Optimization of conditions for supercritical fluid extraction of flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.)

Waste hops are good sources of flavonoids. Extraction of flavonoids from waste hops (SC-CO2 extracted hops) using supercritical fluids technology was investigated. Various temperatures, pressures and concentrations of ethanol (modifier) and the ratio (w/w) of solvent to material were tested in this study. The results of single factor and orthogonal experiments showed that at 50 °C, 25 MPa, the ratio of solvent to material (50%), ethanol concentration (80%) resulted in maximum extraction yield fla- vonoids (7.8 mg/g). HPLC-MS analysis of the extracts indicated that flavonoids obtained were xanthohumol, the principal prenylflavonoid in hops.

Humulus japonicus extract alleviates oxidative stress and apoptosis in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced PC12 cells

Objective:To explore the possible neuroprotective activities of Humulus japonicus extract against Parkinson's disease(PD)in a cellular model.Methods:PD was modeled in PC12 cells using 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA).The cell activity,intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS),anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects,and other related indicators and related signaling pathways were evaluated to elucidate the neuroprotective effects of Humulus japonicus extract.Results:Humulus japonicus extract exhibited anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects in 6-OHDA-stimulated PC12 cells.It also reduced oxidative stress-induced ROS accumulation;upregulated antioxidant enzymes,such as glutathione,catalase,heme oxidase-1,and 8-oxguanine glycosylase 1;promoted cell survival by decreasing BAX and increasing Bcl-2 and sirtuin 1 expression via the MAPK and/or Nrf2 signaling pathways.Conclusions:Humulus japonicus extract has antioxidative and anti-apoptotic effects and could be developed as a promising candidate for preventing and treating oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative diseases.

System Position and Divergent Time of Based on ITS Sequence <i>Humulus scandens</i>

This article mainly studied Humulus scandens’ ITS sequence, its system position and its divergent time. ITS is 624 bp with a GC percentage content of 57.21%. It only has the variation in 585 (C changes T), systematic position in Humulus lupulus (GenBank: EF136401) and Humulus scandens (GenBank: FJ980285), Humulus lupulus (GenBank: DQ005990), with Humulus scandens (GenBank: FJ980285), Humulus lupulus (GenBank: DQ005990) has the near sibship. Humulus in Moraceae family system position between Cudrania tricuspidata and Artocarpeae, support the Cannabiodeae promotion for Cannabinaceae. The divergent time of Humulus is 70.88 mya in Moraceae, Humulus scandens and Humulus lupulus (GenBank: EF136401) is 12.78 mya, with Humulus scandens (GenBank: FJ980285), Humulus lupulus (GenBank: DQ005990) is 1.10 mya. In the Moraceae branch’s molecular systematics research, the suitable choice is to choose Humulus scandens as Moraceae’s outgroup.

Humulus lupulus L. Extract Prevents Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis in Mice and Regulates Activities of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

Objective:To systematically evaluate the protective effects of Humulus lupulus L.extract(HLE)on osteoporosis mice.Methods:In vivo experiment,a total of 3512-week-old female ICR mice were equally divided into 5 groups:the sham control group(sham);the ovariectomy with vehicle group(OVX);the OVX with estradiol valerate[EV,0.2 mg/(kg·d)];the OVX with low-or high-dose HLE groups[HLE,1 g/(kg·d)and 3 g/(kg·d)],7 in each group.Treatment began 1 week after the ovariectomized surgery and lasted for 12 weeks.Bone mass and trabecular bone mircoarchitecture were evaluated by micro computed tomography,and bone turnover markers in serum were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)kits.In vitro experiment,osteoblasts and osteoclasts were treated with HLE at doses of 0,4,20 and 100μg/mL.Biomarkers for bone formation in osteoblasts and bone resorption in osteoclasts were analyzed.Results:Compared with the OVX group,HLE exerted bone protective effects by the increase of estradiol(P<0.05),the improvement of cancellous bone structure,bone mineral density(P<0.01)and the reduction of serum alkaline phosphatase(ALP),tartrate resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP),bone gla-protein,c-terminal telopeptides of typeⅠcollagen(CTX-Ⅰ)and deoxypyridinoline levels(P<0.01 for all).In vitro experiment,compared with the control group,HLE at 20μg/mL promoted the cell proliferation(P<0.01),and increased the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and osteopontin levels in osteoblasts(both P<0.05).HLE at 100μg/mL increased the osteoblastic ALP activities,and HLE at all dose enhanced the extracellular matrix mineralization(both P<0.01).Furthermore,compared with the control group,HLE at 20μg/m L and 100μg/m L inhibited osteoclastic TRAP activity(P<0.01),and reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cathepsin K(both P<0.05).Conclusion:HLE may protect against bone loss,and have potentials in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Impact of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Humulus Lupulus L. on Sperm Quality, Reproductive Organs and Hormones in Male Rats

