Novel Hybrid Nanoparticles of Vanadium Nitride/Porous Carbon as an Anode Material for Symmetrical Supercapacitor

Hybrid materials of vanadium nitride and porous carbon nanoparticles(VN/PCNPs) were fabricated by a facile pyrolysis process of vanadium pentoxide(V_2O_5) xerogel and melamine at relatively low temperature of 800 °C for supercapacitor application. The effects of the feed ratio of V_2O_5 to melamine(r), and nitrogen flow rate on the microstructure and electrochemical performance were also investigated. It was found that the size of the as-synthesized nanoparticles is about 20 nm. Both r value and N_2 flow rate have enormous impacts on morphology and microstructure of the nanoparticle, which correspondingly determined the electrochemical performance of the material. The VN/C hybrid nanoparticles exhibited high capacitive properties, and a maximum specific capacitance of 255.0 Fg^(-1) was achieved at a current density of 1.0 Ag^(-1) in 2 M KOH aqueous electrolyte and the potential range from 0 to -1.15 V. In addition,symmetrical supercapacitor fabricated with the as-synthesized VN/PCNPs presents a high specific capacitance of 43.5 F g^(-1) at 0.5 A g^(-1) based on the entire cell, and an energy density of 8.0 Wh kg^(-1) when the power density was 575 W kg^(-1). Even when the power density increased to 2831.5 W kg^(-1), the energy density still remained 6.1 Wh kg^(-1).

A Simple Approach to Fabricate CdS-SiO_2 Hybrid Microspheres by Producing CdS Nanoparticles on the Surface of Thiolated SiO_2 Microspheres

We have developed a simple synthetic method to prepare the hybrid microspheres of CdS nanoparticles on the surface of silica microspheres modified by（3-mercaptopropyl） trimethoxysilane（MPS）. The--SH groups of MPS can bind with the Cd^2＋ ions on the surface of SiO2. When thioacetamide releases H2S, the nanosized CdS particles（ 1-6 nm） will successfully be generated on the silica surface under the experimental conditions. The size of the CdS nanoparticles was found to be related to the concentration of Cd^2 ＋ feed and the size of silica spheres, the higher the concentration of Cd^2＋ and the larger of silica microspheres, the bigger the size of CdS nanoparticles. Techniques including UV, PL, TEM and XPS were used to characterize the CdS-SiO2 hybrid microspheres.

Multidimensional Hybrid Architecture Encapsulating Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles into Carbon Nanotube Branched Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Networks for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Lithium–sulfur batteries(LSBs)are regarded as promising candidates for the next-generation energy storage devices owing to their high-theoretical capacity(1675 mAh g^(−1))and affordable cost.However,several limitations of LSBs such as the lithium polysulfide shuttle,large volume expansion,and low electrical conductivity of sulfur need to be resolved for practical applications.To address these limitations,herein,a multidimensional architectured hybrid(Co@CNT/nG),where Co_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles are encapsulated into threedimensional(3D)porous N-doped reduced graphene oxide interconnected with carbon nanotube(CNT)branches,is synthesized through a simple pyrolysis method.The synergistic effect achieved through the homogeneously distributed and encapsulated Co_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles,the interconnected CNT branches,and the 3D hierarchical porous structure and N-doping of Co@CNT/nG significantly suppresses the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides and enhances the conversion redox kinetics for the improved sulfur utilization.We validate this effect through various measurements including symmetric cells,Li_(2)S nucleation,shuttle currents,Tafel slopes,diffusion coefficients,and post-mortem analyses.Importantly,Co@CNT/nG-70S-based LSB cells achieve a high-specific capacity of 1193.1 mAh g^(−1) at 0.1 C and a low capacity decay rate of 0.030%per cycle for 700 cycles at 5 C,delivering a high areal capacity of 5.62 mAh cm^(−2) even with a loading of 6.5 mg cm^(−2).

Exploring the potential of functional polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles for enhanced oral delivery of paclitaxel

