A Preliminary Study and Characterization of Nasir Abad Hunza Marble Deposit Gilgit Baltistan

Marble is widely used in construction industry mainly in interior & exterior design of buildings due to its resilient physical, chemical & mechanical properties. The diverse geology of Gilgit Baltistan has naturally endowed this region with different varieties of marble deposits. These marble deposits need proper characterization to ensure their proper use in the construction industry. This research aims to conduct a preliminary study for the characterization of the Nasir Abad Hunza marble deposit. Samples from said deposit were subjected to different tests to study its chemical, physical and mechanical properties. Results of XRF analysis reveal that the deposit under study is dolomitic. The comparison of different physical properties of deposits with standard values confirms its originality. However, high variation in the strength of core samples was observed, which could result from incomplete crystallization by metamorphism. This variation in the strength of samples suggests strength-based definitions of deposit domains to propose the use of each domain separately.

Projection of future streamflow of the Hunza River Basin,Karakoram Range(Pakistan)using HBV hydrological model

Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdeling(HBV) Light model was used to evaluate the performance of the model in response to climate change in the snowy and glaciated catchment area of Hunza River Basin. The study aimed to understand the temporal variation of streamflow of Hunza River and its contribution to Indus River System(IRS). HBV model performed fairly well both during calibration(R2=0.87, Reff=0.85, PBIAS=-0.36) and validation(R2=0.86, Reff=0.83, PBIAS=-13.58) periods on daily time scale in the Hunza River Basin. Model performed better on monthly time scale with slightly underestimated low flows period during bothcalibration(R2=0.94, Reff=0.88, PBIAS=0.47) and validation(R2=0.92, Reff=0.85, PBIAS=15.83) periods. Simulated streamflow analysis from 1995-2010 unveiled that the average percentage contribution of snow, rain and glacier melt to the streamflow of Hunza River is about 16.5%, 19.4% and 64% respectively. In addition, the HBV-Light model performance was also evaluated for prediction of future streamflow in the Hunza River using future projected data of three General Circulation Model(GCMs) i.e. BCC-CSM1.1, CanESM2, and MIROCESM under RCP2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 and predictions were made over three time periods, 2010-2039, 2040-2069 and 2070-2099, using 1980-2010 as the control period. Overall projected climate results reveal that temperature and precipitation are the most sensitiveparameters to the streamflow of Hunza River. MIROC-ESM predicted the highest increase in the future streamflow of the Hunza River due to increase in temperature and precipitation under RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios from 2010-2099 while predicted slight increase in the streamflow under RCP2.6 during the start and end of the 21 th century. However, BCCCSM1.1 predicted decrease in the streamflow under RCP8.5 due to decrease in temperature and precipitation from 2010-2099. However, Can ESM2 predicted 22%-88% increase in the streamflow under RCP4.5 from 2010-2099. The results of this study could be useful for decision making and effective future strategic plans for water management and their sustainability in the region.

2000-2020年喀喇昆仑山洪扎河流域冰川高程变化数据集

在气候变暖背景下,亚洲高山区冰川普遍处于退缩状态,而喀喇昆仑山大部分冰川保持稳定或前进,即“喀喇昆仑异常”。洪扎河流域位于西喀喇昆仑山,是中巴经济走廊沿线冰川集中分布区,冰川物质平衡对该地区水资源利用、基础设施建设等有重要影响。本文基于2000年2月的SRTM数字高程模型(DEM)和2020年1–2月的资源三号立体像对影像,利用大地测量法,获取了洪扎河流域冰川表面高程变化数据集(Geo TIFF格式,空间分辨率30 m)。大致空间范围在36°N–37°N,74°E–76°E内,覆盖面积达7600 km^(2)。稳定地形区残差统计分析表明,研究区高程变化总体精度约为1.1 m。结果显示,21世纪初洪扎河流域冰川表面高程呈减薄状态,且空间差异显著。表碛覆盖、冰裂隙、冰面湖/冰前湖、冰崖及冰川跃动对冰川表面高程变化有不同程度的影响。本数据集可作为喀喇昆仑山冰川物质平衡分析的基础数据,支撑中巴经济走廊地区水资源利用、冰川灾害预警及气候变化方面的研究。

中国-巴基斯坦喀喇昆仑公路Ghulkin冰川百年进退变化

巴基斯坦喀喇昆仑山的Ghulkin冰川是距离中国-巴基斯坦喀喇昆仑公路最近的典型冰川之一,其冰川的进退变化影响着喀喇昆仑公路改建工程的线路设计与工程施工.为了追溯Ghulkin冰川的活动历史和查明近期进退变化,对过去200a的相关文献和记录进行统计分析,并开展了2008-2011年野外定点观测,总结与分析了Ghulkin冰川冰舌的活动历史与近期变化.研究表明:Ghulkin冰川在1885-1980年近百年间经历了3次前进和3次后退,在此期间冰川波动了625m;1913-1925年冰川处于显著的前进状态,1966-1978年冰川有小段距离的前进;2008-2011年K676+660处泥石流沟道逐年抬升,2011年南坡冰川融水由K676+660改道至K676+450;2010年的南坡冰舌较1994年后退了300余米,2011年的南坡冰舌较2010年后退了15.066m,可见在2010-2011年期间冰川处于局部短期后退状态.中巴公路冰川泥石流等灾害不但受区域气候的影响,而且还受冰川变化的影响.未来气候变暖将会导致冰川的强烈消融和后退,冰川融水携带大量冰碛体,形成大型的冰川泥石流,对公路的安全运营造成严重威胁.

