Power-balancing Instantaneous Optimization Energy Management for a Novel Series-parallel Hybrid Electric Bus

Energy management（EM） is a core technique of hybrid electric bus（HEB） in order to advance fuel economy performance optimization and is unique for the corresponding configuration. There are existing algorithms of control strategy seldom take battery power management into account with international combustion engine power management. In this paper, a type of power-balancing instantaneous optimization（PBIO） energy management control strategy is proposed for a novel series-parallel hybrid electric bus. According to the characteristic of the novel series-parallel architecture, the switching boundary condition between series and parallel mode as well as the control rules of the power-balancing strategy are developed. The equivalent fuel model of battery is implemented and combined with the fuel of engine to constitute the objective function which is to minimize the fuel consumption at each sampled time and to coordinate the power distribution in real-time between the engine and battery. To validate the proposed strategy effective and reasonable, a forward model is built based on Matlab/Simulink for the simulation and the dSPACE autobox is applied to act as a controller for hardware in-the-loop integrated with bench test. Both the results of simulation and hardware-in-the-loop demonstrate that the proposed strategy not only enable to sustain the battery SOC within its operational range and keep the engine operation point locating the peak efficiency region, but also the fuel economy of series-parallel hybrid electric bus（SPHEB） dramatically advanced up to 30.73% via comparing with the prototype bus and a similar improvement for PBIO strategy relative to rule-based strategy, the reduction of fuel consumption is up to 12.38%. The proposed research ensures the algorithm of PBIO is real-time applicability, improves the efficiency of SPHEB system, as well as suite to complicated configuration perfectly.

Variable Parameter Self-Adaptive Control Strategy Based on Driving Condition Identification for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Bus

A variable parameter self-adaptive control strategy based on driving condition identification is proposed to take full advantage of the fuel saving potential of the plug-in hybrid electric bus(PHEB).Firstly,the principal component analysis(PCA)and the fuzzy c-means clustering(FCM)algorithm is used to construct the comprehensive driving cycle,congestion driving cycle,urban driving cycle and suburban driving cycle of Chinese urban buses.Secondly,an improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO)algorithm is proposed,and is used to optimize the control parameters of PHEB under different driving cycles,respectively.Then,the variable parameter self-adaptive control strategy based on driving condition identification is given.Finally,for an actual running vehicle,the driving condition is identified by relevance vector machine(RVM),and the corresponding control parameters are selected to control the vehicle.The simulation results show that the fuel consumption of using the variable parameter self-adaptive control strategy is reduced by 4.2% compared with that of the fixed parameter control strategy,and the feasibility of the variable parameter self-adaptive control strategy is verified.

A Novel Braking Control Strategy for Hybrid Electric Buses Based on Vehicle Mass and Road Slope Estimation

Proper braking force distribution strategies can improve both stability and economy performance of hybrid electric vehicles,which is prominently proved by many studies.To achieve better dynamic stable performance and higher energy recovery efficiency,an effective braking control strategy for hybrid electric buses(HEB)based on vehicle mass and road slope estimation is proposed in this paper.Firstly,the road slope and the vehicle mass are estimated by a hybrid algorithm of extended Kalman filter(EKF)and recursive least square(RLS).Secondly,the total braking torque of HEB is calculated by the sliding mode controller(SMC),which uses the information of brake intensity,whole vehicle mass,and road slope.Finally,comprehensively considering driver’s braking intention and regulations of the Economic Commission for Europe(ECE),the optimal proportional relationship between regenerative braking and pneumatic braking is obtained.Furthermore,related simulations and experiments are carried out on the hardware-in-the-loop test bench.Results show that the proposed strategy can effectively improve the braking performance and increase the recovered energy through precise control of the braking torque.

