In designing the human comfort index (CI) used in Guangzhou, a Gaussian curve was adopted as the fundamental profile to develop a traw hat?model of comfort index. The model projects low or high temperatures into low i...In designing the human comfort index (CI) used in Guangzhou, a Gaussian curve was adopted as the fundamental profile to develop a traw hat?model of comfort index. The model projects low or high temperatures into low index values and the moderate temperatures into high index values. Air temperature was chosen as a basic factor in the model. Other factors such as humidity, sunshine and wind speed were introduced by considering them as temperature departures to an equivalent apparent temperature (EAT). Since the index is a relative index, 25C was chosen as an ideal apparent temperature (the most comfortable state) and a maximum CI value of 100 was assigned at this temperature. While in other circumstances, the index would be lower than 100. By utilizing this model, the daily comfort index values had been calculated for Guangzhou city for 1998-1999, using mean temperature, mean humidity, mean wind speed and total hours of sunshine. Results show that the new model was reasonable and practicable. Not only could it reflect the monthly variation of human comfort in Guangzhou, but also was sensitive to short-term changes of weather conditions.展开更多
Based on the daily meteorological data of Bengbu City during 1981-2020,the changing characteristics of three elements needed for the calculation of the comfort index of human body(CIHB)were discussed,and daily CIHB wa...Based on the daily meteorological data of Bengbu City during 1981-2020,the changing characteristics of three elements needed for the calculation of the comfort index of human body(CIHB)were discussed,and daily CIHB was classified and discussed.The results show that from 1981 to 2020,annual average temperature tended to increase significantly.Annual average wind speed and relative humidity showed a decreasing trend before 2011 but an increasing trend after 2011.The duration of the four seasons in Bengbu City mainly rose in spring,reduced in winter,declined first and then increased in summer,and rose first and then decreased in autumn.As CIHB was at grades 1 and 9(the most uncomfortable),the three factors had different effects on them.For cold weather,the influence of relative humidity and wind speed on CIHB can not be ignored besides temperature.In hot weather,the influence of temperature was dominant,and the change of annual average temperature could well correspond to the change in the number of very hot days.In the context of climate warming,the number of cold days tended to decline generally,but it was larger in the years with fewer very cold days.Under the background of climate warming,there was no obvious change in the number of days of the overall comfort of human body.The number of hot days was closely related to the duration of summer,and the number of days of grade 8 rose significantly in the years with an increase in the duration of summer.展开更多
[ Objective] The research aimed to study differences of temperature and humidity and vertical distribution of human comfort between city and countryside of Heilongjiang in summer. [Method] By using temperature, humidi...[ Objective] The research aimed to study differences of temperature and humidity and vertical distribution of human comfort between city and countryside of Heilongjiang in summer. [Method] By using temperature, humidity and wind velocity data at 10 and 70 m of two iron towers in urban and rural districts of Heilongjiang from June 1 to August 31,2010, the characteristics at temperature and humidity fields and change rule of human comfort index in urban and rural areas in summer were analyzed. [Result] Compared with rural areas, heat island effect of urban districts was obvious, and it was the strongest during 21：00 -23：00 and the weakest during 05：00 -06：00. Daily change rules of wind velocity at 10 m of two anemometer towers were basically consistent. Wind velocity was big at daytime and small at night. Daily change of wind velocity at 70 m of urban districts was consistent with that at 10 m, while wind velocity change at 70 m of rural areas was different from that at 10 m, which had obvious high-altitude wind characteristics. Daily change rules of humidity in two towers were basically consistent, and occurrence time of extremum at 70 m delayed for 1 h. At vertical height, humidity at 10 m was higher than that at 70 m at daytime, and was lower than that at 70 m at night. [ Conclusion] The city had obvious wet island effect during 00：00 -06：00 and dry island effect at nightfall. Comfort index of urban districts was higher than that in rural areas, and difference was the maximum during 19：00 -21：00. Comfort index at 10 m was higher than that at 70 m at daytime in the city and countryside, and was lower than that at 70 m at night. Occurrence frequencies of Grade Zero of comfort at 10 and 70 m of urban districts were both over 60%, while occurrence frequency of ≥ Grade Three of comfort was very small. At vertical height, human comfort had small difference at night. At daytime, as height rise, human comfort index significantly declined, and human feeling was more comfortable than that at low layer.展开更多
