Comparative Analysis and Legal Reflection on the Boundaries of Human Rights Due Diligence in the Supply Chain

As global supply chains become increasingly lengthy and complex, human rights due diligence in the supply chain is becoming a controversial focal point in the accountability of multinational corporations. In recent years, legislative practices in the field of human rights due diligence have shown a trend from voluntary soft law toward mandatory hard law, and from corporate due diligence for their own operations towards extended due diligence for the entire supply chain. However, there is a divergence in national practices regarding the extent to which human rights due diligence should extend along the supply chain and the manner in which it should be incorporated into domestic legal policies. International soft law interpretations surrounding the boundaries of human rights due diligence in the supply chain are decentralized, posing risks of interpretation diversification, boundary blurring, and procedural formalization, as well as risks of misinterpretation and misuse. Meanwhile, some countries and regions are vigorously promoting mandatory legislation on human rights due diligence in the supply chain, which has profound implications for the stability of global supply chains and the international economic and trade order. Against this backdrop, it is crucial to explore the reasonable boundaries of human rights due diligence in the supply chain. Instead of applying a one-size-fits-all approach,the rationality of legal factors and the complexity of practical factors should be considered, applying context-specific measures based on the varying degrees of linkage between companies and negative human rights impacts in the supply chain. China should be particularly wary of the “chilling effect” of mandatory legislation on human rights due diligence in the supply chain, attaching great importance to national supply chain security and international supply chain competitiveness.Additionally,China should actively promote the implementation of voluntary human rights due diligence under the United Nations framework, and accelerate the enhancement of China's discourse power in the international rule-making process in the fields of industry and commerce as well as human rights.

Comparison of direct fecal smear microscopy,culture,and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Blastocystis sp.in human stool samples

Objective:To compare the sensitivity and specificity of direct fecal smear microscopy,culture,and polymerase chain reaction in the detection of Blastocystis sp.in human stool.Methods:Human stool samples were collected from a community in San Isidro,Rodriguez,Rizal,Philippines.These samples were subjected to direct fecal smear microscopy,culture and polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of Blastocystis sp.Results:Of the 110 stool samples collected,28(25%)were detected positive for the presence of Blastocystis sp.by two or more tests.Culture method detected the highest number of Blastocystis-positive stool samples(n=36),followed by PCR of DNA extracted from culture(n=26),PCR of DNA extracted from stool(n=10),and direct fecal smear(n=9).Compared to culture,the sensitivity of the other detection methods were 66.7%for PCR from culture and 19.4%for both PCR from stool and direct fecal smear.Specificity of the methods was high,with PCR from culture and direct fecal smear having97.3%,while PCR from stool at 95.9%.Conclusions:In this study,in vitro culture is the best method for detecting Blastocystis sp.in human stool samples.

Hepatitis C virus in human B lymphocytes transformed by Epstein-Barr virus in vitro by in situ reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

AIM: To study persistence and replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultured in vitro. METHODS: Epstein Barr virus (EBV) was used to transform the hepatitis C virus from a HCV positive patient to permanent lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). Positive and negative HCV RNA strands of the cultured cells and growth media were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) each month. Core and NS5 proteins of HCV were further tested using immunohistochemical SP method and in situ RT-PCR. RESULTS: HCV RNA positive strands were consistently detected the cultured cells for one year. The negative-strand RNA in LCL cells and the positive-strand RNA in supernatants were observed intermittently. Immunohistochemical results medicated expression of HCV NS3 and C proteins in LCL cytoplasm mostly. The positive signal of PCR product was dark blue and mainly localized to the LCL cytoplasm. The RT-PCR signal was eliminated by overnight RNase digestion but not DNase digestion. CONCLUSION: HCV may exist and remain functional in a cultured cell line for a long period.

Stability improvement of human collagenα1(I)chain using insulin as a fusion partner

To enhance the stability of recombinant human collagen α1(I) chains(rhCOL1 A1) in production and purification stages, a gene fragment fusing COL1 A1 and insulin protein coding domains was synthesized and inserted into the pPIC9 K expression vector. The fusion peptide-expressing Pichia pastoris strain was created by transformation.After optimization of shake flask cultures, the ultimate intracellular expression level of the insulin-collagen α1(I) chain fusion protein(INS-COL1 A1) reached about 300 mg·L^(-1), and no obvious protein degradation was found in the fermentation and purification processes. The His-tagged recombinant fusion protein was detected by western blotting and was effectively purified using Ni^(2+)-chelating chromatography. A prominent improvement in the stability of INS-COL1 A1 was observed compared to rhCOL1 A1 in vitro, and the rhCOL1 A1 released from the fusion protein was studied by LC–MS/MS and in bioassays. The results showed that the purified rhCOL1 A1 was consistent with the native protein in amino acid composition and had a similar biological compatibility. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the use of insulin as a fusion protein to improve the stability of easily degradable proteins.

