ≈ 0.5 is that point where G-1 increases noticeably to its current value, G0-1 . This weakening of G to its current value G0 is speculated as the true cause for the observed unanticipated acceleration of the universe.

Stability Analysis of q-axis Rotor Flux Based Model Reference Adaptive System Updating Rotor Time Constant in Induction Motor Drives

q-axis rotor flux can be chosen to form a model reference adaptive system(MRAS)updating rotor time constant online in induction motor drives.This paper presents a stability analysis of such a system with Popov’s hyperstability concept and small-signal linearization technique.At first,the stability of q-axis rotor flux based MRAS is proven with Popov’s Hyperstability theory.Then,to find out the guidelines for optimally designing the coefficients in the PI controller,acting as the adaption mechanism in the MRAS,small-signal model of the estimation system is developed.The obtained linearization model not only allows the stability to be verified further through Routh criterion,but also reveals the distribution of the characteristic roots,which leads to the clue to optimal PI gains.The theoretical analysis and the resultant design guidelines of the adaptation PI gains are verified through simulation and experiments.

Relationship between the Fundamental Constants of Physics Obtained from the Uncertainty Principle for Energy and Time

An attempt is done to calculate the value of the elementary electron charge from its relation to the Planck constant and the speed of light. This relation is obtained, in the first step, from the Pauli analysis of the strength of the electric field associated with an elementary emission process of energy. In the next step, the uncertainty principle is applied to both the emission time and energy. The theoretical result for e is roughly close to the experimental value of the electron charge.

Effects of Time Dilation on the Measurements of the Hubble Constant

We show that, when measuring the Hubble constant by starting the evaluation from the time of the big bang era, the effect of time dilation results in a decrease in the value of the Hubble constant. But when evaluating the Hubble constant by starting the evaluation from the present time, the effect of time dilation results in an increase in the value of the Hubble constant. To elucidate the process, the time dilation is calculated both directly and through Schwarzschild solution of the Einstein equation for the gravitational time dilation. It is concluded that both measured values are valid but because of time dilation, different starting times for the evaluation of the Hubble constant have resulted in different measured values for the Hubble constant.

Continuous on-line adaptation of the rotor time constant in FOC induction machine system

Rotor time constant is an important parameter for the indirect lleld oraentateO control of mauc- tion motor. Incorrect rotor tittle constant value will cause the flux observer generating a wrong angu- lar orientation of the rotor field. A new approach serves for rotor time constant on-line adaptation by setting the stator current to be zero for a short period. A smooth eorrector is designed to prevent ab- normal detection result from making adaptation. Impact of zero current duration on detection error and rotor speed is analyzed by experiments.

Calculation of left ventricular diastolic time constant(Tau) in dogs with aortic regurgitation using continuous-wave Doppler spectra

OBJECTIVE To investigate a new noninvasive method for calculating left ventricular diastolic time constant(Tau) through a continuous-wave aortic regurgitation Doppler spectrum.METHODS According to ultrasound guidance, twenty-four animal models(beagles) of aortic regurgitation and acute ischemic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction were created. The left ventricular diastolic function was manipulated with dobutamine or esmolol and fifty-nine hemodynamic stages were achieved. Raw audio signals of the continuous-wave Doppler spectra were collected, and new aortic regurgitation Doppler spectra were built after reprocessing by a personal computer. The updating time of the spectral line was 0.3 ms. The new Doppler spectra contour line was automated using MATLAB(MATrix LABoratory, MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA), and two time intervals,(t2–t1) and(t3–t1) were measured on the ascending branch of the aortic regurgitation Doppler spectrum. Then, the two time intervals were substituted into Bai's equations, and Doppler-derived Tau(Tau-D)was resolved and compared with catheter-derived Tau(Tau-c).RESULTS There is no significant difference between Tau-D and Tau-c(45.95 ± 16.90 ms and 46.81 ± 17.31 ms, respectively;P >0.05). Correlation analysis between Tau-c and Tau-D suggested a strong positive relationship(r = 0.97, P = 0.000). A Bland-Altman plot of Tau-c and Tau-D revealed fair agreement.CONCLUSIONS This new calculation method is simple, convenient, and shows a strong positive relationship and fair agreement with the catheter method.

A Solution to the Cosmological Constant Problem in Two Time Dimensions

For the last hundred years, the existence and the value of the cosmological constant Λ has been a great enigma. So far, any theoretical model has failed to predict the value of Λ by several orders of magnitude. We here offer a solution to the cosmological constant problem by extending the Einstein-Friedmann equations by one additional time dimension. Solving these equations, we find that the Universe is flat on a global scale and that the cosmological constant lies between 10-90 m-2 and 10-51 m-2 which is in range observed by experiments. It also proposes a mean to explain the Planck length and to mitigate the singularity at the Big Bang.

