China's Industrial Upgrade and Human Capital Improvement

Based on statistics, this paper reviews China＇s economic growth and industrial upgrade since the reform and opening up in 1978 and estimates the contribution of industrial restructuring to economic growth. With the years of schooling as the proxy variable of human capital, this paper describes changes in China＇s labor competence during the industrial restructuring process. Then, this paper estimates China＇s future human capital demand and shortage based on economic and demographic forecast. Lastly, this paper proposes recommendations for improving human capital in China with skills development and education.

Selective Technology Importation and the Convergence in the Late Qing Dynasty: Evidence from Wired Telegraph

Using the adoption and expansion of wired telegraph in China during the late 19^(th) century,this paper investigates the effect of cost reductions for knowledge exchange on China’s industrial growth before the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression(1931-1945),thus testing Baldwin’s theory of“the Great Convergence”in which developing countries are empowered by information and communication technologies.Based on panel data of 1858-1937,we found that wired telegraph access had a significantly positive effect,as well as a long-term growth effect,on the entry of industrial enterprises.Our mechanism analysis indicates that wired telegraph access accelerated early-stage industrialization in localities by encouraging market integration,human capital accumulation,and auxiliary commercial organizations.Only a few countries firmly asserted their telegraph sovereignty and set up their own workforce educational system during telegraph adoption.This explains why the Great Convergence arising from technology importation only occurred in a small number of countries.Our findings contribute to understanding the source of China’s modern industrial progress,as well as why global inequities remain.

The Impact of the Digital Economy on Rural Residents’Working Hours:Mechanisms and Empirical Evidence

The rapid development of the digital economy has provided a new impetus for rural residents to extend their working hours.Based on the data collected by the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey(CLDS)in 2014,2016,and 2018,this paper measured the development level of the digital economy in China from the perspectives of internet development and digital financial inclusion,and tested the mechanisms of how the digital economy affected rural residents’working hours.The results showed that the digital economy extended rural residents’working hours by expanding information channels and enhancing human capital,and this mechanism was affected by heterogeneity in rural residents’educational background,age,and social capital.Building on these findings,this paper holds that to increase rural residents’income by extending their working hours and achieving common prosperity for all,it is necessary to expand the opportunities for rural residents to participate in skills training and promote their accumulation of human capital.

Health and Economic Impacts of Air Pollution in China: A Comparison of the General Equilibrium Approach and Human Capital Approach

In China, combustion of fossil fuels and biomass has produced serious air pollution that does harm to human health. Based on dose-response relationships derived from epidemiological studies, the authors calculated the number of deaths and people with health problems which were thought to be attributable to China＇s air pollution in the year of 2000. In order to estimate the corresponding economic impacts from the national point of view, the general equilibrium approach was selected as an analysis tool for this study. A computable general equilibrium （CGE） model was constructed involving 39 sectors and 32 commodities. The human capital approach （HCA） was also used for comparison. The economic burden of disease for people estimated by HCA was equivalent to 1.26‰ （ranging from 0.44‰ to 1.84‰） of China＇s gross domestic product （GDP）. China＇s GDP loss estimated by the general equilibrium approach reached 0.38‰ （ranging from 0.16‰ to 0.51‰）. The difference between the two approaches and the implications of the results were discussed.

Status and path of intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China:A human capital investment perspective

This paper focused on the intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China by estimating the intergenerational transmission of earnings and stated its mechanism from the perspective of human capital investment before children participated in the labor market.The data used in this study were longitude data collected in 2000 households of 100 villages among 25 counties across five provinces in 2005,2008,2012,2016,and 2019.Qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted.We found a significant intergenerational transmission of earnings in rural China,especially for the pairs of father–children and parents–children.The intergenerational earnings'elasticities were much less than those in urban areas,which indicated better social mobility in rural areas than that in urban China.The children with parents who could earn much were more likely to be invested before they participated in the labor market,gain a high education and have more skills.Three cases further showed that the mechanism of human capital investment in children breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty and promoting social mobility.

Natural resource dependence, public education investment,and human capital accumulation

This paper examines the relationships between natural resource dependence, public education investment, and human capital accumulation. It addresses why the “blessing” of abundant natural resources often turns into a “curse” in many countries and regions, focusing on the crowding-out effect of natural resources on human capital. According to our empirical analysis of provincial panel data from China, natural resource dependence is significantly and negatively correlated with human capital accumulation. The crowding-out effect of natural resources on human capital exists only in the central and western regions of China. Our introduction of an interaction term for natural resource dependence and public education investment underscores the possibility of investing in public education to reduce the crowding-out effect of natural resource dependence on human capital. The government should utilize the income of the natural resource sector to increase investment in education to enhance local human capital.