1865年～1892年间英俄在帕米尔的角逐

作为古代中西交通要冲的帕米尔具有重要的战略地位。近代以来,英俄出于各自扩张需要,对帕米尔展开了一系列争夺。1865年英俄利用新疆变乱乘机侵占帕米尔,1873年英俄抛开中国政府签订了划分双方在帕米尔势力范围的协议,但1877年清朝军队收复新疆打破了英俄侵占帕米尔的计划。由于利益的不同,英俄就遵守还是修改1873年协议进行了较量,最后通过1887年协议,双方暂时达成妥协。然而,坎巨提危机的出现使中英俄三方再次聚焦中国帕米尔。

Scarcity within Opulence:Water Management in the Karakoram Mountains Revisited

Water management in general and in the Indus Basin in particular is concerned with the energy-efficient transportation of hydrologically exploitable resources from the upper zone to climatically favourable areas where irrigation helps to supersede arid conditions for the cultivation of crops and watering of meadows.In other words:Human intervention sets the stage for the allocation of water from a wider catchment area in a smaller habitat where this resource is deficient.Emphasis on mountain irrigation practices is counteracted with developments in the forelands where different frame conditions prevail and peculiar development problems occur.In dealing with the importance of water from the mountain regions three dimensions have to be evaluated:1) natural factors and their validity for the environmental frame conditions and technological adaptation processes;2) social factors and their impact on culture,economy and equitability;3) institutional factors and their importance for sustainable growth and for the implementation of development projects.In the study of decentralized irrigation systems in high mountain regions of the Indus Basin a systems theoretical approach values the complexity of interrelationships between different systems elements.Human activities in arid mountain regions are restricted by limiting ecological factors and are characterized by certain utilization and adaptive strategies.

中巴经济走廊洪扎段潜在滑坡SBAS-InSAR早期识别及发育特征分析

中巴经济走廊巴基斯坦境内洪扎河谷(Hunza Valley)段地形高差巨大、地质环境复杂,滑坡灾害多发,对河谷内村镇威胁极大,也严重制约中巴经济走廊安全建设与运行。为了加深对Hunza河谷滑坡灾害的认识,亟待进行滑坡识别编目和发育特征研究。本研究基于升、降轨获取的87景哨兵一号(Sentinel-1)数据,利用SBAS-InSAR技术获取了洪扎河谷地表形变,计算了地表斜坡向形变速率。并综合利用光学遥感影像解译和野外实地调查验证,成功识别了洪扎河谷53处潜在滑坡,并讨论了滑坡识别效果,对Ghulmet和Humarri两个典型大型滑坡监测形变、影像解译和验证特征进行了分析。在此基础上,选取11个地形地质环境因素作为影响滑坡发育的因子,分析了滑坡分布发育特征。结果表明,升轨和降轨数据监测到研究区内斜坡向最大形变速率分别为−311 mm/a和−490 mm/a,洪扎河谷区不稳定形变阈值为−20 mm/a。大型滑坡受河流侵蚀作用,形变剧烈,次级滑坡发育。识别的潜在滑坡主要集中在河流两岸、公路上下边坡;潜在滑坡主要分布在风化堆积层以及千枚岩、板岩等变质岩区;高差200—1000 m、坡度30°—40°和坡向南、南西向为滑坡发育的优势地形条件;斜坡地表裸露、植被稀疏地段(NDVI<0.2)物源充足,滑坡较为发育。研究结果可用于巴基斯坦洪扎河谷防灾减灾工作,保障中巴经济走廊畅通运营,为具有毁路与堵江风险的滑坡重点监测和评价研究提供科学参考和数据支持。

从满文档案看洪扎与清朝宗藩关系的建立

根据满文档案,清朝平定准噶尔和大小和卓叛乱后,原臣属于准噶尔的洪扎王国向清朝请求称臣纳贡。当时的洪扎王黑斯娄先于乾隆二十五年三月派遣使臣摩罗哈丕斯到叶尔羌呈献奏书和贡金,未被接受。同年十一月,洪扎王又派遣其子米尔匝至色勒库尔请护送巴达克山和博洛尔使臣的清廷侍卫代为呈进奏书和贡金,奏书被接受,贡金则否。经过两次接触,洪扎了解到清廷对进贡的具体要求。乾隆二十六年六月,洪扎王再次派遣米尔匝至叶尔羌呈献奏书和贡金,叶尔羌办事都统新柱予以接受和呈奏,给予赏赐。至此,洪扎成为清朝属部,与清朝宗藩关系正式建立。

贾帕尔桑河谷及其交通初探

贾帕尔桑河是罕萨河的一条支流,该河谷是罕萨通往亚辛、奇特拉尔和瓦罕的一条捷径,在交通方面具有重要意义。本文援引亲历者的记述,对贾帕尔桑河谷的环境及其在交通上的作用作了简要介绍,对高仙芝进军小勃律时使用的赤佛堂道作了初步探讨,对法显越葱岭及谷巍龙赴迷密的路线作了新的推测。