利用西藏高原38个气象站1981-2020年逐日气象观测资料及1970-2000年30 s空间分辨率气候数据,对人体舒适度指数(ICHB)及高原人体舒适度指数(PICHB)时空变化特征进行分析。研究表明:(1)西藏高原近40 a ICHB呈显著上升趋势,整个西藏高原年I...利用西藏高原38个气象站1981-2020年逐日气象观测资料及1970-2000年30 s空间分辨率气候数据,对人体舒适度指数(ICHB)及高原人体舒适度指数(PICHB)时空变化特征进行分析。研究表明:(1)西藏高原近40 a ICHB呈显著上升趋势,整个西藏高原年ICHB升高率为0.76·(10a)-1,各气候区年ICHB升高率为(0.57~0.98)·(10a)^(-1)。季ICHB升高率在时间上表现为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季。(2)年ICHB和季ICHB的升高率在空间上表现为西部>北部>东北部>东南部>中部、南部边缘。(3)PICHB空间上表现为寒冷特不舒适、重度高原反应的区域主要分布在北部、西部及东北部的高山上;冷不舒适、重度高原反应的区域主要分布在北部、中部及南部边缘的高山上;冷不舒适、中度高原反应的区域主要分布在北部、中部和南部边缘等区域的较低海拔地区;凉较不舒适、轻度高原反应的区域主要分布在东南部和南部边缘地区;不冷不热舒适、无高原反应的区域主要分布在错那县南部和墨脱县南部。随着西藏高原近40 a和未来气候“暖湿化”的变化趋势,各地月ICHB、季ICHB、年ICHB明显提高,PICHB也发生相应的变化,均向着舒适度升高的方向发展。展开更多
[ Objective] The study aimed to forecast human body feeling temperature. [ Method] Using air temperature data outside shutter boxes of cement and asphalt underlying surface at 1.5 m and conventional observation data f...[ Objective] The study aimed to forecast human body feeling temperature. [ Method] Using air temperature data outside shutter boxes of cement and asphalt underlying surface at 1.5 m and conventional observation data from 2008 to 2010 as well as T639 and Japan numerical forecast product, the characteristics of the minimum temperature in winter half year and the maximum temperature in summer half year in Changzhou were analyzed, and the prediction equation of the maximum temperature from May to September as well as year-round comfort prediction index were es- tablished. Moreover, the announcement platform of human body feeling temperature was developed to forecast it. [ Result] There remained a tiny discrepancy in the winter minimum temperature between inside and outside shutter box, and clays with the minimum temperature difference lower than 2 ℃ accounted for 94.3% of total days. However, the summer maximum temperature difference between inside and outside shutter box was larger, and days with the maximum temperature difference higher than 2 ℃ accounted for 82.0%, while the maximum difference was 5.5 ℃. The prediction accuracy of the inside maximum temperature was 78%. Wind was considered as the primary factor based on the effective temperature, and comfort index forecast and service were determined based on human feelings, dress, meteorological care and so forth. Both human body feel- ing temperature and comfort index forecast were released in the temperature forecast service. [ Condusion] The prediction of human body feeling temperature could provide scientific references for people＇s dress and traveling in daily life.展开更多
文摘In designing the human comfort index (CI) used in Guangzhou, a Gaussian curve was adopted as the fundamental profile to develop a traw hat?model of comfort index. The model projects low or high temperatures into low index values and the moderate temperatures into high index values. Air temperature was chosen as a basic factor in the model. Other factors such as humidity, sunshine and wind speed were introduced by considering them as temperature departures to an equivalent apparent temperature (EAT). Since the index is a relative index, 25C was chosen as an ideal apparent temperature (the most comfortable state) and a maximum CI value of 100 was assigned at this temperature. While in other circumstances, the index would be lower than 100. By utilizing this model, the daily comfort index values had been calculated for Guangzhou city for 1998-1999, using mean temperature, mean humidity, mean wind speed and total hours of sunshine. Results show that the new model was reasonable and practicable. Not only could it reflect the monthly variation of human comfort in Guangzhou, but also was sensitive to short-term changes of weather conditions.
文摘Based on the daily meteorological data of Bengbu City during 1981-2020,the changing characteristics of three elements needed for the calculation of the comfort index of human body(CIHB)were discussed,and daily CIHB was classified and discussed.The results show that from 1981 to 2020,annual average temperature tended to increase significantly.Annual average wind speed and relative humidity showed a decreasing trend before 2011 but an increasing trend after 2011.The duration of the four seasons in Bengbu City mainly rose in spring,reduced in winter,declined first and then increased in summer,and rose first and then decreased in autumn.As CIHB was at grades 1 and 9(the most uncomfortable),the three factors had different effects on them.For cold weather,the influence of relative humidity and wind speed on CIHB can not be ignored besides temperature.In hot weather,the influence of temperature was dominant,and the change of annual average temperature could well correspond to the change in the number of very hot days.In the context of climate warming,the number of cold days tended to decline generally,but it was larger in the years with fewer very cold days.Under the background of climate warming,there was no obvious change in the number of days of the overall comfort of human body.The number of hot days was closely related to the duration of summer,and the number of days of grade 8 rose significantly in the years with an increase in the duration of summer.