The effect of human capital on energy consumption:Evidence from an extended version of STIRPAT framework

Human capital is an important aspect of energy consumption,exerting crucial effects on economic growth,technological progress,and economic restructuring.This paper presents an in-depth investigation of the effect of human capital on energy consumption using an extended version of the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence,and Technology framework.The estimated results using a panel dataset covering China’s 30 provincial regions during the period 1997-2018 and applying fixed effects with instrumental variables and the generalized method of moments indicated that an increase in human capital significantly drove energy consumption.A 1%increase in human capital increased energy consumption by approximately 0.3%.A two-step channel analysis to test scale,technical,and structural effects revealed that the positive effect of human capital on energy consumption is based primarily on the scale effect.However,highly educated human capital alleviates the energy pressure of this effect.In contrast to the scale effect,both the technical and structural effects of human capital reduced energy consumption,and this reduction is primarily correlated with enterprises’utility-oriented technological progress.Finally,we present strategic energy control policy implications related to human capital.

Investments in Human Capital： Elements of Investments, Their Valuation, and the Related Financial Performance Ratios

Investments in human capital （employees） include investments in the direct assurance of working abilities, investments in health and well-being, and investments in loyalty to the company. These investments are crucial for the long-term existence and development of a company, but their value is not disclosed on the assets side of the classical balance sheet. The most important argument of the mentioned approach＇s promoters is that the economic benefits stemming from such investments are uncertain. However, investments in human capital are those with the highest long-term benefits for the company. Therefore, human capital is the only element of the business process that can add value. Other elements （equipment, materials, and services） just transfer their value to products and services. In this paper, the elements of investments in human capital and the methods used to evaluate these investments are addressed. In addition, uniquely shaped financial performance ratios related to investments in human capital are presented along with the system of integrated ratios.

An Analysis of Governance in Chinese High-Tech Enterprises from Specific Human Capital Perspective

The effect of specific human capital on governance was analyzed,and a governance frame was proposed based on specific human capital for high-tech enterprises.The frame takes residual rights of claimant and residual rights of control as core,including the factors of institutional environment and bargaining power.One of the important contexts of Chinese enterprises governance is ownership structure,which means that local government plays an important role in the governance.Meanwhile,the level of market development in China is low,which has an effect on corporate governance.The model of capital gains and status of human capital is explored,and it shows that all of the residual claims belonging to shareholder is only an exceptional case,and the internal factors influencing the residual claim allocation proportion of stakeholders are the scarcity in the capital market and risks born by them.Furthermore,two cases are discussed in detail to study the governance in Chinese high-tech enterprises.

Study on Human Capital Valve Quantity Model and Investment Featuers

In this paper, human capital is considered a kind of goods in terms of investment. Basic consumption and profit margin are the two important components of human capital goods value. Compared with that of the material capital, the human capital consumption has the following features. The importance of human capital investment determined by the supply-demand mechanism, is growing gradually; The course of investment and return takes a long period of time; Human capital is characterized by strong technicality and weak negotiability; The investment profit margin is changeable and discriminating.

A Model of Optimal Allocations of Physical Capital and Human Capital in Three Sectors

The paper develops an endogenous economic growth model about allcation of physical and human capital in three sectors. Optimal allocation of physical capital and human capital in three sectors is derived, the fraction of physical and human capital in each sector is positively related. The balanced values and the growth rates at steady state are given under certain conditions. Finally relations between the fractions of human capital and parameters are analyzed elaborately.

On The Research of Foreign and Domestic Human Capital Theory

Human Capital Theory came into being in the middle and later periods of the 20th century. A lot of achievements have been made on the research in its connotation, measures of the value, investment and income, function mechanism and so on, by foreign scholars. In recent 10 years of the new Millennium alternation, the "steal business effect" and the structure of human capital on the mechanism of economic rise has become the two emphasis in current foreign Human Capital Theory’s research. On the basis of foreign researches and Chinese situations, domestic scholars have enriched and developed it, but there are many disparities in its methods, aspects and levels between foreign and domestic researches.

Human Capital Investment and an Analysis of Its Progressive Profit

Skilled labor force cultivated through putting in funds and time in their education are undoubtedly essential in the operation of sophisticated machines in production, but it is so also in the creation of new ideas and methods in production and other economic activities, and ultimately in the promotion of the progressive increase of material capital. Thus strengthening the investment of human capital and enriching the stock of human capital is of primary importance, especially for China, in the 21st century.

Investment Problems of China Rural Human Capital

The rural human capital refers to the condensation of the physical body, knowledge, skills, and all the abilities that can improve the capacity of the rural labor productivity. The ability is a form of human capital stock and it plays an important role in China＇s development of rural economy and society, but at present the situation of investment in human capital in rural areas is not optimistic. A lot of problems need to be solved such as the inadequate total investment and the irrational structure, as to these issues, strategies and recommendations were proposed in order to strengthen the human capital investment.

How to Evaluate Human Capital？

A company is usually founded by individuals striving to achieve their own or broader goals. Goal achievement related to a company＇s operations is called business or the business process. Human capital （man＇s work, employees） is an important element of the business process, however its value is not disclosed on the assets side of the classical balance sheet. In order to shown assets, human capital has to be evaluated. Evaluation can be made in monetary or non-monetary terms. Non-monetary models for evaluating human capital include organisational and behavioural variables. These variables are not expressed in monetary terms, however, based on changes in their quality, one can assume the increased or decreased value of human capital within the company. The value of non-monetary models should not be underestimated, however monetary models are of greater importance. In this article, the most significant non-monetary and monetary models of human capital evaluation are discussed. Among non-monetary models the Michigan, Flamholz, and Ogan models are discussed. Among monetary models the replacement costs model, the opportunity costs model, the discounted wages and salaries model, and originally created dynamic model are discussed. A descriptive approach is used to identify the basic characteristics of existing models for evaluating human capital. According to these findings a different approach is taken in developing an original model. Dynamic model can efficiently overcome most of the practical problems and can be used as an appropriate estimator of human capital value expressed in monetary terms. The research limitations are that the dynamic model has not been sufficiently verified in practice. The model could prove to be directly applicable in those enterprises that would like to define the value of their human capital.