Most biopharmaceutics classification system(BCS)class IV drugs,with poor solubility and inferior permeability,are also substrates of P-glycoprotein(P-gp)and cytochrome P450(CYP450),leading to their low oral bioavailability.The objective of this study is to explore the potential of using functional polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles(PLHNs)to enhance the oral absorption of BCS IV drugs.In this paper,taking paclitaxel(PTX)as a drug model,PTX-loaded PLHNs were prepared by a self-assembly method.Chitosan was selected to modify the PLHN to enhance its mucoadhesion and stability.Three P-gp inhibitors(D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate,pluronic P123 and Solutol RHS15)were incorporated into selected PLHNs,and a CYP450 inhibitor(the extract of VBRB,BC0)was utilized to jointly promote the drug absorption.Properties of all the PLHNs were characterized systemically,including particle size,zeta potential,encapsulation efficiency,morphology,stability,in vitro drug release,mucoadhesion,in situ intestinal permeability and in vivo systemic exposure.It was found mucoadhesion of the CS-modified PLHNs was the strongest among all the formulations tested,with absolute bioavailability 21.95%.P-gp and CYP450 inhibitors incorporation further improved the oral bioavailability of PTX to 42.60%,8-fold increase compared with that of PTX itself(4.75%).Taken together,our study might shed light on constructing multifunctional PLHNs based on drug delivery barriers for better oral absorption,especially for BCS IV drugs.

NOVEL HYBRID GENE VECTOR STABILIZED BY CROSS-LINKING WITH GOLD NANOPARTICLES

Enhanced stability of polyplexes in physiological condition was an important prerequisite for successful systemic gene delivery.Herein novel method was reported to develop stable gene vector by nanotechnology.Thiolated polyplexes were constructed and then cross-linked with gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)by gold-thiol interactions.TEM pictures showed that AuNPs were attached to the shell of spherical polyplexes.The hybrid gene vector was stable enough in physiological condition and maintained efficient transfectio...

Co_(3)S_(4)-pyrolysis lotus fiber flexible textile as a hybrid electrocatalyst for overall water splitting

Electrocatalytic overall water splitting(OWS),a pivotal approach in addressing the global energy crisis,aims to produce hydrogen and oxygen.However,most of the catalysts in powder form are adhesively bounding to the electrodes,resulting in catalyst detachment by bubble generation and other uncertain interference,and eventually reducing the OWS performance.To surmount this challenge,we synthesized a hybrid material of Co_(3)S_(4)-pyrolysis lotus fiber(labeled as Co_(3)S_(4)-p LF)textile by hydrothermal and hightemperature pyrolysis processes for electrocatalytic OWS.Owing to the natural LF textile exposing the uniformly distributed functional groups(AOH,ANH_(2),etc.)to anchor Co_(3)S_(4)nanoparticles with hierarchical porous structure and outstanding hydrophily,the hybrid Co_(3)S_(4)-p LF catalyst shows low overpotentials at 10 m A cm^(-2)(η_(10,HER)=100 m Vη_(10,OER)=240 mV)alongside prolonged operational stability during electrocatalytic reactions.Theoretical calculations reveal that the electron transfer from p LF to Co_(3)S_(4)in the hybrid Co_(3)S_(4)-p LF is beneficial to the electrocatalytic process.This work will shed light on the development of nature-inspired carbon-based materials in hybrid electrocatalysts for OWS.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STRUCTURALLY WELL-DEFINED POLYMER-INORGANIC HYBRID NANOPARTICLES VIA ATRP

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using cuprous chloride/2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) was applied to graft polymerization of styrene on the surface of silica nanoparticles to synthesize polymer-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles, 2-(4Chloromethylphenyl) ethyltriethoxysilane (CTES) was immobilized on the surface of silica nanoparticles through condensation reaction of the silanol groups on silica with triethoxysilane group of CTES. Then ATRP of St was initiated by this surface-modified silica nanoparticles bearing benzyl chloride groups, and formed PSt graft chains on the surface of silica nanoparticles. The thickness of the graft chains increased with reaction time. End group analysis confirmed the occurrence of ATRP. Thermal analysis indicated that thermal stabilization of these resulting hybrid nanoparticles also increases with polymerization conversion. The results above show that this 'grafting from' reaction could be used for the preparation of polymer-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles with controlled structure of the polymer's end groups.

Carbon nanotube supported PtOx nanoparticles with hybrid chemical states for efficient hydrogen evolution

Efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) in alkaline solution are highly required for water splitting.Here we design an ultra-small PtOx nanoparticle with hybrid Pt chemical states on carbon nanotubes as highly efficient alkaline HER catalyst,which shows a low overpotential of 19.4 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2),a high mass activity of 5.56 A mg_(Pt)^(-1) at 0.1 V, and a stable durability for at least 20 h.The HER performance is better than that of the benchmark 20 wt% Pt/C while the Pt content in the catalyst is only about one tenth of that in Pt/C.It also represents one of the best catalysts ever reported for HER in alkaline solution.Synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that the efficient and stable alkaline HER performance can be attributed to the favorable design of hybrid chemical states of Pt with carbon nanotubes,which exhibits abundant surface Pt-O as active catalytic sites and forms stable Pt-C interfacial interaction to both anchor the NPs and improve the synergistic effect between catalyst and substrate.