Extracting Human Reaction Time from Observations in the Method of Constant Stimuli

We consider the psychophysical experiments in which the test subject’s binary reaction is determined by the prescribed exposure duration to a stimulus and a random variable subjective threshold. For example, when a subject is exposed to a millimeter wave beam for a prescribed duration, the occurrence of flight action is binary (yes or no). In experiments, in addition to the binary outcome, the actuation time of flight action is also recorded if it occurs;the delay from the initiation time to the actuation time of flight action is the human reaction time, which is not measurable. In this study, we model the random subjective threshold as a Weibull distribution and formulate an inference method for estimating the human reaction time, from data of prescribed exposure durations, binary outcomes and actuation times of flight action collected in a sequence of tests. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the inference of human reaction time based on the Weibull distribution converges to the correct value even when the underlying true model deviates from the inference model. This robustness of the inference method makes it applicable to real experimental data where the underlying true model is unknown.

A Solution of the Cosmological Constant and DE and Arrow of Time, Using Model of a Nonsingular Universe from Rosen from Volume (56) Ettore Majorana International Science Series, Physics, 1991

We reduplicate the Book “Dark Energy” by M. Li, X-D. Li, and Y. Wang, given zero-point energy calculation with an unexpected “length” added to the “width” of a graviton wave just prior to specifying the creation of “gravitons”, using the Rosen and Israelit model of a nonsingular universe. In doing so we are in addition to obtaining a wavelength 1030 times greater than Planck’s length so we can calculate DE, may be able to with the help of the Rosen and Israelit model have a first approximation as to the arrow of time, and a universe with massive gravity. We have left the particulars of the nonsingular starting point undefined but state that the Rosen and Israelit model postulates initial temperatures of 10-180 Kelvin and also a value of about Planck temperature, at 10-3 centimeters radii value which may satisfy initial conditions asked by t’Hooft for describing an arrow of time. A key assumption is that the DE is formed at 10-3 cm, after an expansion of 1030 times in radii, from the Planck length radius nonsingular starting point. The given starting point for DE in this set of assumptions is where there is a change in the cosmic acceleration, to a zero value, according to Rosen and Israel, with time t = 1.31 times 10-42 seconds. That may be where we may specify a potential magnitude, V, which has ties into inflaton physics. The particulars of the model from Rosen and Israelit allow a solution to be found, without discussion of where that nonsingular starting point came from, a point the author found in need of drastic remedies and fixes.

Constant modulus semi-blind space-time equalizer based on structure risk minimum criterion

A new adaptive filtering principle based on capability control and semi-blind method is presented. A new semi-blind space-time equalizer based on constant modulus characteristic and structure risk minimum （SRM） criterion is also proposed. The equalizer sufficiently exploits the learning information of communication signals by using the structure information of filter itself through capability control technique. Namely, it maximizes the amount of learning information to im- prove filter tracking performance. Simulations are carried out and the result is compared with that of typical recursive least squares space-time equalizer （RLS-STE） and constant modulus semi-blind space-time equalizer （ CM-SB-STE ）. The results show that, even if with insufficient training data, the SRM constant modulus semi-blind space-time equalizer （SCM-SB-STE） keeps good tracking per- formance, showing promises in mobile wireless communications.

New Approach to Synchronize General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics with Constant “K”-Resulting Dark Matter as a New Fundamental Force Particle

Planck scale plays a vital role in describing fundamental forces. Space time describes strength of fundamental force. In this paper, Einstein’s general relativity equation has been described in terms of contraction and expansion forces of space time. According to this, the space time with Planck diameter is a flat space time. This is the only diameter of space time that can be used as signal transformation in special relativity. This space time diameter defines the fundamental force which belongs to that space time. In quantum mechanics, this space time diameter is only the quantum of space which belongs to that particular fundamental force. Einstein’s general relativity equation and Planck parameters of quantum mechanics have been written in terms of equations containing a constant “K”, thus found a new equation for transformation of general relativity space time in to quantum space time. In this process of synchronization, there is a possibility of a new fundamental force between electromagnetic and gravitational forces with Planck length as its space time diameter. It is proposed that dark matter is that fundamental force carrying particle. By grand unification equation with space-time diameter, we found a coupling constant as per standard model “αs” for that fundamental force is 1.08 × 10-23. Its energy calculated as 113 MeV. A group of experimental scientists reported the energy of dark matter particle as 17 MeV. Thorough review may advance science further.