Objective: To investigate the impact of Humulus Lupulus L. hydroalcoholic extract on the body weights, reproductive organs, sperm quality and hormone levels in male rats. Methods: By simple random sampling method, seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 7 groups including control group [distilled water, 1 mL/(kg·d)], Tween 80 group [25% Tween 80 solution, 1 mL/(kg·d)], olive oil group [olive oil, 1 mL/(kg·d)], diethyl stilbestrol(DES) group [DES, 100 μg/(kg·body weight)], H50, H150 and H450 [50, 150 and 400 mg/(kg·d) of Humulus Lupulus L extract, respectively]. The administration was performed via gavage once daily for 7 weeks. Body and reproductive organs weights including testes, seminal vesicles, epididymis and prostate were weighted and epididymal sperm quality were determined by digital balance. Blood samples were collected and serum free testosterone(T), luteinizing hormone(LH), follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), and estrogen(E2) levels were measured by rat specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The percentage increase in mean body weights of rats in the DES and H50, H150 and H450 groups decreased significantly compared to olive oil and Tween 80 groups(all P<0.05). The weights of seminal vesicle, epididymis and testes in rats receiving H50 were significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05 or P<0.01). The sperm count in the rats receiving H50 was significantly lower than the control group(P<0.05). The sperm motile characteristics of the rats receiving hydroalcoholic extract and DES were significantly lower than those of the control or rats receiving vehicles(all P<0.05). In H50, H150, H450 and DES groups, T and LH levels were decreased, and E2 was significantly increased compared to the control(P<0.05 or P<0.01). The FSH level did not change in all groups(P>0.05). Conclusion: Humulus Lupulus L. extract significantly increased the seminal vesicle and testes weights and reduced the sperm motility.

Analysis of total proteins in pollen of Humulus scandens Lour in Wuhan Region of China by two-dimensional electrophoresis

Total proteins in the pollen of Humulus scandens Lour,one of the most popular aeroallergens in China,were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis in the current study.The proteins were extracted by Trichloracetic acid(TCA)method,and then separated by isoelectric focusing as the first dimension and SDS-PAGE as the second dimension.The spots of proteins were visualized by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue.After analysis with software(ImageMaster 2D),122 different proteins were detected;isoelectric point(pI),Molecular weight(MW)and relative volume of each protein in the pollen were also discovered.This is the first high-resolution,two-dimensional protein map of the pollen of Humulus scandens Lour in China.Our finding has built a solid foundation for identification,characteriza-tion,gene cloning and standardization of allergenic proteins in the pollen of Humulus scandens Lour for further studies.

营养生长期葎草对干旱胁迫应对机理的性别差异分析

通过设置4个水分梯度,对营养生长期葎草[Humulus scandens(Lour.)Merr.]进行干旱胁迫处理后,测定其雌、雄单株总含水量及根、茎、叶的水分分配比例,分析雌、雄单株叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)、丙二醛(MDA)、叶绿素、可溶性糖、脯氨酸等物质含量的差异。结果表明,雄株的总含水量及根、茎、叶的含水量均显著低于雌株,雄株将更多水分分配到叶片以应对胁迫;干旱胁迫显著降低了根冠比,但性别间差异很小;在轻、中度干旱胁迫时,雄株的POD活性、MDA含量、叶绿素与可溶性糖含量均大于雌株,在重度干旱胁迫时雄株的MDA含量、叶绿素与可溶性糖含量小于雌株;雄株的游离脯氨酸含量在各水平干旱胁迫下均大于雌株。干旱胁迫强度对雌、雄株水分分配比例与生理生化指标均有显著影响。雄株对干旱胁迫较雌株更敏感,雌株的抗旱潜力较大。

啤酒花品种

北京农业大学啤洒花研究室于1981—1982年自国内、外引入的品种中,初选出卡斯凯特、柯密特、簇生约基玛、信周与金星5个品种。1984—1988年这5个品种在新疆芳草湖农场、甘肃省农垦建筑工程公司、宁夏黄羊滩农场、宁夏农垦科学研究所、辽宁省锦州市小东种畜场啤酒花分场进行了区域试验。(卡斯凯特、柯密特与簇生约基玛在新疆、甘肃、宁夏等地均有少生产栽量培)现将这5个品种的特性简单介绍如下。1 卡斯凯特1.1 原名 Cascade(Humulus lupulus L.)