Morphology and Electronic Properties of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic System: Ag Nanoparticles Embedded into CuPc Matrix

Materials with a high on-off resistance ratio could become the basis for resistive random-access memory (RRAM). It is assumed that one of RRAM types can be based on hybrid organic-inorganic systems, while particular attention is focused on hybrid systems consisting of metal nanoparticles (NP) embedded in organic matrix (OM). In this investigation we created and studied the hybrid organic-inorganic systems made of metal (Ag) nanoparticles embedded in organic semiconductor material CuPc. The LEED patterns and NEXAFS data demonstrate that the CuPc films deposited on Au(001) substrate are highly ordered and molecular planes lie parallel to the gold surface. The metal atoms were deposited on the outer surface of the organic molecular film and self-assembled into nanoparticles due to surface and bulk diffusion. The properties of nano-composite materials seem to be significantly dependent on the microstructure, i.e. the size, concentration, bulk- and size-distribution of nanoparticles;therefore we have studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy the evolution of morphology of nano-composite films as a function of nominal metal deposition. The filled and empty electronic states of the hybrid organic-inorganic systems, energy level alignment at interfaces formed between metal nanoparticles and the organic semiconductor CuPc as well as the chemical interaction at the NP/OM interface were studied by UPS, XPS and NEXAFS methods.

Evaluation of Cisplatin-Loaded Polymeric Micelles and Hybrid Nanoparticles Containing Poly(Ethylene Oxide)-Block-Poly(Methacrylic Acid) on Tumor Delivery

Particulate carriers such as polymeric micelles (PMs) and liposomes have been investigated to increase drug accumulation in tumors and reduce distribution to healthy tissues. In this study, we prepared PM and hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) with poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(methacrylic acid) (PEO-b-PMAA) for loading cisplatin, and evaluated cisplatin release, cytotoxicity, and biodistribution in mice. PM composed of PEO-b-PMAA and HNPs composed of egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC)/PEO-b-PMAA at molar ratios of 50/2.8 (HNP-P5) and 50/50 (HNP-P50), respectively, were prepared by a nanoprecipitation method. The sizes of PM, HNP-P5, and HNP-P50 after inclusion of cisplatin were approximately 200, 100, and 55 nm, respectively, and their entrapment efficiencies were approximately 44% - 66%. In the drug-release study, HNP-P5 and HNP-P50 showed reduced release of cisplatin compared with PM. Regarding the cytotoxic assay, HNP-P5 exhibited lower cytotoxicity for mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and mouse colon carcinoma Colon 26 cells than PM and HNP-P50. In terms of biodistribution, PM could significantly improve blood circulation and tumor accumulation after intravenous injection into Colon 26 tumor-bearing mice compared with free cisplatin, but HNP-P5 and HNP-P50 did not. EPC in HNPs might be destabilized in the circulation, although it could reduce release of cisplatin in in vitro experiments. This study suggested that polymeric micelles composed of PEO-b-PMAA are a better carrier for cisplatin than hybrid nanoparticles composed of PEO-b-PMAA and EPC.

PEO-b-P4VP/Yttrium Hydroxide Hybrid Nanotubes as Supporter for Catalyst Gold Nanoparticles

吸附(乙烯氧化物) poly， -b-poly(4-vinylpyridine)(PEO-b-P4VP) 微粒与稠密的 P4VP 内部层和包围 YNT 的拉长的 PEO 外部层导致了到钇氢氧化物 nanotubes (YNT ) 的表面上混合 nanotubes。稠密的 P4VP 层被 crosslinking 进一步作为 crosslinker 用 1,4-dibromobutane 稳定。然后， crosslinked 混血儿 nanotubes (CHNT ) 作为一个新奇 nano 支持者被使用在 crosslinked P4VP 层以内装载催化剂金牌 nanoparticles (GNP ) 。结果的 GNPs/CHNTs (在 CHNT 上装载的 GNT ) 被使用催化 p-nitrophenol 的减小反应。结果显示这个新奇 nano 支持者在暂停，在装载 GNP (0.87 mmol/g ) 的高能力，装载 GNP (12.9 mol1min1 ) 的高催化的活动，和 GNTs/CHNTs 的好可重用性有象好 dispersity 那样的优点。

Controlled Synthesis of Metal-Nanoparticles Decorated Block Copolymer Hybrid Particles via Emulsion Confined Self-assembly and Their Catalytic Applications

