To the Editor: Since avian influenza A(H7N9) was first identified in Shanghai, China, in March 2013, there have been a total of five epidemics. These have amounted to 1564 laboratory-confirmed cases up to September 20...To the Editor: Since avian influenza A(H7N9) was first identified in Shanghai, China, in March 2013, there have been a total of five epidemics. These have amounted to 1564 laboratory-confirmed cases up to September 2017, with a fatality rate of about 40%.[1] In the fifth wave, 4.09% of cases (31/758) were infected with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N9). This indicated that the pathotype of the A(H7N9) had switched from low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) to HPAI.展开更多
The H7 N9 viruses that emerged in China in 2013 were nonpathogenic in chickens but mutated to a highly pathogenic form in early 2017 and caused severe disease outbreaks in chickens. The H7 N9 influenza viruses have ca...The H7 N9 viruses that emerged in China in 2013 were nonpathogenic in chickens but mutated to a highly pathogenic form in early 2017 and caused severe disease outbreaks in chickens. The H7 N9 influenza viruses have caused five waves of human infection, with almost half of the total number of human cases(766 of 1,567) being reported in the fifth wave, raising concerns that even more human infections could occur in the sixth wave. In September 2017, an H5/H7 bivalent inactivated vaccine for chickens was introduced, and the H7 N9 virus isolation rate in poultry dropped by 93.3% after vaccination. More importantly,only three H7 N9 human cases were reported between October 1, 2017 and September 30, 2018, indicating that vaccination of poultry successfully eliminated human infection with H7 N9 virus. These facts emphasize that active control of animal disease is extremely important for zoonosis control and human health protection.展开更多
Background:H7N9 continues to cause human infections and remains a pandemic concern.Understanding the economic impacts of this novel disease is important for making decisions on health resource allocation,including inf...Background:H7N9 continues to cause human infections and remains a pandemic concern.Understanding the economic impacts of this novel disease is important for making decisions on health resource allocation,including infectious disease prevention and control investment.However,there are limited data on such impacts.Methods:Hospitalized laboratory-confirmed H7N9 patients or their families in Jiangsu Province of China were interviewed.Patients’direct medical costs of hospitalization were derived from their hospital bills.A generalized linear model was employed to estimate the mean direct medical costs of patients with different characteristics.Results:The mean direct cost of hospitalization for H7N9 was estimated to be¥71060(95%CI,48180–104820),i.e.,US$10996(95%CI,7455–16220),and was¥12060(US$1861),¥136120(US$21001)and¥218610(US$33728)for those who had mild or severe symptoms or who died,respectively.The principal components of the total fees differed among patients with different disease severity,although medication fees were always the largest contributors.Disease severity,proportion of reimbursement and family member monthly average income were identified as the key factors that contributed to a patient’s direct medical cost of hospitalization.Conclusions:The direct medical costs of hospitalized patients with H7N9 are significant,and far surpass the annual per capita income of Jiangsu Province,China.The influencing factors identified should be taken into account when developing related health insurance policies and making health resource allocation.Trial registration:Not applicable.This is a survey study with no health care intervention implemented on human participants.展开更多
The epidemic of H7N9 bird flu in eastern China in early 2013 has caused much attention from researchers as well as public health workers.The issue on modeling the transmission risks is very interesting topic.In this a...The epidemic of H7N9 bird flu in eastern China in early 2013 has caused much attention from researchers as well as public health workers.The issue on modeling the transmission risks is very interesting topic.In this article,this issue is debated and discussed in order to promote further researches on prediction and prevention of avian influenza viruses supported by better interdisciplinary datasets from the surveillance and response system.展开更多
文摘To the Editor: Since avian influenza A(H7N9) was first identified in Shanghai, China, in March 2013, there have been a total of five epidemics. These have amounted to 1564 laboratory-confirmed cases up to September 2017, with a fatality rate of about 40%.[1] In the fifth wave, 4.09% of cases (31/758) were infected with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N9). This indicated that the pathotype of the A(H7N9) had switched from low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) to HPAI.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0500201, 2016YFD0500203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31521005)+1 种基金the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-41-G12)the US NIH CEIRS contract HHSN272201400004C
文摘The H7 N9 viruses that emerged in China in 2013 were nonpathogenic in chickens but mutated to a highly pathogenic form in early 2017 and caused severe disease outbreaks in chickens. The H7 N9 influenza viruses have caused five waves of human infection, with almost half of the total number of human cases(766 of 1,567) being reported in the fifth wave, raising concerns that even more human infections could occur in the sixth wave. In September 2017, an H5/H7 bivalent inactivated vaccine for chickens was introduced, and the H7 N9 virus isolation rate in poultry dropped by 93.3% after vaccination. More importantly,only three H7 N9 human cases were reported between October 1, 2017 and September 30, 2018, indicating that vaccination of poultry successfully eliminated human infection with H7 N9 virus. These facts emphasize that active control of animal disease is extremely important for zoonosis control and human health protection.
基金X H,F T,X Q,M Z and C B were supported by Jiangsu Province Science&Technology Demonstration Project for Emerging Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention(grant number BE2015714)C.B.was supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 81373055)+2 种基金Jiangsu Province Science and Technology Support Pro-gram(social development,grant number BE2012769)the 10th Summit of Six Top Talents of Jiangsu Province(grant number WS-2013-061)Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology Program(14495810301).
文摘Background:H7N9 continues to cause human infections and remains a pandemic concern.Understanding the economic impacts of this novel disease is important for making decisions on health resource allocation,including infectious disease prevention and control investment.However,there are limited data on such impacts.Methods:Hospitalized laboratory-confirmed H7N9 patients or their families in Jiangsu Province of China were interviewed.Patients’direct medical costs of hospitalization were derived from their hospital bills.A generalized linear model was employed to estimate the mean direct medical costs of patients with different characteristics.Results:The mean direct cost of hospitalization for H7N9 was estimated to be¥71060(95%CI,48180–104820),i.e.,US$10996(95%CI,7455–16220),and was¥12060(US$1861),¥136120(US$21001)and¥218610(US$33728)for those who had mild or severe symptoms or who died,respectively.The principal components of the total fees differed among patients with different disease severity,although medication fees were always the largest contributors.Disease severity,proportion of reimbursement and family member monthly average income were identified as the key factors that contributed to a patient’s direct medical cost of hospitalization.Conclusions:The direct medical costs of hospitalized patients with H7N9 are significant,and far surpass the annual per capita income of Jiangsu Province,China.The influencing factors identified should be taken into account when developing related health insurance policies and making health resource allocation.Trial registration:Not applicable.This is a survey study with no health care intervention implemented on human participants.
文摘The epidemic of H7N9 bird flu in eastern China in early 2013 has caused much attention from researchers as well as public health workers.The issue on modeling the transmission risks is very interesting topic.In this article,this issue is debated and discussed in order to promote further researches on prediction and prevention of avian influenza viruses supported by better interdisciplinary datasets from the surveillance and response system.
