Drought-resistant Hybrid Millet under Watersaving Irrigation in Extreme Drought Area of Dunhuang City

[Objective]This study aimed to select hybrid mil et varieties those can produce high yield under water-saving irrigation conditions. [Method] From 2011 to 2013, drought-resistant experiments on 200 hybrid mil et combinations were carried out in the three consecutive years in Dunhuang City. Plastic film was covered on the soil surface in one treatment （F） and was not in the other treatment （NF）. Irri-gation was only performed once before sowing. At seedling stage, jointing stage, heading stage and fil ing stage, we measured the water contents of soil at 0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-100 and 100-120 cm deep. Plant height, panicle length, til er number, grain weight per ear, grain weight per plant, grass weight and above-ground biomass were measured from a bulk of eight plants in each plot. Grain yield per plot was measured final y. [Result] Under the only irrigation of 1 200 m3/hm2 before sowing, 18 hybrid mil et combinations exhibited stronger resistance to drought, and four of them： 13DH2, 13DH3, 13DH8 and 13DH9 produced grain more than 3 000 kg/hm2. The yield of hybrid mil et combination 13DH8 was up to 6 000 kg/hm2 under the only irrigation of 1 200 m3/hm2, i.e. 1 m3 of water could produce 5 kg of grain on average. Therefore, application of this cultivation technology could increase arable land of irrigated arid area by several times. In addition, irrigation of 1 200 m3/hm2 is equivalent to 120 mm of rainfal; so this cultivation technology also can be applied in arid area with 200 mm of rainfal . [Conclusion] The cultivation technology can cope with the occurrence of extreme weather, protect water re-sources and enlarge global grain planting area. At the same time, it also ensures food production and food safety.

The Physiological Basis of Heterosis for Potassium Uptake of Hybrid Millet

Hybrid millet Zhang and its parental cultivars were studied for their potassium (K) uptake and accumulation characteristics and related physiological mechanisms. Hydroponic culture was performed with two K levels (i.e., high and low) set up. At high K level, hybrid millet showed heterobeltiosis in K accumulation and leaf K content, and it also had higher H+-ATPase activity, respiration rate, root oxidant activity and root K+ influx rate than its parental cultivars. All these lay the physiological foundation of heterosis for potassium uptake of hybrid millet. At low K level, the hybrid millet had a lower H+-ATPase activity and a higher K efflux rate than its parental cultivars, thus heterobeltiosis in K accumulation or leaf K content was not observed. Therefore, high level K fertilizer application is recommended for hybrid millet cultivation as it is favorable for hybrid millet to display heterosis in K uptake and K accumulation.

Tracking and Monitoring Leaf Development, Coupling Law and Regulation Techniques during Flowering Period of Hybrid Foxtail Millet (<i>Setaria italica</i>(L.) P. Beauv.) Parental Lines

The determining factor of Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. is the coupling of its flowering stage and outcrossing rate which leads to low and unstable seed yields in self-pollinated foxtail millet hybrids and thereby limits their large-scale application. In this study, Datong 27, Datong 29 and gu 83 were screened and identified through meticulous observations of their pollination habitats. High exposure rate, degree of exposure and plump of stigma are good factors to accept foreign pollen. Datong 27 and Datong 29 have some additional characteristics, such as long filaments and exposed and full anthers that contain a large amount of pollen. We transformed into a series of stigma-exposed and plump sterile lines that easily accepted exotic pollen. New restorer lines with anthers that were full of powder and exhibited quick recovery, which improved the parental lines’ heterosexual characteristics. By tracking and monitoring the leaf development of the new sterile and restorer lines, a coupling law of leaf development was determined and a series of flowering control measures were formulated. These factors ensured that the parental lines encounter one another during the flowering stage. By utilizing fertilizer and water, the vitality of the female stigma, amount of powder scattered and powder loosening time were prolonged, which increased hybrid seed yields from 1500 to 3000 kg/hm2. These findings were helpful in resolving the technical problems of seed production that restricted the propagation of foxtail millet hybrids and supporting future large-scale applications.

Preliminary Study on Hybrid Foxtail Millet Entering Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso is one of the least developed countries in the world,and is located on the edge of the desert.Drought and water shortage,backward agricultural infrastructure,lacking of water conservancy and irrigation facilities have caused a great threat to the country’s food security.Promoting the cultivation of hybrid foxtail millet in Burkina Faso can well achieve the"going out"of Chinese agriculture and assist in the completion of agricultural assistance to Burkina Faso after the resumption of diplomatic relations with Burkina Faso.In 2019,Zhangjiakou City Academy of Agricultural Sciences cooperated with CGCOC Agriculture Co.,Ltd.to plant hybrid foxtail millet in Burkina Faso,selected three pearl millet varieties that are better promoted locally as control varieties,and found that planting Zhangzagu No.8,No.16 and No.18 with a density of 667000 plant/hm^2(plant spacing 0.12 m×0.25 m,2 plants per hole)and a fertilization amount of 0.3 t/hm2 and sowing in late July are suitable for production management technical regulations of hybrid foxtail millet in Burkina Faso.Because hybrid foxtail millet is superior to local pearl millet in terms of yield,resistance to powdery mildew,and its lodging resistance,it has good prospects for promotion in Burkina Faso.

