On Designing of the Main Elements of a Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Driving System

The paper deals with the designing of an electric drive system used for hybrid electric vehicles. The driving system is realized with an induction motor and a voltage source inverter. Specifically, the application is for a series hybrid vehicle powered by electric storage batteries charged by solar batteries. In the first part of the paper the designing of the electric storage batteries and of the photoelectric system is presented. In the second part of the paper some aspects regarding the designing of the induction motor are presented. Then some aspects concerning the voltage source inverter designing are exposed.

Energy Transferring Dynamic Equalization for Battery Packs

The equivalent circuit model of battery and the analytic model of series battery uniformities are setup. The analysis shows that it is the key to maintain small voltage difference between cells in order to improve uniformities. Therefore a new technique combining low voltage difference, big current charging and bi-directional charge equalizer system is put forward and designed. The test shows that the energy transferring dynamic equalization system betters the series battery uniformities and protection during charging and discharging, improves the battery performance and extends the use life of series battery.

Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on System Efficiency and Battery Life Optimization

A novel method to calculate fuel-electric conversion factor for full hybrid electric vehicle（HEV）equipped with continuously variable transmission（CVT）is proposed.Based on consideration of the efficiency of pivotal components,electric motor,system efficiency optimization models are developed.According to the target of instantaneous optimization of system efficiency,operating ranges of each mode of power-train are determined,and the corresponding energy management strategies are established.The simulation results demonstrate that the energy management strategy proposed can substantially improve the vehicle fuel economy,and keep battery state of charge（SOC）change in a reasonable variation range.

Modeling and optimization of an enhanced battery thermal management system in electric vehicles

This paper models and optimizes an air-based battery thermal management system(BTMS)in a battery module with 36 battery lithium-ion cells.A design of experiments is performed to study the effects of three key parameters(i.e.,mass flow rate of cooling air,heat flux from the battery cell to the cooling air,and passage spacing size)on the battery thermal performance.Three metrics are used to evaluate the BTMS thermal performance,including(i)the maximum temperature in the battery module,(ii)the temperature uniformity in the battery module,and(iii)the pressure drop.It is found that(i)increasing the total mass flow rate may result in a more non-unifbi*m distribution of the passage mass flow rate among passages,and(ii)a large passage spacing size may worsen the temperature uniformity on the battery walls.Optimization is also performed to optimize the passage spacing size.Results show that the maximum temperature difference of the cooling air in passages is reduced from 23.9 K to 2.1 K by 91.2%,and the maximum temperature difference among the battery cells is reduced from 25.7 K to 6.4 K by 75.1%.

Cost-efficient Thermal Management for a 48V Li-ion Battery in a Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle

The 48V mild hybrid system is a cost-efficient solution for original equipment manufacturers to meet increasingly stringent fuel consumption requirements.However,hybrid functions such as auto-stop/start and brake regeneration are unavailablewhen a 48V battery is at very low temperature because of its limited charge and discharge capability.Therefore,it is important to develop cost-efficient thermal management to warm-up the battery of a 48V mild hybrid electric vehicle(HEV)to recover hybrid functions quickly in cold climate.Following the model-based“V”process,we first define the requirements and then design different mechanisms to heat a 48V battery.Afterward,we build a 48V battery model in LMS AMESim and conduct co-simulation with simplified battery management system and hybrid control unit algorithms in MATLAB Simulink for analysis.Finally,we carry out a series of vehicle experiments at low temperature and observe the effect of heating to validate the design.Both simulation results and experimental data show that a cold 48V battery placed in a cabin with hot air can be heated effectively in the developed“Enhanced Generator Mode with 48V Battery”mode.The entire design is in a newly developed software that cyclically charges and discharges a 48V battery for quick warm-up in cold temperature without needing any additional hardware such as a heater,making it a cost-efficient solution for HEVs.

混动汽车整车热管理系统冷却优化

为了使整车能量控制与利用更加具有合理性与有效性,从而提高整车的性能,以某混动汽车为研究对象,基于某仿真软件搭建空调系统模型和电池电机冷却系统模型,进而拟合成协调配合的热管理系统模型。通过对热管理系统模型结构优化,使得电池组可由风冷和液冷两种方式共同冷却。提出将空调系统与电池组冷却系统进行热量传递和转换的控制方案,并在NEDC工况下对比空调座舱独立热管理系统冷却方案和空调座舱与电池组协同热管理系统冷却方案的差异。研究结果表明,在保证座舱舒适性的前提下,采用空调座舱与电池组协同热管理系统的冷却方案更加节能,有助于整车剩余电量与行驶里程的提高。

