The Voltage Distribution Characteristics of a Hybrid Circuit Breaker During High Current Interruption

Hybrid circuit breaker （HCB） technology based on a vacuum interrupter and a SF6 interrupter in series has become a new research direction because of the low-carbon requirements for high voltage switches. The vacuum interrupter has an excellent ability to deal with the steep rising part of the transient recovery voltage （TRV）, while the SF6 interrupter can withstand the peak part of the voltage easily. An HCB can take advantage of the interrupters in the current interruption process. In this study, an HCB model based on the vacuum ion diffusion equations, ion density equation, and modified Cassie-Mayr arc equation is explored. A simulation platform is constructed by using a set of software called the alternative transient program （ATP）. An HCB prototype is also designed, and the short circuit current is interrupted by the HCB under different action sequences of contacts. The voltage distribution of the HCB is analyzed through simulations and tests. The results demonstrate that if the vacuum interrupter withstands the initial TRV and interrupts the post-arc current first, then the recovery speed of the dielectric strength of the SF6 interrupter will be fast. The voltage distribution between two interrupters is determined by their post-arc resistance, which happens after current-zero, and subsequently, it is determined by the capacitive impedance after the post-arc current decays to zero.

Research on a Multiport Parallel Type Hybrid Circuit Breaker for HVDC Grids:Modeling and Design

This paper proposes a star type multiport hybrid circuit breaker(Star-HCB)topology for protection of multiterminal DC transmission.Reliability and stability of high voltage DC(HVDC)grids are determined by their capabilities to withstand DC-side faults.In order to maintain reliability of HVDC grids,both ends of each line should be equipped with hybrid circuit breakers(HCB).This method will increase expenditure of the HVDC,especially the meshed topology.The n-port Star-HCB consists of ultra-fast mechanical disconnectors,load current switch and only one transferring branch which is formed by improved half-bridge sub-module.Compared with existing traditional hybrid circuit breakers and other multiport hybrid circuit breakers,the proposed topology can realize the same short-circuit blocking goal using fewer components.Detailed mathematical transient process calculation and timedomain simulation of the proposed Star-HCB are given to verify its superiority.

Design and implementation of a hybrid circuit system for micro sensor signal processing

This paper covers a micro sensor analog signal processing circuit system（MASPS） chip with low power and a digital signal processing circuit board implementation including hardware connection and software design. Attention has been paid to incorporate the MASPS chip into the digital circuit board.The ultimate aim is to form a hybrid circuit used for mixed-signal processing,which can be applied to a micro sensor flow monitoring system.

Flexural wave band-gaps in phononic metamaterial beam with hybrid shunting circuits

Periodic arrays of hybrid-shunted piezoelectric patches are used to control the band-gaps of phononic metamaterial beams. Passive resistive-inductive （RL） shunting circuits can produce a narrow resonant band-gap （RG）, and active negative capacitive （NC） shunting circuits can broaden the Bragg band-gaps （BGs）. In this article, active NC shunting circuits and passive resonant RL shunting circuits are connected to the same piezoelectric patches in parallel, which are usually called hybrid shunting circuits, to control the location and the extent of the band-gaps. A super-wide coupled band-gap is generated when the coupling between RG and the BG occurs. The attenuation constant of the infinite periodic structure is predicted by the transfer matrix method, which is compared with the vibration transmittance of a finite periodic structure calculated by the finite element method. Numerical results show that the hybrid-shunting circuits can make the band-gaps wider by appropriately selecting the inductances, negative capacitances, and resistances.

A Hybrid Circuit Breaker Based on Current Commutation Approach for Multi-feeder DC Railway Substations

The paper presents an economic hybrid circuit breaker for limiting and interrupting the faults in DC railways substations. For fast fault current interruption, the hybrid breaker incorporates high speed mechanical contacts actuated by power semiconductor devices. Additionally, to avoid formation of electric arc, a commutation circuit is used to inject a counter current during fault interruption. In a real railway substation, each feeder is connected to the main DC bus through an expensive air magnetic DC circuit breaker and to an auxiliary DC bus through another expensive breaker. This leads to high cost especially in railway substation with multi feeders which are used to energize the vehicle transmission lines. In this paper, all DC breakers in DC railway substations are replaced by the suggested circuit breaker, which consists of a high speed mechanical contact with two semiconductor devices in each feeder and only one commutation circuit for injecting the counter current in all faulted feeders. The fault diagnosis is designed to detect the abnormal condition (current or voltage) in all feeders and direct the injected current from the commutation circuit to the faulted feeder only when the abnormal reaches a predetermine level. The suggested breaker is able to detect and interrupt any cascading of faults.

