Longitudinal changes in body weight of breastfeeding mothers in the first year after delivery and its relationship with human milk composition:a combined longitudinal and cross-sectional cohort study

Objective:Postpartum weight retention(PPWR)is a common problem among women after childbirth.The main objectives of this study are to understand the changes in body weight of breastfeeding mothers during long-term follow-up and preliminarily explore the relationship between maternal body weight and human milk composition,including macronutrients,leptin,and adiponectin.Methods:The study included a longitudinal cohort(122 mothers),and a cross-sectional cohort(37 mothers).The human milk,maternal weight,and dietary surveys were collected in the longitudinal cohort at different follow-up time points(1-14 days postpartum,2-4 months postpartum,5-7 months postpartum,and 12-17 months postpartum).The maternal body weight was analyzed using the responses in the survey questionnaires.A milk analyzer based on the mid-infrared spectroscopy(MIRS)was used to determine milk composition,and nutrition analysis software evaluated dietary intakes.In the cross-sectional cohort,participating mothers were asked to provide blood and human milk samples and pertinent information related to maternal body composition.Maternal body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA),while ELISA analyzed leptin and adiponectin in milk and serum.Results:At 5-7 months postpartum,the PPWR of breastfeeding mothers was(2.46±3.59)kg.At 12-17 months postpartum,the PPWR was(0.98±4.06)kg.PPWR was found to be negatively correlated with milk fat content within 14 days postpartum and positively correlated at 2-4 months postpartum.In addition,the maternal weight and body muscle mass were positively correlated with leptin and adiponectin in milk.Plasma leptin was positively correlated with the mother’s body weight,body mass index(BMI),FAT percentage,and body fat mass,while plasma adiponectin did not correlate with any parameter.The results also indicate that the PPWR did not correlate with leptin and adiponectin in plasma or milk.Conclusions:Breastfeeding mothers may retain considerable weight gain one year after delivery.Human milk composition may be related to changes in maternal body weight.Leptin and adiponectin in breast milk and leptin in plasma are associated with the maternal body composition.This study supports the notion that maternal nutritional status may affect offspring health through lactation,and future research should focus on exploring weight management of postpartum mothers.

Exploring hematopoietic stem cell population in human milk and its benefits for infants:A scoping review

Objective:To comprehensively explore hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs)in human milk,understanding their molecular markers,isolation methods,benefits for infants,and potential medical applications.Methods:We conducted a scoping literature review following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines.This review included studies investigating HSCs in human milk,utilizing molecular markers such as CD34^(+),CD113^(+),and CD117^(+)for characterization.Both in vitro and in vivo studies exploring the morphology,function,and clinical implications of these cells were considered.The diverse range of papers reviewed were indexed in PubMed,Science Direct,Scopus,Sage Journals,and Google Scholar,published between 2010 and 2023.Results:This scoping review explored 577 articles and selected 13 studies based on our inclusion criteria,focusing on HSCs in human milk.Most studies dilute samples prior to HSC isolation,followed by detection using markers such as CD34^(+),CD113^(+),and CD117^(+),with flow cytometry serving as the primary analysis tool,focusing on their isolation and detection methods.While no definitive benefits have been conclusively established,there is a strong belief in the potential of HSCs to positively impact infant immunity,growth,and tissue repair.Conclusions:This review presents significant evidence supporting the presence of HSCs in human milk,identified by markers such as CD34^(+),CD113^(+),and CD117^(+).These cells show considerable potential in enhancing infant health,including immunity,tissue repair,cognitive development,and gastrointestinal health.Despite methodological variations in isolation and detection techniques,the collective findings underscore the potential clinical relevance of HSCs in human milk.Moreover,this review highlights the noninvasive accessibility of human milk as a source of HSCs and emphasizes the need for further research to unlock their therapeutic potential.