Comprehensive Summary Metal nanoparticles(NPs)decorated block copolymer(BCP)hybrid nanoparticles have attracted enormous attention for their actual value in catalysis,medical therapy,and bioengineering.The confined assembly of BCPs within evaporative emulsion droplet is verified as an effective method to provide polymeric scaffolds to load metal NPs.However,to date,it remains challenging to generate different types of metal NPs decorated BCP hybrid nanoparticles.Herein,we employed the emulsion confined self-assembly of poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine)(PS-b-P2VP)and the followed seed-mediated growth of Au and palladium(Pd)NPs onto well-defined BCP particles to design a series of Au/Pd decorated BCP hybrid nanoparticles,which exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol with the reductant of NaBH4.This work may inspire more researchers to investigate the selective decoration of different metal NPs onto the polymeric scaffolds,broadening the potential applications of the inorganic/organic hybrid nanoparticles.

Molecular recognition by gold, silver and copper nanoparticles

The intrinsic physical properties of the noble metal nanoparticles,which are highly sensitive to the nature of their local molecular environment,make such systems ideal for the detection of molecular recognition events.The current review describes the state of the art concerning molecular recognition of Noble metal nanoparticles.In the first part the preparation of such nanoparticles is discussed along with methods of capping and stabilization.A brief discussion of the three common methods of functionalization:Electrostatic adsorption;Chemisorption;Affinity-based coordination is given.In the second section a discussion of the optical and electrical properties of nanoparticles is given to aid the reader in understanding the use of such properties in molecular recognition.In the main section the various types of capping agents for molecular recognition;nucleic acid coatings,protein coatings and molecules from the family of supramolecular chemistry are described along with their numerous applications.Emphasis for the nucleic acids is on complementary oligonucleotide and aptamer recognition.For the proteins the recognition properties of antibodies form the core of the section.With respect to the supramolecular systems the cyclodextrins,calix[n]arenes,dendrimers,crown ethers and the cucurbitales are treated in depth.Finally a short section deals with the possible toxicity of the nanoparticles,a concern in public health.

Novel Analysis of Two Kinds Hybrid Models in Ferro Martial Inserting Variable Lorentz Force Past a Heated Disk:An Implementation of Finite Element Method

In this article,the rheology of Ferro-fluid over an axisymmetric heated disc with a variable magnetic field by considering the dispersion of hybrid nanoparticles is considered.The flow is assumed to be produced by the stretching of a rotating heated disc.The contribution of variable thermophysical properties is taken to explore themomentum,mass and thermal transportation.The concept of boundary layermechanismis engaged to reduce the complex problem into a simpler one in the form of coupled partial differential equations system.The complex coupled PDEs are converted into highly nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations system(ODEs)and the resulting nonlinear flow problem is handled numerically.The solution is obtained via finite element procedure(FEP)and convergence is established by conducting the grid-independent survey.The solution of converted dimensionless problem containing fluid velocity,temperature and concentration field is plotted against numerous involved emerging parameters and their impact is noted.From the obtained solution,it is monitored that higher values of magnetic parameter retard the fluid flow and escalating values of Eckert number results in to enhance temperature profile.Ferro-fluid flow and heat energy for the case of the Yamada Ota hybrid model are higher than for the case of the Hamilton Crosser hybrid model.Developing a model is applicable to the printing process,electronic devices,temperature measurements,engineering process and food-making process.The amount of mass species is reduced vs.incline impacts of chemical reaction and Schmidt parameter.

Facile Method for the Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Supported on the Organoclay Material

In this study, synthesis of copper nanoparticles was performed using organoclay as a support to stabilize the nanoparticles. Organoclay amount was gradually increased, which had an effect on the morphology of the resultant nanoparticles. Low amount of organoclay added resulted in larger and agglomerated copper nanoparticles whereas increased amount of organoclay gave smaller sized nanoparticles. The hybrid materials were characterized using the SEM and TEM for morphology, XRD and FT-IR spectroscopy for structural elucidation, thermal analysis using TGA and also studying their antibacterial effect on the two well-known gram negative bacteria of E. coli and P. Aeruginosa. The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be crystalline Cu nanoparticles with a mix of CuO. Larger sized copper nanoparticles and agglomerates showed the higher thermal behaviour as compared with smaller nanoparticles with higher organoclay loading. The hybrid showed an improved antibacterial activity as compared with organoclay alone. The hybrid showed the higher antibacterial effect against the P. aeruginosa microorganism as compared with the E. coli microorganism.