Key stress extraction and equivalent test method for hybrid DC circuit breaker

Firstly, relevant stress properties of millisecond level breaking process and microsecond level commutation process of hybrid HVDC circuit breaker are studied in detail on the basis of the analysis for the application environment and topological structure and operating principles of hybrid circuit breakers, and key stress parameters in transient state process of two time dimensions are extracted. The established digital simulation circuit for PSCAD/EMTDC device-level operation of the circuit breaker has verified the stress properties of millisecond level breaking process and microsecond level commutation process. Then, equivalent test method, circuits and parameters based on LC power supply are proposed on the basis of stress extraction. Finally, the results of implemented breaking tests for complete 200 kV circuit breaker, 100 kV and 50 kV circuit breaker units, as well as single power electronic module have verified the accuracy of the simulation circuit and mathematical analysis. The result of this paper can be a guide to electrical structure and test system design of hybrid HVDC circuit breaker.

Mechanism of hybrid-magnetic-circuit multi-couple motor

Discusses the interval between laminations in a permanent magnet inductor motor which makes the air gap magnetic field produced by the permanent magnet very uneven in the axial direction, and limits the performance of a motor. Proposes a hybrid magnetic circuit multi couple motor to compensate for the uneven air gap magnetic field, thereby improving the performance of a motor.

A Fault Current Limiting Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker

Due to the low impedance characteristic of the high voltage direct current(HVDC)grid,the fault current rises extremely fast after a DC-side fault occurs,and this phenomenon seriously endangers the safety of the HVDC grid.In order to suppress the rising speed of the fault current and reduce the current interruption requirements of the main breaker(MB),a fault current limiting hybrid DC circuit breaker(FCL-HCB)has been proposed in this paper,and it has the capability of bidirectional fault current limiting and fault current interruption.After the occurrence of the overcurrent in the HVDC grid,the current limiting circuit(CLC)of FCL-HCB is put into operation immediately,and whether the protected line is cut off or resumed to normal operation is decided according to the fault detection result.Compared with the traditional hybrid DC circuit breaker(HCB),the required number of semiconductor switches and the peak value of fault current after fault occurs are greatly reduced by adopting the proposed device.Extensive simulations also verify the effectiveness of the proposed FCL-HCB.

A Hybrid GA-SQP Algorithm for Analog Circuits Sizing

This study presents a hybrid algorithm obtained by combining a genetic algorithm (GA) with successive quadratic sequential programming (SQP), namely GA-SQP. GA is the main optimizer, whereas SQP is used to refine the results of GA, further improving the solution quality. The problem formulation is done in the framework named RUNE (fRamework for aUtomated aNalog dEsign), which targets solving nonlinear mono-objective and multi-objective optimization problems for analog circuits design. Two circuits are presented: a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) and an optical driver (Driver), which are both part of an Optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC). Furthermore, convergence characteristics and robustness of the proposed method have been explored through comparison with results obtained with SQP algorithm. The outcome is very encouraging and suggests that the hybrid proposed method is very efficient in solving analog design problems.

具备自适应重合闸能力的多端口混合式直流断路器

为解决柔性直流电网中混合式直流断路器成本高以及盲目重合闸的问题,提出了一种具备自适应重合闸能力的多端口混合式直流断路器。所提断路器能够在能量耗散期间旁路故障线路中的限流电抗器,配合电容充电回路的导通,将本应经避雷器耗散的限流电抗器能量转移到电容中,从而有效减少了故障隔离时间与避雷器能量耗散压力,并为故障性质的判别提供了能量支持。同时,该断路器通过共享主断路器的方式实现故障隔离,结合避雷器泄能需求的下降,大大降低了断路器的制造成本,在经济性方面优势明显。此外,该断路器利用故障识别电流与电容电压在永久性故障与瞬时性故障下的幅值差异来识别故障性质,实现了自适应重合闸,操作简单且易于控制。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC在三端MMC柔性直流系统环境下对所提方案的有效性进行了仿真验证,并通过与其他方案的对比分析,证明了所提方案的优越性。