文摘[ Objective] The research aimed to study differences of temperature and humidity and vertical distribution of human comfort between city and countryside of Heilongjiang in summer. [Method] By using temperature, humidity and wind velocity data at 10 and 70 m of two iron towers in urban and rural districts of Heilongjiang from June 1 to August 31,2010, the characteristics at temperature and humidity fields and change rule of human comfort index in urban and rural areas in summer were analyzed. [Result] Compared with rural areas, heat island effect of urban districts was obvious, and it was the strongest during 21：00 -23：00 and the weakest during 05：00 -06：00. Daily change rules of wind velocity at 10 m of two anemometer towers were basically consistent. Wind velocity was big at daytime and small at night. Daily change of wind velocity at 70 m of urban districts was consistent with that at 10 m, while wind velocity change at 70 m of rural areas was different from that at 10 m, which had obvious high-altitude wind characteristics. Daily change rules of humidity in two towers were basically consistent, and occurrence time of extremum at 70 m delayed for 1 h. At vertical height, humidity at 10 m was higher than that at 70 m at daytime, and was lower than that at 70 m at night. [ Conclusion] The city had obvious wet island effect during 00：00 -06：00 and dry island effect at nightfall. Comfort index of urban districts was higher than that in rural areas, and difference was the maximum during 19：00 -21：00. Comfort index at 10 m was higher than that at 70 m at daytime in the city and countryside, and was lower than that at 70 m at night. Occurrence frequencies of Grade Zero of comfort at 10 and 70 m of urban districts were both over 60%, while occurrence frequency of ≥ Grade Three of comfort was very small. At vertical height, human comfort had small difference at night. At daytime, as height rise, human comfort index significantly declined, and human feeling was more comfortable than that at low layer.
文摘利用西藏高原38个气象站1981-2020年逐日气象观测资料及1970-2000年30 s空间分辨率气候数据,对人体舒适度指数(ICHB)及高原人体舒适度指数(PICHB)时空变化特征进行分析。研究表明:(1)西藏高原近40 a ICHB呈显著上升趋势,整个西藏高原年ICHB升高率为0.76·(10a)-1,各气候区年ICHB升高率为(0.57~0.98)·(10a)^(-1)。季ICHB升高率在时间上表现为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季。(2)年ICHB和季ICHB的升高率在空间上表现为西部>北部>东北部>东南部>中部、南部边缘。(3)PICHB空间上表现为寒冷特不舒适、重度高原反应的区域主要分布在北部、西部及东北部的高山上;冷不舒适、重度高原反应的区域主要分布在北部、中部及南部边缘的高山上;冷不舒适、中度高原反应的区域主要分布在北部、中部和南部边缘等区域的较低海拔地区;凉较不舒适、轻度高原反应的区域主要分布在东南部和南部边缘地区;不冷不热舒适、无高原反应的区域主要分布在错那县南部和墨脱县南部。随着西藏高原近40 a和未来气候“暖湿化”的变化趋势,各地月ICHB、季ICHB、年ICHB明显提高,PICHB也发生相应的变化,均向着舒适度升高的方向发展。
基金Supported by the Fund of Jiangsu Meteorological Bureau,China(200609)
文摘[ Objective] The study aimed to forecast human body feeling temperature. [ Method] Using air temperature data outside shutter boxes of cement and asphalt underlying surface at 1.5 m and conventional observation data from 2008 to 2010 as well as T639 and Japan numerical forecast product, the characteristics of the minimum temperature in winter half year and the maximum temperature in summer half year in Changzhou were analyzed, and the prediction equation of the maximum temperature from May to September as well as year-round comfort prediction index were es- tablished. Moreover, the announcement platform of human body feeling temperature was developed to forecast it. [ Result] There remained a tiny discrepancy in the winter minimum temperature between inside and outside shutter box, and clays with the minimum temperature difference lower than 2 ℃ accounted for 94.3% of total days. However, the summer maximum temperature difference between inside and outside shutter box was larger, and days with the maximum temperature difference higher than 2 ℃ accounted for 82.0%, while the maximum difference was 5.5 ℃. The prediction accuracy of the inside maximum temperature was 78%. Wind was considered as the primary factor based on the effective temperature, and comfort index forecast and service were determined based on human feelings, dress, meteorological care and so forth. Both human body feel- ing temperature and comfort index forecast were released in the temperature forecast service. [ Condusion] The prediction of human body feeling temperature could provide scientific references for people＇s dress and traveling in daily life.