Impact of regional human capital and urban sprawl on forest——based on a forest conservation model

Metropolitan cities in China have become a major economic hubs with an unprecedented increase of land use and decline of environmental resources. Based on a simple and abstract forest conservation model, this paper attempts to explain changes of forest resources caused by urban sprawl. Through the research, it is found that high level of regional human capital is beneficial to curb urban sprawl. In this vein the model presents the urban forest conservation cost strategy at the Nash equilibrium of varied discount factor and parameter control.

Leadership,Knowledge Management,and Human Capital Development

This research highlights the need to develop a framework for leadership,human capital development,and knowledge management by reviewing existing literature in the field of research.The main aim of this research is to propose a model which supports the relationship between leadership(servant leadership,transformational leadership)and human capital development.The study also proposes that knowledge management(knowledge sharing,knowledge acquisition)will moderate the relationship between leadership(servant leadership,transformational leadership)and human capital development.A set of propositions that represent an empirically-driven research agenda,and also describe the relationships between the focal variables are presented to enhance audience’s understanding within a business context.

Human Capital Advanced Investment and Its Effects on Economic Growth

This paper created the Human Capital Relatively Advanced Investment(HCRAI)index to compare human capital investment in China and other countries.The HCRAI comprises life expectancy and average length of schooling adjusted for GDP per capita to measure the degree to which a country has invested in human capital in the early stage.Our study found that in 2014,China ranked much higher on the HCRAI index than on GDP per capita.The fact that China was far ahead of the United States on the HCRAI ranking suggests that China had invested more in human capital.Since the 1970s,China’s HCRAI ranking has experienced an inverted U-shaped curve,increasing at first and ranking first in the world in 1980 before declining in a later stage.That is to say,China has invested somewhat less on human capital in relative terms in the post-reform era.International data comparison showed that the HCRAI index may largely explain a country’s long-term economic growth rate,justifying the continuity in China’s six-decade development before and after reform and opening up in 1978.By replacing the existing absolute indicators with relative indicators,this paper measures the level of human care in China,reflecting the concept of fairness.The international comparison and long-term evolution of the HCRAI index offer a new perspective for the new normal of China’s economy and supply-side structural reforms.China’s declining HCRAI ranking over the past three decades indicates the importance of a more inclusive and sustainable development path that puts human first.

Premature Boarding and Human Capital Accumulation for Rural Pupils: Evidence from School Consolidations

From 2001 to 2012,many local governments in China closed down village teaching sites for primary school students in the first and second grades,consolidating them into larger township schools more distant from village students’homes.School closure and consolidation are particularly striking in China’s central and western regions,where swathes of rural labor migrated to cities for jobs.As a result,numerous primary school pupils are forced to study at boarding schools in the first and second grades,which is considered as too early for pupils to live without parental care.This paper employs survey data from 137 township schools with boarding qualifications collected by a project team consisting of researchers from the China Institute for Educational Finance Research(CIEFR)of Peking University,the Institute of Population and Labor Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(IPLE-CASS)and the Capital University of Economics and Business(CUEB).By matching the home-school distance with village teaching site information as the proxy variable for the school consolidation policy,this paper evaluates the policy's impact on the likelyhood of premature boarding for primary school pupils,as well as the impact on their human capital accumulation.Our study finds that the creation of teaching sites makes it less likely for primary school pupils to board at school.Premature boarding impedes children’s human capital accumulation,and the harmful effect is particularly striking for children lacking pastoral teachers,raised by grandparents and from families above average income levels,as well as girls.

Leader＇s Human Capital as an Alternative for Relational Leadership

The current research attempts to revitalize contingency leadership theory. Instead of focusing on subordinate attributes as a substitute for leadership theory, this study examines leader＇s human capital attributes as a leadership contingency variable. This paper offers a fresh perspective to contingency leadership literature by exploring a new set of variables. Addressing leader-member exchange （LMX） rather than the conventional focus on leader＇s behaviors, this study examines previously untested contingency variables. Using a matched sample of leaders and employees from Portuguese firms, this study examines leader＇s education and leader＇s organizational tenure as alternatives for LMX with assessed job performance and organizational citizenship as dependent variables. Testing new independent variables sheds additional light on contingency approaches to leadership; as a result, this paper improves the current state of research on contingency leadership. Results seem to indicate that leader＇s education is an alternative for LMX as well as suggesting that the leader＇s organizational tenure improves LMX. This paper proposes that research focusing on the substitute for leadership may need to examine a different set of variables to determine the viability of contingency approaches to leadership.