The Impact of the Block Freeze Concentration Process on Human Milk Properties Intended for Feeding Newborns

Human milk is the ideal nutritional support for premature neonates. Considering the need for aggregating nutritional value to human milk provided to such vulnerable group of infants, human milk was concentrated by the block freeze concentration technique. The effects of freeze concentration on the physicochemical properties, the efficiency of the process, color parameters, and the density and dynamic viscosity of human milk were assessed. The freeze concentration technology was used to successfully concentrate human milk to a factor equal to 180.48% and 72% of total solid retention in the second stage of freeze concentration. The values observed in the concentrates for the biochemical properties showed that the fraction of concentrated fluid human milk of the second stage (C2) presented elevated amounts of carbohydrates, protein and energy. The elevated caloric value observed in the ice fraction of the first stage (I1) refers to the retention of lipids in it. When added to human milk, C2 and I1 may satisfy the special requisites of nutrients and energy to guarantee the growth and development of preterm neonates.

Application of UPLC-MS/MS Method for Analyzing B-vitamins in Human Milk

Objective To determine ten B-vitamins in human milk by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）. Methods The pretreated human milk samples were adequately separated and quantified within 11 min by UPLC-MS/MS with an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column （2.1×100 mm, 1.8 μm）. The mobile phase was a gradient of 2.5 mmol/L ammonium formate aqueous solution and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. Stable isotope internal standards were used in the analysis, to correct for the method variability, including matrix and ionization effects. The homogenized human milk samples were deproteinzed using methanol, unknown contaminants were extracted with diethyl ether and hydrophobic phase was discarded. The analytes were monitored via ESl＋ionization and detected in multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） with three acquisition functions. Results Calibration curves ranged from 0.5-160 ng/mL （thiamin, riboflavin, biotin, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal）, and 2.5-800 ng/mL （pantothenic acid, FAD and nicotinamide） （R^2=0.990-0.999）. The relative recovery ranged from 80.1% to 120.2%; accuracy was determined to be 98.3% to 108.0%. Intra-day and inter-day variation were 3.4%-19.9% and 5.9%-18.1%, respectively. The limit of quantification （LOQ） for all vitamins was between 0.25 and 3 lag/L. Conclusion This method was successfully applied for simultaneous analysis of ten B-vitamins in human milk.

The levels of osteopontin in human milk of Chinese mothers and its associations with maternal body composition

Objective:This study explored the content and change trend of osteopontin(OPN)in breast milk and analyzed the relationship between OPN in breast milk and maternal body composition.Methods:Breast-feeding mothers were recruited in Xinhua Hospital to collect breast milk and provide pertinent information.The content of OPN in breast milk was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Determination of protein content in human milk was performed via the BCA method.The maternal body composition was determined by the bioelectrical impedance method.Serum glucocorticoid receptorα,adiponectin,insulin,and leptin were determined by ELISA.SPSS 25 was used for statistical analysis.Results:In the longitudinal cohort,106 mothers provided 318 milk samples at different lactation periods.The results indicate that the OPN showed dynamic changes.OPN levels were(343.2±163.5)mg/L during 1-14 days postpartum,(228.4±121.5)mg/L during 2-4 months postpartum,and(204.8±100.6)mg/L during 5-7 months postpartum.The content of OPN was very high in the first 1-14 days postpartum and then decreased.Compared with early postpartum milk,the OPN content of mature milk showed a significant relationship with maternal weight-related parameters.Additional body composition analysis was performed in 88 women at the mature milk phase.The results show that the OPN in milk is related to the mother’s body composition,especially the content of skeletal muscle mass,but not to relevant humoral factors.Conclusions:The levels of OPN in human milk of Chinese mothers showed dynamic changes with the extension of lactation time.The OPN in human milk was related to the mother’s body composition but not related to related humoral factors.

Individual and Combined Effects of Nucleotides and Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Proliferation, Apoptosis and Necrosis in a Human Fetal Intestinal Cell Line