How the Narlikar Argument of Quantum Gravity Can Be Combined with the Cosmological Constant We Calculated to Obtain Quantum Gravity Effects for Plank Length Values, as Opposed to 2 Times Planck Length Values

We take the results where we reduplicate the Book “Dark Energy” by M. Li, X-D. Li, and Y. Wang, zero-point energy calculation, as folded in with the Klauder methodology, as given in a prior publication. From there we first access the Rosen solution to a mini universe energy to ascertain an energy value of t, the pre-inflationary near singularity, then access what would be needed as to inject information into our universe. We then close with an argument by Narilkar as to a quantum bound on the Einstein-Hilbert action integral, so as to obtain quantum Gravity. Narlikar omits the cosmological constant. We keep it in, for our overall conclusion about the cosmological constant and its relevance to Quantum gravity.

Calculating the Cosmological Constant, and a Minimal Time Step, for Our Present Universe. In Fidelity to the Topics Spoken as a Presenter in the Zeldovich 4 Conference, September 11, 2020

The following is a rendition of what was presented by the author, September 11, 2020 in the DE section of that conference. The topics, while not original, are in strict fidelity with the topics the author was allowed to present in ICRANET Zeldovich 4, 2020. We present a history of the evolution of the cosmological constant “issue” starting with its introduction by Einstein for a static universe, which did not work out because his static universe solution to the Ricci Scalar problem, and GR was and is UNSTABLE. Another model of the cosmological constant has a radius of the Universe specified which is proportional to one over the square root of the cosmological constant, whereas our idea is to use the matching of two spacetime first integrals, for isolating a nonperturbative cosmological constant solution right at the surface of the start of expansion of the universe, i.e. a phenomenological solution to the cosmological constant involves scaling of a radius of the PRESENT universe. Our presented idea is to instead solve the Cosmological constant at the surface of the initial space-time bubble, using the initially derived time step, delta t, as input for the Cosmological constant. As it is, the Zeldovich 4 Section I was in was for Dark Energy, so in solving the initial value of the Cosmological constant, I am giving backing to one of the models of DE as to why the Universe reaccelerates one billion years ago. We conclude as to a reference to a multiverse generalization of Penrose Cyclic Conformal Cosmology as input into the initial nonsingular space-time bubble.

The R-W Metric Has No Constant Curvature When Scalar Factor R(t) Changes with Time

The true meaning of the constant in the Robertson-Walker metric is discussed when the scalar factor s the function of time. By strict calculation based on the Riemannian geometry, it is proved that the spatial curvature of the R-W metric is K=(κ-R2)/R2 . The result indicates that the R-W metric has no constant curvature when R(t)≠0 and κ is not spatial curvature factor. We can only consider κ as an adjustable parameter with κ≠0 in general situations. The result is completely different from the current understanding which is based on the precondition that the scalar factor R(t) is fixed. Due to this result, many conclusions in the current cosmology such as the densities of dark material and dark energy should be re-estimated. In this way, we may overcome the current puzzling situation of cosmology thoroughly.

Determination of Total Vector Error of the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Using the Phase Angle Error of a Constant Amplitude Voltage Signal

This paper investigates the effect of the Phase Angle Error of a Constant Amplitude Voltage signal in determining the Total Vector Error (TVE) of the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) using MATLAB/Simulink. The phase angle error is measured as a function of time in microseconds at four points on the IEEE 14-bus system. When the 1 pps Global Positioning System (GPS) signal to the PMU is lost, sampling of voltage signals on the power grid is done at different rates as it is a function of time. The relationship between the PMU measured signal phase angle and the sampling rate is established by injecting a constant amplitude signal at two different points on the grid. In the simulation, 64 cycles per second is used as the reference while 24 cycles per second is used to represent the fault condition. Results show that a change in the sampling rate from 64 bps to 24 bps in the PMUs resulted in phase angle error in the voltage signals measured by the PMU at four VI Measurement points. The phase angle error measurement that was determined as a time function was used to determine the TVE. Results show that (TVE) was more than 1% in all the cases.

基于Anytime算法的模型预测控制器的优化反馈调度

模型预测控制器可以实现为具有Anytime算法特征的模型预测控制(MPC)任务,它允许在执行时间和控制性能之间进行折衷.文中针对一组MPC任务,提出一种优化反馈调度算法(FS-CBS),在有限处理器时间约束范围内使全局控制性能最大化.该算法为每个MPC任务分配了一个恒定带宽服务器(CBS),并对CBS所预定的处理器时间进行动态调节,同时通过约束条件保证整个任务集的可调度性和各组分的稳定性.仿真结果表明,该算法对MPC运行时的执行时间变化不敏感,明显优于基本的CBS算法.