Antioxidant Effect of Human Selenium-containing Single-chain Fv in Rat Cardiac Myocytes

Reactive oxygen species（ROS） plays a key role in human heart diseases. Glutathione peroxidase（GPX） functions as an antioxidant as it catalyzes the reduction of hydroperoxide. In order to investigate the antioxidant effect of human selenium-containing single-chain Fv（Se-scFv-B3）, a new mimic of GPX, a model system of hydrogen peroxide（H202）-induced rat cardiac myocyte damage was established. The cardiac myocyte damage was characte- rized in terms of cell viability, lipid peroxidation, cell membrane integrity, and intracellular H202 level. The Se-scFv-B3 significantly reduced H2O2-induced cell damage as shown by the increase of cell viability, the decline of malondialdehyde（MDA） production, lactate dehydrogenase（LDH） release, and intracellular H2O2 level. So Se-scFv-B3 may have a great potential in the treatment of human heart diseases induced by ROS.

Detection of Human Parvovirus B19 Nonstrutural Protein DNA by Nested-Polymerase Chain Reaction in Gravida Serum and Pregnant Tissues

A new nested-polymerase chain reaction （nested-PCR） assay was developed to detect human parvovirus B19 DNA corresponding to the nonstructural protein in clinical specimens in a routine diagnostic laboratory. The sensitivity of this highly specific assay was up to 0. 005 fg of B19 DNA. Parvovirus B19 was identified in sera of 20 pregnant women with abnormal pregnant outcome. Among these 20 cases, intrauterine parvovirus infection did exist in 7 pregnant women because parvovirus B19 DNA was detected in the pregnant tissues of them such as placenta tissues, chorionic villi, amniotic fluid, fetal spleen, liver and abdominal fluids.

Detection of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Oral Cancer Tissue Using Polymerase Chain Reaction

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 25 specimens from 22 patients with oral carcinomas were examined by 6 selected primers of human papillomavirus (HPV). Eighteen of the 22 patients (18/22) gave positive reaction with a positive rate of 81.8%. The positive rates of HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 were 27.3%, 18.2%, 63.6% and 40.9% respectively. 13.6% positive for mixed infection of HPV 16 and 18 (3/22) and 18.2% positive for mixed infection of HPV, 6, 11, 16 and 18 (4/22). Examining enlarged cervical lymph nodes in three cases with suspecting metastases to cervical lymph nodes from oral carcinomas. It revealed HPV DNA 16 and 18 in two cases and HPV DNA 18 in one case. These results suggested that there was a tendency for HPV 16 and 18 to metastasinze via lymphatics. Only one case of the three had a pathologic diagnosis of lymph node metastasis. Of the 30 non tumor controls, HPV DNA positivity was 10%, all being HPV 18. χ 2 test gave a P<0.005. It strongly indicated that HPV 16 and 18 were related to oral carcinomas.

Cloning, sequencing and analyzing of the heavy chain V region genes of human polyreactive antibodies

The heavy chain variable region genes of 5 human polyreactive mAbs generated in our laboratory have been cloned and sequenced using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. We found that 2 and 3 mAbs utilized genes of the VHIV and VHIII families, respectively. The former 2 VH segments were in germline configuration. A common VH segment, with the best similarity of 90.1 % to the published VHIII germline genes, was utilized by 2 different rearranged genes encoding the V regions of other 3 mAbs. This strongly suggests that the common VH segment is a unmutated copy of an unidentified germline VHIII gene. All these polyreactive mAbs displayed a large NDN region (VH-D-JH junction). The entire H chain V regions of these polyreactive mAbs are unusually basic. The analysis of the charge properties of these mAbs as well as those of other poly- and mono- reactive mAbs from literatures prompts us to propose that the charged amino acids with a particular distribution along the H chain V region,especially the binding sites (CDRs), may be an important structural feature involved in antibody polyreactivity.

Research on Human Resource Accounting Based on Value Chain

The requirements of management practice make the research of human resource accounting popular. But the difficulty of calculation hinders the implementation of human resource accounting. The paper selects observes the crossing field of management and economics, human resource accounting based on value chain. The paper explains that the present human resource accounting measurement should be innovated, and proposes that the human capital can be divided into general human capital and critical human capital according to the role on value chain, and makes color measurement.