Nucleotides (NT) and human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) individually affect epithelial cell growth, but their combined effects had not been studied. Herein, the impact of NT and HMO on cell proliferation, apoptosis, necrosis and cell cycle in the fetal epithelial cell line (FHs-74 Int) was determined. Cells were incubated with media containing 2.5% FBS and no epidermal growth factor (Control);fucosyllactose (FL) mix [85% 2’FL/15% 3’FL], sialyllactose (SL) mix [40% 6’SL/10% 3’SL/50% sialic acid (SA)] or LNnT at 125, 250, 500 or 1000 μg/mL with and without 250 μg/mL NT (43% CMP, 18.5% UMP, 16.4% AMP, and 22.0% GMP) for 24 or 72 h. NT alone significantly increased proliferation, but did not affect cell cycle or apoptosis/necrosis. All HMO treatments at 1000 μg/mL significantly decreased proliferation and some were also inhibitory at 250 or 500 μg/mL. When NT and HMO were simultaneously added, NT ameliorated the anti-proliferative effect of HMO. FL significantly increased cells in S phase and SL and LNnT treatments significantly increased cells in G2/M and S phases, which concomitantly decreased cells in G0/G1. HMO with NT significantly decreased the percent of cells in the G2/M phase compared to HMO alone. Higher HMO doses significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cells compared to control. In conclusion, HMO reduced cell proliferation and this effect is partially ameliorated by NT. It appears that HMO initially induced apoptosis/necrosis, which was later evidenced by G2/M cell cycle arrest and decreased proliferation.

Human Milk Oligosaccharides Enhance Innate Immunity to Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza <i>in Vitro</i>

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) contribute to innate immunity by enhancing growth of beneficial bacteria, epithelial cell maturation and mucosal barrier integrity. They have immunomodulatory effects and can block pathogen binding to host cell surface glycans or receptors. We investigated the effects of 2’-fucosyllactose (2’FL), 6’-sialyllactose (6’SL), 3’-sialyllactose (3’SL) and lacto-N-neoTetraose (LNnT) on human respiratory epithelial cell lines or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following respiratory viral infectionin vitro. Expression of cytokines and viral load were monitored in infected cells. These biomarkers of innate immunity were selected since viral load and cytokine levels (IP-10, MIP-1α, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) have been correlated with disease severity in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza (IAV) virus infectionin vivo. 2’FL significantly decreased RSV viral load and cytokines associated with disease severity (IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α) and inflammation (TNF-α, MCP-1) in airway epithelial cells. LNnT and 6’SL significantly decreased IAV viral load in airway epithelial cells. 6’SL dose-dependently down-regulated IP-10 and TNF-α in RSV infected PBMCs. HMO at or below levels found in breast milk enhance innate immunity to respiratory viruses in vitro and may interact directly with cells to modulate biomarkers of innate immunity.

Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolytica

AIM:Many defense factors of the mother's colostrum or milk protect infants from intestinal, respiratory and systemic infections. In the present study, we investigated the effect of colostrum and mature human milk on E. histolytica parasites in vitro.METHODS:Samples of human milk were collected from 5 healthy lactating mothers.The medium with human milk at concentrations of 2%, 5% and 10% was obtained.RESULTS:The lethal effect of E. histolytica on the medium supplemented with different concentrations of both colostrum and mature human milk was significant during the first 30min. We also detected that the results of colostrum and mature human milk were similar. No statistically significant differences were found between same concentrations of colostrum and mature human milk at the same times.CONCLUSION:Colostrum and mature human milk have significant lethal effect on E. histolytica and protect against its infection in breast fed children.

Biological and Nutritional Aspects of Human Milk in Feeding of Preterm Infants

Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for feeding and nutrition of both term and pre-term infants. Fresh mother’s own milk is recognized as the optimal choice for feeding all newborns, including preterm and very low birth weight infants. Evidence documents short and long-term metabolic, immunologic and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding when compared to formula. Moreover, benefits of breastfeeding on psychological and relational aspects have to be considered. Currently, human milk supplementation is usually performed to meet the specific nutritional requirements of preterm infants. When mother’s milk is unavailable or in short supply, donor milk represents the best alternative, although some nutritional elements are inactivated by the necessary pasteurization process. Aim of this review is to briefly summarize the main biological and nutritional factors that contribute to the beneficial effects of human milk feeding for preterm infants.