葎草水浸液对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了探讨葎草(Humulus scandens)的化感作用,研究了不同浓度葎草水浸液对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,低浓度水浸液处理下,小麦种子的萌发和幼苗生长情况与对照组无差异,高浓度水浸液对种子的萌发和幼苗的生长具有抑制作用,且随着浓度的升高,抑制作用在不断地增强。但当浓度为0.200 g/m L时,其对小麦幼苗的生长反而有促进作用。

Effects of Spent Craft Brewers’ Yeast on Fermentation and Methane Production by Rumen Microorganisms

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a key component of beer brewing and a major by-product. The leftover, spent brewers’ yeast from large breweries has been used as a protein supplement in cattle;however the possible advantages of spent yeast from smaller craft breweries, containing much higher levels of bioactive hop acids, have not been evaluated. Hops secondary metabolites from the hops (Humulus lupulus L.) used to make beer are concentrated in the yeast during brewing, and have antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Uncultivated suspensions of bovine rumen microorganisms produced less methane during fructose fermentation when exposed to inactivated, and freeze-dried spent craft brewers’ yeast than a bakers’ yeast control. The experiment was repeated with caprine rumen microorganisms and ground grass hay as the substrate. Likewise, in the presence of craft brewers’ yeast less methane was produced (2.7% vs. 6.9% CH4). Both experiments also revealed a decrease in acetic acid production, but not propionic acid production, when craft brewers’ yeast was included. These results indicated that spent yeast could represent a co-product for craft breweries, and a feed supplement for ruminants that has a favorable impact on methane production.

啤酒花快速繁育技术

啤酒花(Humulus lupulus L.)属大麻科律草属的多年生蔓生草本植物,是酿造啤酒的重要原料。生产上通常在春季用带芽的根茎进行扦插,繁殖系数较低,成活率也低。为了提高其繁殖系数和成活率,达到快繁的目的,我们利用啤酒花生长季节发出的无效侧枝进行繁殖。结果表明,用绿枝扦插在生产上应用,能达到快速大量繁殖,降低成本,满足生产上需要。

新疆野生啤酒花群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

用RAPD技术分析新疆7个啤酒花(Humulus lupulus L.)的天然居群遗传多样性及群体间的遗传分化,12个随机引物共检测到121个可重复的位点,其中多态位点119个,占总位点的98．35％。由Shannon表型多样性指数和Nei基因多样性指数估计,居群内遗传分化百分比分别为63．55％和65．65％,表明啤酒花种内的遗传变异主要存在于群体内。分析认为,新疆境内啤酒花自然居群的遗传多样性很丰富,居群间产生了一定的分化。啤酒花居群的基因流Nm=1．0037,相对有限的基因流可能在居群遗传分化的维持中起着作用。

Spectral Representation of Proton NMR Spectroscopy for the Pattern Recognition of Complex Materials

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy provides a powerful tool for chemical profiling,also known as spectral fingerprinting,because of its inherent reproducibility.NMR is now increasing in use for authentication of complex materials.Typically,the absorbance spectrum is used that is obtained as the phase-corrected real component of the Fourier transform(FT)of the free induction decay(FID).However,the practice discards half the information that is available in the dispersion spectrum obtained as the imaginary component from the FT.For qualitative analysis or quantitative analysis of small sets of absorbance peaks,the symmetric and sharp peaks of the real spectra work well.However,for pattern recognition of entire spectra,trading peak resolution for peak reproducibility is beneficial.The absolute value of the complex spectrum gives the length or magnitude of magnetization vector in the complex plane;therefore,the magnitude relates directly to the signal(i.e.,induced magnetization).The magnitude spectrum is obtained as the absolute value from the real and imaginary spectral components after the FT of the FID.By breaking with tradition and using the magnitude spectrum the reproducibility of the spectra and consequent recognition rates can be improved.This study used a 500-MHz 1H NMR instrument to obtain spectra from 4 diverse datasets;12 tea extracts,8 liquor samples,9 hops extracts,and 25 Cannabis extracts.Six classifiers were statistically evaluated using 100 bootstrapped Latin partitions.The classifiers were a fuzzy rule-building expert system(FuRES)tree,support vector machine trees(SVMTreeG and SVMTreeH),a regularized linear discriminant analysis(LDA),super partial least squares discriminant analysis(sPLS-DA),and a one against all support vector machine(SVM).All classifiers gave better or equivalent results for the magnitude spectral representation than for the real spectra,except for one case of the 24 evaluations.In addition,the enhanced reproducibility of the absolute value spectra is demonstrated by comparisons of the pooled within sample standard deviations.For pattern recognition of NMR spectra,the magnitude spectrum is advocated.