Numerically simulated behavior of radiative Fe_(3)O_(4) and multi-walled carbon nanotube hybrid nanoparticle flow in presence of Lorentz force

Free convection in hybrid nanomaterial-saturated permeable media is crucial in various engineering applications.The present study aims to investigate the free convection of an aqueous-based hybrid nanomaterial through a zone under the combined effect of the Lorentz force and radiation.The natural convection of the hybrid nanomaterial is modeled by implementing a control volume finite element method(CVFEM)-based code,whereas Darcy assumptions are used to model the porosity terms in the momentum buoyancy equation involving the average Nusselt number Nu_(ave),flow streamlines,and isotherm profiles.A formula for estimating Nu_(ave) is proposed.The results show that the magnetic force retards the flow,and the fluid tends to attract the magnetic field source.Nu_(ave) is directly correlated with the Rayleigh number and radiation;however,it is indirectly dependent on the Hartmann number.Conduction is the dominant mode at larger Darcy and Hartmann numbers.

Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticle with cell-distinct drug release for treatment of stemness-derived resistant tumor

Drug resistance presents one of the major causes for the failure of cancer chemotherapy.Cancer stem-like cells(CSCs),a population of self-renewal cells with high tumorigenicity and innate chemoresistance,can survive conventional chemotherapy and generate increased resistance.Here,we develop a lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticle for co-delivery and cell-distinct release of the differentiation-inducing agent,all-trans retinoic acid and the chemotherapeutic drug,doxorubicin to overcome the CSC-associated chemoresistance.The hybrid nanoparticles achieve differential release of the combined drugs in the CSCs and bulk tumor cells by responding to their specific intracellular signal variation.In the hypoxic CSCs,ATRA is released to induce differentiation of the CSCs,and in the differentiating CSCs with decreased chemoresistance,DOX is released upon elevation of reactive oxygen species to cause subsequent cell death.In the bulk tumor cells,the drugs are released synchronously upon the hypoxic and oxidative conditions to exert potent anticancer effect.This cell-distinct drug release enhances the synergistic therapeutic efficacy of ATRA and DOX with different anticancer mechanism.We show that treatment with the hybrid nanoparticle efficiently inhibit the tumor growth and metastasis of the CSC-enriched triple negative breast cancer in the mouse models.

Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles: Development & statistical optimization of norfloxacin for topical drug delivery system

Poly lactic acid is a biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic polymer, widely used in many pharmaceuticalpreparations such as controlled release formulations, parenteral preparations, surgicaltreatment applications, and tissue engineering. In this study, we prepared lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticlesfor topical and site targeting delivery of Norfloxacin by emulsification solvent evaporationmethod (ESE). The design of experiment (DOE) was done by using software to optimize the result, andthen a surface plot was generated to compare with the practical results. The surface morphology, particlesize, zeta potential and composition of the lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles were characterized bySEM, TEM, AFM, and FTIR. The thermal behavior of the lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles was characterizedby DSC and TGA. The prepared lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles of Norfloxacin exhibited anaverage particle size from 178.6 ± 3.7 nm to 220.8 ± 2.3 nm, and showed very narrow distribution withpolydispersity index ranging from 0.206 ± 0.36 to 0.383 ± 0.66. The surface charge on the lipid-polymerhybrid nanoparticles were confirmed by zeta potential, showed the value from t23.4 ± 1.5 mVto t41.5 ± 3.4 mV. An Antimicrobial study was done against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonasaeruginosa, and the lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles showed potential activity against these two.Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles of Norfloxacin showed the %cumulative drug release of 89.72% in24 h. A stability study of the optimized formulation showed the suitable condition for the storage oflipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles was at 4 ± 2 C/60 ± 5% RH. These results illustrated high potential oflipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles Norfloxacin for usage as a topical antibiotic drug carriers.

复合纳米流体强化换热研究进展

随着科学技术的进步,电子器件、太阳能和机械加工等系统均趋向于高功率和微型化发展.然而,这些系统内部产生的热量也随之增加,导致系统过热甚至烧毁,因此,亟需发展高效热管理系统,以及时带走系统热量.近年来,多种新型热管理技术被广泛研究和应用,其中,复合纳米流体强化换热技术因具有效果显著、成本低廉和无额外能耗等优势而备受关注,成为研究和应用的热点之一.本文对复合纳米流体强化换热技术的研究进展进行全面综述.首先总结了近年来复合纳米流体制备的研究现状,然后分析了复合纳米流体的一般性能、传热性能及相关影响因素,着重讨论了复合纳米流体强化换热机制.此外,还介绍了复合纳米流体在微电子、太阳能装置及散热器等领域的应用.最后,讨论了复合纳米流体强化换热技术目前面临的挑战,并提出了未来的发展方向.