Gut microbiota in preterm infants receiving breast milk or mixed feeding

BACKGROUND Preterm birth is the leading cause of mortality in newborns,with very-low-birthweight infants usually experiencing several complications.Breast milk is considered the gold standard of nutrition,especially for preterm infants with delayed gut colonization,because it contains beneficial microorganisms,such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria.AIM To analyze the gut microbiota of breastfed preterm infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or less.METHODS An observational study was performed on preterm infants with up to 36.6 wk of gestation and a birth weight of 1500 g or less,born at the University Hospital Dr.JoséEleuterio González at Monterrey,Mexico.A total of 40 preterm neonates were classified into breast milk feeding(BM)and mixed feeding(MF)groups(21 in the BM group and 19 in the MF group),from October 2017 to June 2019.Fecal samples were collected before they were introduced to any feeding type.After full enteral feeding was achieved,the composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Numerical variables were compared using Student’s t-test or using the Mann–Whitney U test for nonparametric variables.Dominance,evenness,equitability,Margalef’s index,Fisher’s alpha,Chao-1 index,and Shannon’s diversity index were also calculated.RESULTS No significant differences were observed at the genus level between the groups.Class comparison indicated higher counts of Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria in the initial compared to the final sample of the BM group(P<0.011).In addition,higher counts of Gammaproteobacteria were detected in the final than in the initial sample(P=0.040).According to the Margalef index,Fisher’s alpha,and Chao-1 index,a decrease in species richness from the initial to the final sample,regardless of the feeding type,was observed(P<0.050).The four predominant phyla were Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,Firmicutes,and Proteobacteria,with Proteobacteria being the most abundant.However,no significant differences were observed between the initial and final samples at the phylum level.CONCLUSION Breastfeeding is associated with a decrease in Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria and an increase of Gammaproteobacteria,contributing to the literature of the gut microbiota structure of very low-birth-weight,preterm.

Metadata Analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants in National Pools of Human Milk in Support of the Stockholm Convention Implementation

A set of human milk samples,consisting of pools from up to 50 mothers that delivered their first baby was assessed for the persistent organic pollutants(POPs)listed in the Stockholm Convention.It must be noted that only samples that qualified for the criteria,as established in the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention,following an initial protocol from the World Health Organization,were included.The data do not allow for an assessment of POP concentrations in breast milk with lactation period nor,in most cases and when not indicated otherwise,a comparison within the same country.The assessment does not rank the POPs as to the risk for breastfeeding.Rather the measurements provide a basis for countries to compare among POPs or with other countries.A regional preference for certain POPs could not be identified;thus,taking into account global food supply chains and local production elsewhere does not allow us to prioritize a country for a certain POP.Although the highest concentrations were always found for the sum of DDT,these samples were not prominent in multivariate statistical analyses.The best indicator for the scale of POPs in breast milk was the sampling year:the earlier a national pool was created,the higher and the wider spread were the concentrations:see the example of dioxin-like POPs and indicator PCB.For some POPs,the income of a country seems to indicate scale and POP compounds.The population density was not found to be a suitable predictor or discriminator.Since all POPs seemed to level off and some POPs were only measured after the entry-into-force of the Stockholm Convention in 2004,we do not have a strong indicator to determine POP concentrations in the 1980s or before.

Levels of synthetic musk fragrances in human milk from three cities in the Yangtze River Delta in Eastern China

Synthetic musks are used as additives in many household products.After absorption into the human body,they accumulate and their concentrations in human milk reflect both the mother and her infant＇s exposure level.Concentrations of four synthetic musks,musk xylene（1-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene,MX）,musk ketone（4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone,MK）,1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[γ]-2-benzopyran（HHCB） and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4tetrahydronaphthalene（AHTN）,were determined in human milk samples collected from Shanghai,Wuxi,and Shaoxing in Eastern China.The four synthetic musks were found in most samples analyzed,with HHCB the dominant component followed by MX.The median（mean） values for HHCB,AHTN,MX and MK concentrations were 63（82）,5（12）,17（24） and 4（9） ng/g lipid weight,respectively.These data suggested the total synthetic musk contamination was low,and the distribution percentage was HHCB 〉 MX 〉 AHTN ≈ MK.The relative high ratio of nitro to polycylic musk indicated that nitro musks were still widely used.The musk concentrations in these cities were not significantly different from each other（p 〉 0.05）.Principal components score plots were obtained,which showed similar exposure sources.The amount of total synthetic musks in human milk were not associated with mother＇s age,although HHCB was significantly correlated with AHTN（p 〈 0.05）.Daily ingestion of HHCB,AHTN,MX and MK for infants from human milk were estimated as（2526 ± 2926）,（370 ± 524）,（7391 ± 832）,and（277 ± 462） ng/day,respectively.Those doses were 1-2 orders of magnitude below the provisional tolerable daily intakes.