MPC‑Based Coordinated Control of Gear Shifting Process for a Power‑split Hybrid Electric Bus with a Clutchless AMT

Two-speed clutchless automated manual transmission(AMT)has been widely implemented in electric vehicles for its simple structure and low cost.In contrast,due to the complex response characteristics of powertrain,utilizing clutchless AMT in a hybrid power system comes with complex coordination control problems.In order to address these issues,a power-split hybrid electric bus with two-speed clutchless AMT is studied in this paper,and a coordinated control method based on model predictive control(MPC)is used in gear shifting control strategy(GSCS)to improve gear shifting quality and reduce system jerk.First,the dynamic model of power sources and other main powertrain components including a single planetary gear set and AMT are established on the basis of data-driven and mechanism modeling methods.Second,the GSCS is put forward using the segmented control idea,and the shifting process is divided into five phases,including(I)unloading of drive motor,(II)shifting to neutral gear,(III)active speed synchronization by drive motor,(IV)engaging to new gear,and(V)resuming the drive motor’s power,among which the phases I and V have evident impact on the system jerk.Then,the MPC-based control method is adopted for these phases,and the fast compensation of driving torque is realized by combining the prediction model and quadratic programming method.The simulation results show that the proposed GSCS can effectively reduce shift jerk and improve driving comfort.This research proposes a coordinated control strategy of two-speed clutchless AMT,which can effectively improve the smoothness of gear shifting and provides a reference for the application of two speed clutchless AMT in power-split hybrid powertrains.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR PARALLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Energy management strategy (EMS) is the core of the real-time controlalgorithm of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A novel EMS using the logic threshold approach withincorporation of a stand-by optimization algorithm is proposed. The aim of it is to minimize theengine fuel consumption and maintain the battery state of charge (SOC) in its operation range, whilesatisfying the vehicle performance and drivability requirements. The hybrid powertrain bench testis carried out to collect data of the engine, motor and battery pack, which are used in the EMS tocontrol the powertrain. Computer simulation model of the HEV is established in the MATLAB/Simulinkenvironment according to the bench test results. Simulation results are presented for behaviors ofthe engine, motor and battery. The proposed EMS is implemented for a real parallel hybrid carcontrol system and validated by vehicle field tests.

A Matlab-Based Simulation for Hybrid Electric Motorcycle

This paper presents a simulation and modeling package based on Matlab for a parallel hybrid electric motorcycle (HEM). The package consists of several main detailed models: internal combustion engine (ICE), motor, continuously variable transmission (CVT), battery, energy management system (EMS) etc . Each component is built as a library, and can be connected together according to the parallel HEM's topology. Simulation results, such as ICE power demand, motor power demand, battery instantaneous state of charge (SOC), pollution emissions etc. are given and discussed. Lastly experimental data verify our simulation results.

基于滑模扰动观测器的阀门开度预测控制

针对电动阀门在运行过程中,由于外部干扰、系统参数变化、摩擦力等非重复干扰的影响而难以达到高精度控制的问题,提出一种基于滑模扰动观测器的预测控制方法。通过对阀门驱动原理进行深入研究,构建阀门的数学模型,根据模型中电机电流与总负载扰动的正相关性,以电机电流、阀门转速为输入量,采用滑模扰动观测器对系统总负载扰动进行估计。设计模型预测控制器,对扰动估计值进行补偿,实现对阀门开度控制的准确性,鲁棒性以及对总扰动值跟踪的快速性。理论分析、仿真和试验表明:观测器仅0.001 s便跟踪到了设定值,收敛速度快,阀门开度精度误差在0.2%以内,完全达到控制目标,开度控制效果良好。可充分验证该控制方法在不同的负载扰动下,依然能使电动阀门保持良好的开度控制精度以及抗扰动能力。

基于机车辅助压缩机组试验台的设计和实现

设计并研制了一种电力机车辅助压缩机组性能试验台,利用大功率开关电源和PLC组成的控制电路,完成辅助压缩机组维修后的试验检测,同时对机组的泵风速率、排气压力、噪声、振动等性能进行测试,确保维修后的压缩机组符合装车要求。

Modeling and Performance Prediction of Induction Motor Drive System for Electric Drive Tracked Vehicles