布鲁菌IgM/IgG抗体检测试剂性能评估技术审评关注点

从技术审评的角度,简述布鲁菌IgM/IgG抗体检测试剂注册申报资料中产品风险管理、原材料的研究、企业参考品的设置、生产工艺及反应体系的研究、分析性能评估及阳性判断值确定等章节的关注点,包括研究方法及质量控制要求等,以便提高产品研发效率,推动行业发展。

DETECTION OF HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6(HHV-6) DNA IN SALIVARY GLANDS BY THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

To assess the presence of HHV-6-Specific DNA in human salivary glands, eighteen specimens of salivary gland tissue were investigated using the polymerase chain reaction. Eight of nine parotid glands, five of seven submandibular glands and one of two sublingual glands were found to have amplification of the HHV-6-specific sequence. The findings suggest that salivary gland tissue is one of the potential sites for HHV-6 persistence following primary infection and that saliva is a vehicle for transmission of the virus.

Multi-Compartment SCFA Quantification in Human

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) play an important role in human biochemistry. They originate primarily from the digestive system through carbohydrates microbial fermentation. Most SCFA produced in the colon are absorbed by the intestinal wall and enter the bloodstream to be distributed throughout the body for multiple purposes. At the intestinal level, SCFA play a role in controlling fat storage and fatty acid metabolism. The effects of these beneficial compounds therefore concern overall health. They facilitate energy expenditure and are valuable allies in the fight against obesity and diabetes. SCFA are also involved in the regulation of the levels of several neurotransmitters such as GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), glutamate, serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Their role is also highlighted in many inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Parkinson’s disease (PD). To have a realistic picture of the distribution of SCFA in different biological compartments of the human body, we propose to study SCFA simultaneously in five human biological samples: feces, saliva, serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in Dried Blood Spot (DBS). To evaluate their concentration and repeatability, we used 10 aliquots from pooled samples, analyzed by 3-nitrophenylhydrazine (3-NPH) derivation and liquid chromatography coupled with high sensitivity mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ-MS). We also evaluated the SCFA assay on Dried Blood Spot (DBS). In this work, we adapted the pre-analytical parts for each sample to be able to use a common calibration curve, thus facilitating multi-assay quantification studies and so being less time-consuming. Moreover, we proposed new daughter ions from the same neutral loss (43 Da) to quantify SCFAs, thus improving the sensitivity. In conclusion, our methodology, based on a unique calibration curve for all samples for each SCFA, is well-suited to quantified them in a clinical context.

登革热病毒快速检测NS1抗原和IgG/IgM抗体的临床应用评价

目的采用胶体金免疫层析法(GICA)检测登革热病毒(DENV)NS1抗原和/或IgG/IgM抗体,初步评价其临床应用效果。方法将2633例经聚合酶链反应(PCR)-荧光探针法检测DENV核酸的血清样本分为3组:Ⅰ组为948例样本,用GICA检测NS1抗原;Ⅱ组为1156例样本,用GICA检测IgG/IgM抗体;Ⅲ组为529例样本,用GICA同时检测NS1抗原和IgG/IgM抗体。另5例流行性出血热抗体阳性样本、4例风疹/麻疹抗体阳性样本和50名健康人群样本为Ⅳ组,用GICA检测NS1抗原和IgG/IgM抗体。结果Ⅰ组结果与PCR结果相比,阳性、阴性、总体符合率分别为89.09%、92.41%、89.87%(P<0.01);Ⅱ组结果与PCR结果相比,阳性、阴性、总体符合率分别为64.68%、66.41%、64.88%(P<0.01);Ⅲ组结果与PCR结果相比,阳性、阴性、总体符合率分别为93.56%、61.82%、86.96%(P>0.05),Ⅲ组中有419例样本经PCR检测结果为阳性,NS1抗原阳性率为85.20%,IgG/IgM抗体阳性率为63.25%,NS1抗原和/或IgG/IgM抗体阳性符合率为93.57%;Ⅳ组结果均为阴性,特异性为100%。结论GICA对NS1抗原和IgG/IgM抗体的联合检测结果与PCR检测结果较接近,且特异性良好,可用于DENV感染的早期辅助诊断和筛查。

中华鳖免疫球蛋白的理化特性——中华鳖IgM对2-巯基乙醇敏感性、与人IgM的同源性及其相对分子质量的研究

凝集法发现 ,当鳖抗嗜水气单胞菌的血清与 2 -巯基乙醇一起孵育后 ,再与嗜水气单胞菌反应 ,无凝集现象 ,说明鳖免疫球蛋白对 2 -巯基乙醇敏感。用交叉免疫扩散法 ,发现鳖 Ig M与羊抗人 Ig M血清无沉淀反应 ,只与兔抗鳖 Ig M血清出现沉淀反应 ,而人 Ig M只与羊抗人 Ig M血清发生沉淀反应 ,不与兔抗鳖 Ig M血清反应 ,这些表明鳖 Ig M与人 Ig M之间无免疫同源性。用 SDS- PAGE电泳检测到中华鳖免疫球蛋白的相对分子质量约为 8.7× 10 5,重链约为 6 .3× 10 4 ,轻链约为 2 .2× 10