Recent advances and challenges in microbial production of human milk oligosaccharides

Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs)are one of the major differences between livestock milk and human milk,and the prebiotic functions of HMOs have been verified through in vitro and clinical trials.The most abundant HMOs include 2′-fucysollactose(2′-FL),3-fucosyllactose(3-FL),lacto-N-neotetraose(LNnT)and lacto-N-tetraose(LNT);their application and synthesis have attracted wide attentions.In recent years,the biotechnological production of 2′-FL,3-FL,LNnT and LNT have emerged based on techniques such as whole-cell catalysis and fermentation.In particular,the development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology methods and strategies have facilitated efficient biosynthesis of these HMOs.However,these advantages have not been systematically reviewed yet.In this review,we first discuss the structures and applications of HMOs;secondly,strategies of microbial synthesis of the most abundant 2′-FL,3-FL,LNnT and LNT are summarized and compared.Finally,challenges and perspectives of efficient microbial production of HMOs as well as strategies for overcoming the challenges are discussed.This review reveals the whole picture of recent development in HMOs microbial synthesis and can further facilitate the understanding of limiting factors,and further propose a few directions to promote the development of efficient production hosts.

Comparative Analysis of Hydrolytic Amino Acids in Human and Cow Milk of Different Lactation Periods

In this study,the hydrolytic amino acids of Chinese human and Holstein cow milk of different lactation periods were analyzed by the advanced isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation(iTRAQ)combined with the high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)approach.The total contents of the hydrolytic amino acids in cow colostrum,cow mature milk,human colostrum and human mature milk were 5.00,4.38,2.12 and 2.48 g·L^(-1),respectively.Among these,the contents of the hydrolytic amino acids in cow milk were higher than those in human milk,indicating a decreasing trend with the prolongation of lactation.Additionally,principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses were used to further screen the differentially expressed amino acids.These results enhanced the understanding of the hydrolytic amino acids in cow and human milk across different lactation periods,which could provide potential directions for newborn dairy powder and nutritious supplementary.

Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants(2008-2019)

Within the global monitoring plan(GMP)established by article 16 of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants,perfluorooctane sulfonic acid(PFOS),perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid(PFHxS)are recommended for analysis in core matrices to assess occurrence and changes geographically and with time.In 101 samples consisting of 86 national pools and 15 pools from States in Brazil obtained between 2008 and 2019,PFHxS was detected in 17%of the national pools and none in Brazil.PFOA and PFOS had a detection frequency of 100%and 92%,respectively.Other perfluoroalkane substances(PFAS)had either low detection frequencies and median values of zero(carboxylic acids C4-C11;except PFOA)or could not be quantified in any sample(sulfonic acids,C4-C10,and long-chain carboxylic acids,C_(12)-C_(14)).Correlation between PFOA and PFOS was moderately(r=0.58).Whereas median values were almost identical(18.9 pg/g f.w.for PFOS;18.6 pg/g f.w.for PFOA),PFOS showed larger ranges(<6.2 pg/g f.w.-212 pg/g f.w.)than PFOA(<6.2 pg/g f.w.-63.4 pg/g f.w.).It was shown that wealthier countries had higher PFOA concentrations than poorer countries.No difference in concentrations was found for samples collected in countries having or not having ratified the Stockholm Convention amendments to list PFOS or PFOA.The goal to achieve 50%decrease in concentrations within ten years was met by Antigua and Barbuda,Kenya,and Nigeria for PFOS and by Antigua and Barbuda for PFOA.In a few cases,increases were observed;one country for PFOS,four countries for PFOA.