锂电池与燃料电池混合观光车动力系统的优化设计

为了解决传统电动车续航焦虑的问题,对燃料电池观光车进行了功率匹配设计与仿真验证,提出了一种功率跟随型能量管理策略。对比了纯锂电池观光车(LI)、纯燃料电池观光车(FC)、LI与FC的混合动力观光车(LI-FC)的输出特性,并仿真试验。结果表明:LI-FC的爬坡度与纯锂电池观光车不相上下,续航里程较纯锂电池观光车提升了15%,等效氢耗较纯锂电池观光车减少了53%,动力电池荷电状态(SOC)能保持在0.5~0.9之间稳定工作,燃料电池也会在额定工况与怠速工况下稳定切换。因此,燃料电池锂电池混合动力观光车具有这3种观光车中最优续航能力、较好的使用经济性、最好的使用稳定性,燃料电池与动力电池都能在期望工况下稳定工作,有较好的竞争力。

水轮型翅片组耦合均温板的多目标及拓扑优化

为解决传统通道型液冷板功耗高、散热效率低等问题,提出了用于电动车的一种异形化的水轮形扰流翅片组耦合均温板电池热管理系统。水轮组的组合方式、布置位置和数量等因素确定基础模型后,使用多目标优化方法,分析了翅片长度、翅片倾角、中心距离出口边距离和两出口间距离。为了进一步提升液冷板均温性,在液冷板外侧添加均温板,以温度为目标函数对其进行拓扑优化。结果表明:与初始模型相比平均温度和标准差分别降低了1.83℃和0.45,综合评价指标—热性能因子(TPF)提升77.8%。翅片长度、倾角、出口位置及其附件扰流对液冷板各项性能有着显著影响。在流体通道所占体积分数为0.8时,液冷板的平均温度进一步下降2.6℃,温度标准差下降0.206,TPF相较添加前继续提升18.9%。

新能源汽车电池热管理控制系统设计及实现分析

随着全球对环境保护意识的增强和对传统燃油汽车排放污染的担忧,新能源汽车作为一种清洁、高效的交通工具逐渐受到人们的关注和青睐。而作为新能源汽车的核心部件之一,电池的性能和寿命对整个车辆的性能和使用寿命有着重要影响。其中,电池的热管理控制系统是保证电池正常工作和延长电池寿命的关键。文章主要通过对新能源汽车电池热管理控制系统的设计和实现进行分析,以提高新能源汽车电池的性能和寿命。

新能源汽车动力电池管理系统实验平台的设计与开发

电池管理系统对于延长动力电池使用寿命,提高动力电池的使用效率具有重要意义。为了对动力电池管理系统进行各项性能实验研究和仿真分析,本文基于机电一体化产品开发思路,开发和设计了一款新能源汽车动力电池管理系统实验平台,研究了关键零部件选型方法、实验平台拓扑结构设计原理、相关电路设计和控制软件及程序编制方法等。该实验平台主要功能有电池状态监测、剩余电量估计、电池充放电管理、电池均衡管理等。

动力电池-超级电容混动车辆能量管理研究

由于混合动力客车具有长行驶里程、高负荷承载等运行特点,设计合理的能量管理策略以降低系统的整体能量损失对整车的节能运营具有重要意义。这里基于一种深度强化学习方法(即深度确定性策略梯度算法),设计了面向动力电池-超级电容的混合动力客车最优能量管理策略,较传统的强化学习控制策略相比,所提出的策略通过引入神经网络,避免了求解过程中对连续状态和动作变量的离散化,提高了控制精度。另外,通过利用动态规划算法预先求解最优控制策略,并将策略经验纳入经验池,使后续网络参数训练时能根据最优经验较快获得最佳网络参数,加速了网络的收敛速度,提高了控制策略的最优性。结果表明,所提出的控制策略较传统的Q-learning算法,可实现系统整体能耗下降10.3%;与基于动态规划的最优控制策略相比,能耗仅增加2.05%,证明了所提出控制策略的最优性。

锂离子电池冷板式散热技术研究综述

锂离子电池在充放电过程中会产生大量热量,若温度过高,可能会导致电池失效或发生安全问题。锂离子电池冷板式散热作为电池冷却系统重要技术之一,对保障电池安全至关重要。首先系统地分析了冷板式液冷设计的相关方法,并对不同方法优缺点进行了对比。当前,锂离子电池热管系统主流冷却方式仍是液体冷却,其具有更高的散热效率,随着电池能量密度的提高,未来电动汽车热管理系统的发展趋势可能朝向混合冷却、系统化设计和智能化管理的方向发展。

Powertrain control of a solar photovoltaic-battery powered hybrid electric vehicle

This paper proposes a powertrain controller for a solar photovoltaic battery powered hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The main objective of the proposed controller is to ensure better battery management, load regulation, and maximum power extraction whenever possible from the photovoltaic panels. The powertrain controller consists of two levels of controllers named lower level controllers and a high-level control algorithm. The lower level controllers are designed to perform individual tasks such as maximum power point tracking, battery charging, and load regulation. The perturb and observe based maximum power point tracking algorithm is used for extracting maximum power from solar photovoltaic panels while the battery charging controller is designed using a PI controller. A high-level control algorithm is then designed to switch between the lower level controllers based on different operating conditions such as high state of charge, low state of charge, maximum battery current, and heavy load by respecting the constraints formulated. The developed algorithm is evaluated using theoretical simula-tion and experimental studies. The simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed technique.