基于电容自然充电换相的混合式直流断路器设计与仿真

以晶闸管作为主断器件是降低混合式直流断路器造价和技术难度的手段之一,电容电压是此类直流断路器能够顺利开断直流故障的关键影响因素。现有结构中电容大多为预充电型,但预充电方式和电容电压的维持较为复杂。因此,该文提出一种基于电容自然充电换相的混合式直流断路器,利用母线电压与预充电电容的电压差值实现电容的预充电和电容电压的自动维持,从而保证断路器的开断能力。此外该断路器还具备二次开断能力,可以满足极短时间内重复开断的需求。针对所提断路器的工作过程和元器件参数进行了详细的理论推导,基于PSCAD/EMTDC建立单端等效和四端柔性直流电网模型验证了所提结构的适用性。最后与其他方案进行比较,结果表明,所提方案在开断速度、电容预充电方式和二次开断方面具备一定优势。

一种具有限流功能的电容型高压直流断路器

直流断路器作为直流电网实现故障清除的重要设备之一,其性能的优劣将直接影响系统的安全稳定运行。针对目前大部分断路器不具备故障限流能力且成本较高这一问题,提出了一种具有限流功能的电容型高压直流断路器设计方案。利用电容的充放电特性实现限流电抗和避雷器的投切,能够显著降低故障电流峰值;将传统直流断路器中大规模全控器件IGBT(绝缘栅双极晶体管)用电容来替代,在实现断流功能的同时有效降低了成本。基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件搭建单端等效模型并进行仿真验证,结果表明:相较于传统高压直流断路器,所提方案降低了故障电流峰值,缩短了故障隔离时间,具有较好的性能。

真空与气体一体化串联机械开关及其直流快速转移应用

为提升中压混合式直流断路器的自然换流性能,该文提出一种真空与气体一体化串联机械开关,分析真空与气体一体化串联用于电流转移性能的工作原理。并基于此设计了双超程联动的真空与气体一体化串联开关实验样机,研究了气体类型、气压、触头结构、触头材料等参数对电弧电压特性的影响规律,确定了W70Cu桥式两触点结构,采用H2和N2体积比为2:3、气压为0.3 MPa的氢氮混合气体,弧压可由20 V提升到120 V,电流转移时间由1 900μs缩短至300μs。同时测试了静态瞬态开断电压(TIV)分布特性,真空间隙承担主要电压(55%),串联整机耐压水平为20 kV。验证了真空与气体一体化串联开关应用于中压混合式直流断路器的可行性和有效性。

混合式直流断路器状态感知技术与智慧框架体系探讨

直流断路器是柔性直流输电工程中故障清除和隔离的关键设备,当前的热点集中在新型拓扑结构、直流开断特性和新型电力电子器件等功能方面的研究,对其全状态的智能感知和状态评估方面研究较少。该文以混合式直流断路器为研究对象,全面梳理了需要重点监测的状态量,归纳了混合式直流断路器中快速机械开关、压接式绝缘栅双极性晶体管(insulated gate bipolar transistor,IGBT)、避雷器、快速机构动作电容和隔离供能单元等关键组件状态量的感知方法。基于现有研究,提出了智慧型直流断路器的框架体系。分析了所提框架体系中智能感知层、信息通信层、数据融合层和智能应用层的实现思路,为实现直流断路器的智能化和模块化提供一定参考依据。

磁性元件等离子清洗烧蚀现象分析及解决措施

在混合集成电路装配过程中,采用等离子清洗是提升工艺可靠性的一种有效方法。混合集成电路采用多种有源器件和无源器件,对于其中的磁性元件,等离子体遇到磁场被束缚,造成离子聚集,当射频能量偏大或未采取有效保护措施时,易出现发光放电现象,产生烧蚀。从一个等离子清洗失效案例入手,针对清洗过程中磁性元件烧蚀现象进行了详细分析,并提出了相应的改进措施。