The principle of rotor flux-orientation vector control on 100/150 kW three-phase AC induction motor for electric drive tracked vehicles is analyzed, and the mathematic model is deduced. The drive system of induction motor is modeled and simulated by Matlab/Simulink. The characteristics of motor and drive system are analyzed and evaluated by practical bench test. The simulation and bench test results show that the model is valid, and the driving control system has constant torque under rated speed, constant torque above rated speed, widely variable speed range and better dynamic characteristics. In order to evaluate the practical applications of high power induction motor driving system in electric drive tracked vehicles, a collaborative simulation based on interface technology of Matlab/Simulink and multi-body dynamic analysis software known as RecurDyn is done, the vehicle performances are predicted in the acceleration time (0-32 km/h) and turning characteristic (v=10 km/h, R=B).

分布式电推进飞机能量优化动态管理技术研究

针对分布式混合涡轮电推进飞机电力系统动态能量管理技术开展研究,将分层模型预测控制(Model predictive control,MPC)算法用于其能量优化控制,针对分布式电推进飞机飞行功率需求的变化特点,采用了两层能量管理控制器的方法。即顶层MPC控制混合电推进飞机系统的飞行过程能量优化分配和多发电机组间、非关键载荷的投切状态等,实现燃油消耗代偿最小的目标,将优化问题等效为混合整形二次规划问题(Mixed integer quadratic programing,MIQP);底层MPC则控制双向DC-DC变换器,负责管理电池组的充放电状态和维持直流母线的电压动态平衡,利用储能装置的“削峰填谷”,改善并优化系统在飞行任务过程中的平衡工作点,同时实现飞机电网能量的动静态特性的协同控制,达到对混合电推进飞机电力系统的动态能量优化管理的目的,并与采用基于规则控制的能量管理策略进行了对比研究。最后通过建立基于RT-LAB的分布式电推进飞机电力系统硬件在环半实物仿真平台,对混合涡轮电推进飞机的分层MPC能量管理算法进行了技术验证,数字仿真和半物理试验结果表明其对于混合电推进飞机的动态能量管理具有很强的鲁棒性和操作性,验证了理论分析和设计的正确性。

煤矿用电动缸综合测试台的设计与研究

为了提高煤矿用电动缸性能测试精度和自动化程度,保障煤矿用电动缸产品质量,介绍了煤矿用电动缸综合测试台的设计方案,具体包括综合测试台结构组成、工作原理、液压系统和控制系统。为提高载荷控制精度,采用了比例溢流阀液压系统和上位机对载荷进行闭环控制的电气系统,实现了对煤矿用电动缸基本性能和特性性能的综合测试,保证了煤矿用电动缸出厂质量,也为更高性能要求的煤矿用电动缸系列产品的研发和生产奠定了一定的基础。

混合动力汽车动力总成试验台研究

基于混合动力汽车有串联、并联和混联等多种结构形式的特点,提出以模块化设计思想来搭建混合动力汽车动力总成试验台的方法,从而达到了在比较短的时间内、以尽量小的改动适应不同混合动力汽车动力总成结构形式组合需要的目标。根据研究需要,首先完成了混合动力汽车动力总成试验台并联形式的建设,并利用该试验台对所研制的混合动力城市客车多能源动力总成控制器进行了初步调试,验证了该控制器的软硬件设计和并联电动助力型控制策略。同时,所完成的发动机台架试验和电机台架试验也充分证明了试验台模块化设计思想的可行性和有效性。

机电复合传动系统综合控制策略

机电复合传动(Electro-mechanical transmission,EMT)是解决重型车辆电驱动的可行途径,综合控制策略是实现驱动性能指标的关键技术之一。分析功率分流型的机电复合传动方案和行星功率耦合装置的功率分流和汇流特性。在EMT方案分析与参数匹配基础上,针对方案特性提出以提高燃油经济性为主要目标的综合控制策略,包括EMT工作模式划分、能量管理策略、动态过程控制算法等。设计、开发EMT台架试验系统,对综合控制性能进行台架测试。换挡性能、最高车速、驾驶工况等台架试验结果表明,设计的EMT系统方案与匹配参数满足整车驱动需求,开发的EMT综合控制策略实现换挡、最高车速行驶、驾驶工况正常驱动等功能,性能达到设计要求。设计的台架试验系统运行正常、工作可靠,满足系统测试与试验要求。