新能源汽车电池管理系统设计与关键技术

电池蓄能是限制新能源汽车规模化普及推广的重要难关,面对该现象,可通过设计电池管理系统而实时把控新能源汽车电池状态,强化能源利用。基于此,文章首先分析新能源汽车电池管理系统的设计目标,进一步从总体架构、功能设计、拓扑结构、硬件设计、软件设计五个方面提出新能源汽车电池管理系统的设计方案及关键技术,为确认设计效果,对新能源汽车电池管理系统进行整体测试,最终确定该平台功能稳定,指令响应迅速。

插电式四驱混合动力汽车能量管理控制策略及其优化

为精确计算驾驶员请求转矩,克服模糊逻辑及模糊比例-积分-微分(proportion integration differentiation,PID)需要先验知识的固有缺陷,该文提出利用径向基函数(radial basis function,RBF)神经网络拟合转矩识别系数。考虑到动力部件的瞬态特性,建立了各动力部件及传动系统的动力学模型,制定了基于规则的控制策略并描述了各驱动模式的成立条件及其动力学方程。为减少程序运行时间,提出修正动态规划(correctional dynamic programming,CDP)算法对控制策略进行全局优化。搭建硬件在环试验台架,对控制策略进行了试验。试验结果表明,基于规则和修正动态规划的控制策略均能实现良好的控制效果。引入转矩识别后,车速误差明显减小,燃油经济性提高了4.54%。采用修正动态规划后,燃油经济性进一步提高了14.04%。该文研究方法可以为制定复杂混合动力系统控制策略提供理论依据。

基于XC164CS单片机的混合动力汽车电池管理系统硬件设计

介绍了以Infineon公司16位高性能单片机XC164CS为控制核心、针对混合动力汽车镍氢动力电池组的电池管理系统。分别对构成电池管理系统的微控单元模块、检测模块、驱动模块及通讯模块进行了说明,从硬件设计角度进行了分析。该管理系统可以实现动力电池组充、放电智能化控制,能够实时检测电池组的电压、电流、温度等信号,并能根据这些信号通过SOC算法估算电池组剩余电量。

插电式四驱混合动力汽车能量管理与转矩协调控制策略

为克服传统比例-积分-微分(proportion integration differentiation,PID)以及模糊逻辑算法的缺陷、保障汽车经济性并改善乘员的乘坐舒适性,该文采用自适应模糊PID算法,建立了驾驶员模型。使用基于发动机输出转矩最优的能量管理控制策略,简述了驱动模式判别条件及转矩分配方法。提出1种"发动机调速+离合器模糊PID控制+发动机动态转矩查表+双电机转矩补偿控制"转矩协调控制方法,简述了模式切换步骤。在dSPACE实时仿真系统上对控制策略进行了硬件在环仿真。仿真结果表明,该控制策略在能量管理方面控制效果良好,动力部件的输出与控制策略完全吻合且平均车速误差下降37.1%。引入转矩协调之后,整车最大冲击度下降47.5%。该文的研究方法可以为制定复杂混合动力系统的控制策略提供参考。

锂离子动力电池参数辨识与状态估计

从锂离子动力电池的电流激励—电压响应出发,在改进的FreedomCar电池模型存在的基础上,提出了基于最小二乘法的电池模型参数辨识的方法;根据混合动力汽车的具体应用条件,提出基于电流-时间窗口的SOC(荷电状态)估计方法.该方法已成功应用于电-电混合燃料电池轿车"超越三号"的实车运行.

燃料电池混合动力车辆多能源管理策略

采用电动车辆仿真软件ADVISOR建立了燃料电池和蓄电池混合驱动型车辆(FC+B)仿真模型,并提出了一种基于模糊逻辑控制方法的多能源管理策略,以提高FC+B混合驱动型车辆的燃料经济性,增加车辆的续航里程。仿真结果表明,所提出的多能源管理策略能够满足2种标准循环工况的功率需求,实现其在燃料电池和蓄电池之间的合理分配。通过与功率跟随控制策略进行对比,证明所提出的多能源管理策略在燃料经济性和动力性指标上具有较好的有效性。

Plug-in混合动力汽车能量管理策略优化设计

应用PSAT前向仿真软件及矩阵分割全局优化算法,对并联式Plug-in混合动力汽车(PHEV)在不同电能消耗续驶里程(CDR)下的能量管理策略进行了优化设计研究。结果表明:PHEV电能消耗续驶里程越大,优化控制参数对整车经济性影响越小;小CDR优化控制参数的整车平均经济性能好于大CDR优化控制参数;利用优化设计得到的PHEV能量管理策略可以使整车平均等价油耗降至2.70 L/(100 km),相对于原型车经济性提高了近58%。