人乳铁蛋白胶体金免疫层析检测试剂卡的研制

文章建立一种快速定量检测人乳铁蛋白的方法。该方法基于胶体金免疫层析技术,通过对标记和包被条件等工艺进行优化筛选,研制一种双抗体夹心法检测人乳中乳铁蛋白的检测试剂卡,并对该试剂卡的性能进行了评估。结果表明,空白限可低至0.014 mg/mL,与高效液相色谱法对比测试人乳的样本检测相关系数为0.92,与牛乳铁蛋白、酪蛋白和β-乳球蛋白均无交叉反应,为人乳铁蛋白的检测提供了一种快速、简便、易于操作的方法。

2'⁃岩藻糖基乳糖功能及其微生物生产菌种构建研究进展

2'⁃岩藻糖基乳糖(2'⁃fucosyllactose,2'⁃FL)在人乳寡糖中含量最高,占比可达30%。2'⁃FL能够有效促进婴儿大脑发育、提高婴儿免疫力,对青少年、成年人、老年人也大有裨益,已被广泛应用于婴幼儿配方奶粉、功能性食品饮料及医疗辅剂中。微生物合成2'⁃FL具有易实现大规模生产、可使用廉价原料作为底物等优势。目前2'⁃FL最主要的工业生产菌种为大肠杆菌,其他食品安全级菌株如酿酒酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌等也陆续被改造用来生产2'⁃FL,并已取得一定成效。该文对2'⁃FL作用于人体的机制、应用领域及2'⁃FL合成菌种构建现状等进行综述,并对未来发展趋势进行展望。

中国母乳寡糖构成特征分析

为了分析中国代表性地区健康乳母的母乳寡糖因地区、泌乳时间和血型基因型受到的影响,探究中国母乳寡糖的构成特征,采用纵向队列研究方法采集我国东西南北6个城市、109名健康母亲、3个泌乳阶段的母乳样本,利用超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱分析23种母乳寡糖的质量浓度,并对母乳血型基因型归属状态进行分析。结果表明,昆明、济南和深圳的总母乳寡糖质量浓度和总岩藻糖基中性寡糖质量浓度显著高于北京、包头和西宁,其中包头地区母乳的3-岩藻糖基乳糖(3-fucosyllactose,3-FL)、二岩藻糖基乳糖(lactodifucotetraose,LDFT)和乳糖-N-二岩藻糖基新六糖II(lacto-N-neodifucohexaose II,LNn DFH-II)质量浓度分别显著低于深圳、济南和北京;8种中性寡糖和4种酸性寡糖随泌乳时间延长呈现显著降低趋势;3-FL含量随泌乳时间延长呈现显著上升,LDFT和LNn DFH-II也随泌乳时间延长呈上升趋势,但差异不显著;2种单岩藻糖基六糖在1月龄成熟乳时质量浓度达到最高,之后持平或者略降低;以寡糖类型推测的血型基因型分型发现,各城市乳母均以Se+Le+为主,但该类型母乳中除了乳糖-N-二岩藻糖基六糖II(lacto-N-difucohexaose II,LNDFH-II)、LNDFH-I&LNn DFH-I、6’-唾液酸化乳糖和唾液酸化-乳糖-四糖c质量浓度比其他血型基因型高以外,其他18种寡糖质量浓度均低于其他血型基因型。本研究揭示了地区、泌乳阶段和乳母血型基因型造成了母乳寡糖组成和含量的差异,可为生命早期婴幼儿营养摄入中母乳寡糖的精准化提供科学理论指导。

乳源外泌体对微生物的作用

外泌体是纳米级(直径40~160 nm)的胞外囊泡,在细胞信号转导、免疫应答和抗原递呈过程中发挥作用,并存在于多种体液,包括血清、唾液、尿液、脑脊液和乳液等。乳外泌体携带蛋白质、miRNA等多种功能分子,很多与人体免疫功能相关。摄取乳液后,乳外泌体中的内容物可被人体肠道吸收,从而发挥健康作用。本文总结国内外有关乳源外泌体与微生物关系的研究报道以及本团队的研究成果,阐述外泌体的生物发生过程,主要组成成分,外泌体与病原微生物感染的关系以及乳外泌体对肠道微生物的作用,为研究乳外泌体对人体的营养和健康功效提供参考。

母乳低聚糖与婴幼儿健康关系研究进展

母乳低聚糖在促进婴幼儿生长发育上发挥重要作用,目前已报道的母乳低聚糖超过200种。文章综述了母乳低聚糖的种类与结构、对婴幼儿肠道健康的影响、免疫调节作用及促进大脑发育等相关研究成果,总结了母乳低聚糖的应用现状,展望了未来母乳低聚糖工业化生产及其应用的可能性和必要性。