混合动力客车多能源动力总成控制器研制与试验

介绍了某混合动力客车多能源动力总成控制器样品的主要设计原理和所采取的控制策略 。

混合动力电动汽车(HEV)动力系统试验台的模块化设计研究

试验台是混合动力电动汽车开发的基础设施。介绍了基于模块化设计方法的混合动力电动汽车动力系统试验台设计 ,重点阐述了试验台数据采集系统和工况模拟控制系统模块化设计的步骤、方案以及模块整合的方法。该设计成功解决了试验台的通用性问题 ,为当前的混合动力电动汽车开发提供了良好的柔性试验平台。

电动汽车复合制动动态试验台的研发

研发了一种装备液压制动与电机制动执行机构、并能实时模拟路面制动力动态变化的动态试验台。该试验台基于硬件在环试验原理,引入了液压制动器子系统、电机子系统和转速与压力传感器等实际部件,并综合考虑了制动过程中车轮、液压制动系统和电机制动系统相互作用的动态响应特性,同时基于MABLAB/Simulink环境开发的试验台控制系统能满足各种控制策略的验证需求。最后进行了试验台关键参数的测定和电动汽车电液复合制动的滑移率协调控制试验,验证了试验台的有效性和优势。

轿车混合动力总成控制系统的开发与试验研究

为实现混合动力电动轿车的能量管理和状态切换问题,开发了国内具有全部自主知识产权的混合动力汽车动力总成的综合控制系统。详细介绍了混合动力汽车动力总成控制系统的组成与功能。混合动力汽车动力总成控制系统在动态试验台上进行了大量全面的试验。最后,给出了混合动力汽车动力总成控制系统在动态试验台上的试验结果。从试验结果可以看出,混合动力汽车动力总成控制系统的控制措施是有效的。

并联混合动力电动汽车动态协调控制试验研究

针对并联混合动力汽车在发动机和电动机工作过程中,需要根据路况进行能量分配和工作模式切换的问题,以并联混合动力汽车在状态切换过程中总转矩不发生大的波动为控制目标,提出了"转矩预分配+发动机调速+发动机转矩估计+电动机转矩补偿控制"的动态协调控制策略。借助dSPACE快速控制原型工具,搭建了试验台架,进行了稳态切换控制和动态协调切换控制试验。结果表明,在各种状态切换过程中,动态控制算法能有效控制混合动力系统的转矩波动,保证动力传递的平稳性。

基于全浮式ISG电机的混合动力轿车启动过程

开发了基于全浮式ISG电机的单轴并联式混合动力轿车,分析了整车系统结构和发动机启动控制策略.为了验证所开发的混合动力车相对传统车的优点,在电机试验台架上对ISG电机进行了速度特性和效率特性试验,在混合动力试验台架上进行了混合动力车和传统车的启动喷油脉宽以及HC排放对比试验.试验结果表明:ISG电机在发电和电动模式下,均有较高的输出转矩及效率,和传统车相比,混合动力车启动时间短,没有启动过浓喷油现象,HC排放量约降低21%.

基于超级电容的并联混合动力轿车的开发

采用基于超级电容的方案开发了单轴并联式混合动力轿车,设计了发动机管理系统、全浮式ISG电机、电控双离合器、电控双驱动空调等多项核心技术。研究了混合动力轿车系统的控制策略,优化了发动机和电机的扭矩分配,实现了节能和降低排放。对纯发动机电控系统的标定匹配试验,排放达到了欧-Ⅲ标准;对混合动力系统的起动和怠速优化试验,实现了混合动力的起动控制参数的优化匹配,降低了起动污染物的排放,提高了燃油的经济性。