人IgMμ链恒定区各肽段的基因合成原核表达及免疫原性分析

目的全基因合成并原核表达免疫球蛋白M的重链(IgMμ链)及其各肽段,与天然的IgM、IgMμ链和IgG进行免疫原性的分析比较,进一步了解IgMμ链恒定区的结构与功能。方法根据GenBank数据库IgMμ链恒定区(CH1-CH4)的cDNA序列并进行必要的大肠杆菌密码子优化,利用重叠延伸PCR(OE-PCR)体外基因合成人IgMμ链恒定区全长(CH1-CH4)及其截断片段CH1-CH2和CH3-CH4。原核表达并纯化相应的3种融合蛋白PET32a-rMμCH1-CH4、PET32a-rMμCH1-CH2和PET32a-rMμCH3-CH4,并分别免疫BALB/c小鼠。同时设天然人IgM、IgMμ链和IgG免疫组为对照。再用ELISA法检测6种血清,分析比较其抗原性及免疫原性。结果利用OE-PCR方法体外成功合成1 359 bp的IgMμ链(CH1-CH4)全长基因、651 bp的IgMμ链CH1CH2和708 bp的IgMμ链CH3CH4,并构建相应原核表达质粒PET32a-rMμ1-4、PET32a-rMμ1-2和PET32a-rMμ3-4,血清ELISA检测结果显示:①IgG免疫原性>IgM>IgMμ链>rMμ1-4>rMμ1-2>rMμ3-4;②IgM免疫的血清与IgG有较强的交叉反应性,IgG免疫的血清与IgM也存在较强的交叉反应性;IgMμ链和重组μ链的各肽段免疫的血清与IgG均无明显的交叉反应性。结论重组的IgMμ链及其各肽段与天然IgMμ链有着相似的免疫原性和特异性,为基因工程得到抗人IgMμ链单克隆抗体奠定了研究基础。

鼠源性抗人IgMμ链单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

目的 :建立能稳定分泌高效价抗人 Ig Mμ链单克隆抗体的细胞株 ,收获并纯化抗体用于进一步研究。方法 :小鼠免疫脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞用 PEG融合 ,小鼠体内诱生腹水的方法收获大量单克隆抗体 ,辛酸硫酸铵提纯 ,并鉴定其纯度。结果 :获得 3个稳定分泌抗体的细胞株 M1、M2、M3,鉴定其亚类分别为 Ig G3、Ig G2 a、Ig G1;腹水抗体纯化后获得纯化抗体含量分别为 0 .36 mg/ ml、0 .2 8mg/ ml、3.71mg/ ml。结论 :用 PEG进行细胞融合 。

抗人IgG和抗人IgM单克隆抗体的特性鉴定及应用

目的:制备特异性高的抗人Ig G和抗人Ig M单克隆抗体,并应用于临床血清学检测试剂盒,为其提供优质的二抗。方法:以人Ig G和Ig M为抗原,免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过传统杂交瘤融合和筛选技术制备抗人Ig G和抗人Ig M单克隆抗体;经体内诱生法制备腹水并纯化;采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)和Western印迹进行交叉筛选和特异性鉴定,并对筛选出的单抗进行辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记,再与市售的检测病原微生物抗体试剂盒中对应的HRP标记的二抗(抗人Ig G和抗人Ig M)做对比分析。结果:筛选到2株可稳定分泌抗人Ig G单抗和2株抗人Ig M单抗,经交叉反应、Western印迹及对比实验分析,证明这4株单抗效价高、特异性好,比临床试剂盒中的酶标二抗特异性强、敏感度高。结论:获得4株特异性强、敏感度高的抗人Ig G和抗人Ig M单克隆抗体,可为各种病原微生物血清学的检测提供二抗试剂,具有良好的应用价值。

人巨细胞病毒IgM抗体国家参考品的研制

目的为了对人巨细胞病毒(Human cytomegalovirus,HCMV)IgM抗体检测试剂进行统一评价,研制HCMVIgM抗体国家参考品,用于控制试剂盒的质量。方法收集正常人与感染者的标本,采用多实验室联合标定的方法确认参考品的试验结果,并经一系列的破坏条件进行稳定性和均匀性考核。结果考核的敏感性和准确性符合国家参考品的要求。结论该参考品能用于临床检测试剂的质量控制。

鸡免疫球蛋白MFc(IgMFc)重链的分离纯化及其抗血清的制备

经硫酸铵盐析沉淀并经 DEAE_(32)—纤维素枉色谱分离粗制 IgM,再经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)进一步分离纯化鸡血清 IgM。然后用木瓜蛋白酶水解IgM,经 DEAE_(32)—纤维素柱色谱纯化 IgMFc 重链,再用 IgMFc 重链免疫家兔制取兔抗鸡 IgMFc 重链抗血清。