一种可选择中断的混合式直流断路器拓扑

传统的混合式直流断路器应对瞬时性故障时必须先切断故障电流,再进行重合闸,会造成短暂性的电能供应中断。对此,提出一种适用于中压直流的可选择中断混合式直流断路器拓扑。该断路器可根据不同的故障类型选择运行方式,在与主导通支路串联的桥式结构中增加电容和限流电感抑制故障的电流上升,并储存能量,通过释能电阻对能量进行释放。对所提出的拓扑进行工作过程和理论分析。在单端直流等效系统中进行仿真验证,该结构在应对永久性短路故障时,可在9 ms内切除故障;应对瞬时性故障时,可使系统在不中断电流的情况下恢复正常运行,并释放故障时产生的能量。仿真结果验证了该拓扑的优越性。

“电路原理”混合式智慧教学的探索与实践

“电路原理”混合式智慧教学,以学生为中心,在优化设计教学内容、系统建设教学资源的基础上,将智慧教学平台和群聊工具引入课程,构建“课前预习—课堂学习—课后评价及反馈”知识点闭环教学系统,通过线上学习与线下教学混合、课内学习与课外自学混合、群聊工具与课程教学混合、理论学习与工程应用混合,在实现教与学充分融合的同时,促进学生自主学习能力,有效提高课程的教学质量。

自触型低压混合式直流断路器系统设计与开断特性研究

低压混合式直流断路器具有低功耗、高开断性能、选择性保护等优点,能更好地满足光伏和储能系统以及零碳建筑等应用需求。该文提出一种自触型低压混合式直流开关拓扑,首先通过对混合式断路器工作原理分析,建立基于电弧供能、驱动的机电系统耦合设计方法,该方法利用电弧能量为电子电路供能,并将电弧电压作为换流支路导通的控制信号,从而实现短路故障下系统的自动触发,并提出核心功能模块设计的理论依据。在此基础上,研制低压混合式断路器样机并验证设计方案的有效性,并对比分析不同因素对开断特性的影响规律。试验表明,相较于传统机械开关,小电流开断时间缩短85.4%、电弧能量减少94.1%,提升了断路器电气寿命,同时实现1.1 kA短路电流开断,发现系统总体响应时间与燃弧初期电压上升速率成正相关,电弧电导、支路寄生电感增大均会延长换流时间,电弧重燃概率则主要受外部系统参数影响。结果可为低压直流混合式断路器的优化设计和性能提升提供一定参考。

直流断路器全工况串联型合成等效试验方法

混合式高压直流断路器作为直流电网的关键设备之一,完备的型式试验是保证其挂网运行时快速、可靠清除故障电流和故障恢复的重要手段。为了更好地等效混合式直流断路器分断及故障恢复过程中的高电压与大电流工况,研究了混合式直流断路器开断大电流和故障清除失败情况下的重合闸全过程等效性评价指标,提出了一种新型串联式的全压全流合成等效试验方法,通过适当的控制方式,方案可以在不过多增加控制复杂度,实现试验全工况等效,并通过对电容器组的高效复用,降低了试验的成本。在该方案中,试验回路由大电流回路和高电压回路串联,通过大电流回路单独提供开断电流,在断路器开断结束后投入高压试验回路,两个回路共同作用提供开断后稳态电压和重合闸的二次电流。通过对4 kV/8 kA断路器进行开断及重合闸实验,验证了该试验回路的可行性,并针对500 kV/25 kA工况下的断路器对比了该试验回路与现有并联合成试验回路,结果表明串联式的全压全流合成试验方法在等效性、二次控制简易性和经济性方面存在优势,为直流断路器全工况等效试验提供另一种可选择方案。

混合式直流断路器内部关键参数对电弧电流转移特性的影响研究

真空电弧电流转移是自然换流型混合式直流断路器开断过程中的一个重要组成部分。文中通过建立真空电弧电流转移的理论分析模型,得出影响真空电弧电流转移的主要因素为真空电弧电压、内部杂散电阻电感参数和电力电子器件的串并联结构。实验方面,通过改变电力电子开关中电力电子器件的串联或并联个数研究了电力电子器件的串并联结构对真空电弧电流转移特性的影响,通过改变电力电子开关中杂散电感或电阻的数值和所处位置研究了内部杂散电阻电感参数对真空电弧电流转移特性的影响。最后,探究了促进电弧电流转移的方法。本研究将为混合式直流断路器的结构设计和参数优化提供理论依据。