Patterns of Molecular Diversity in Current and Previously Developed Hybrid Parents of Pearl Millet [<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i>(L.) R. Br.]

ICRISAT’s pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) breeding program at Patancheru, India, has developed genetically diverse hybrid parents since 1980s. The present study investigated genetic diversity pattern between two groups of parents in this program, bred till 2004 and developed during 2004-2010. Combined analysis of 379 hybrid parents (current 166 parents and 213 previously developed hybrid parents) carried out using a set of highly polymorphic 28 SSRs detected 12.7 alleles per locus. An average of 8.5 and 8.7 SSR alleles per locus were found in previously developed and current parents, respectively, indicating marginal improvement in the levels of genetic diversity of hybrid parents in this program. Distance matrix differentiated these current and previously developed hybrid parents into 2 separate clusters, indicating infusion of new genetic variability over time as reflected by development of more genotype-specific alleles. Also, the seed and restorer parents were found clearly separated from each other in both the sets with few crossovers, indicating existence of two diverse and broad-based pools in hybrid parents of pearl millet. Restorer parents (R-lines) were found more diverse than seed parents (B-lines), as higher average gene diversity was detected among R-lines (0.70) than B-lines (0.56), though variation between B- and R-lines was found reduced in newly developed lines to 9.22% from 16.98% in previously developed lines. Results suggested that newly developed lines were as much divergent when compared with previously developed lines, indicating that current ICRISAT pearl millet breeding program was moving towards development of diverse new hybrid parental lines. The study suggested use of trait-specific donors in B- and R-lines separately to maintain sufficient genetic distance between seed and restorer breeding lines. It was pointed out to cross parents having higher genetic distance within the seed (B-lines) and restorer (R-lines) breeding programs to derive diverse and productive hybrid parental lines in future.

Analysis and Prospects of Innovation and Extension Mode of Agricultural Research Institutes:Hybrid Foxtail Millet Entering Ethiopia

Based on the initiative background of the Belt and Road,in order to promote the sustainability of agricultural cooperation between China and Africa,using hybrid foxtail millet as a medium,the research institutes have carried out basic research on the breeding,cultivation,and demonstration of hybrid foxtail millet in Africa in the early stage,jointed enterprises to carry out the construction of the joint research center and the construction of the industrial chain,and innovated the " scientific research units promoting agricultural " going out". The successful innovation of this mode has effectively exerted the public welfare of scientific research units and the marketability of enterprises. The organic combination of the two makes agricultural projects more healthy,sustainable and stable in African countries.

耐荫谷子杂交种的创制及其耐荫生理机制研究

为解决中国大量林下土地常年撂荒、杂草丛生、病虫害严重、林果质量逐年下降的难题。本研究旨在通过开发耐荫性谷子种植资源,提高林下土地利用率及林下经济效益。研究以具有良好综合性状和潜在利用价值的谷子种质资源为材料,通过专项试验筛选出耐荫种质资源,进一步利用这些亲本材料,创制出7份耐荫不育系,4份耐荫恢复系;8个耐荫谷子杂交种。这些杂交种表现出良好的生长性能,能够在树木遮荫的环境中茁壮成长。为了深入了解耐荫谷子杂交种的生理机制,我们测定了叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量及比值、根轮数等。研究结果显示,耐荫谷子杂交种具有较高的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量(分别在2.11~2.35 mg/gFW和0.65~0.76 mg/gFW之间),较低的叶绿素a/叶绿素b比值(3.09~3.25),以及较多的根轮数(≥5)。这些生理特征有助于植物在低光环境下更有效地捕获光能、吸收营养,并增强对病虫害的抵抗力。本研究的成果不仅促进了耐荫谷子杂交种的育成,而且为林下经济提供了实践应用模式。建立了“谷子/板栗”、“谷子/核桃”、“谷子/山楂”和“谷子/中低密度生态林”4种立体套种模式,这些模式有助于提升林地的综合效益和生态价值。因此,该研究对于改善林下土地利用、促进农业多样性和生态可持续性具有重要的实践意义。

Confirmation of Pearl Millet-Napiergrass Hybrids Using EST-Derived Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers

Prospects for deploying perennial grasses that are currently considered leading candidates for dedicated energy crops over large acreages are debatable because of several limitations, including vegetative propagation or small seed size, low biomass production during the first growing season, and incomplete assessments of crop invasiveness risk. Pearl Millet-Napiergrass hybrids (“PMN”;Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br. × P. purpureum Schumach.), in contrast, are large-seeded, sterile feedstocks capable of high biomass production during establishment year. Novel methods are warranted for confirmation of PMN hybrids, as traditional morphological observations can be inconclusive and chromosome number determination using cytological methods is laborious and time consuming. Six putative PMN lines were produced in this study, and 10 progeny from each line were evaluated using morphological traits, seed fertility, flow cytometry, and expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers. All putative hybrid lines were sterile and failed to produce seed. The PMN hybrids could not be distinguished from either parent using flow cytometry due to highly similar nuclear genome DNA contents. A number of paternal napiergrass-specific EST-SSRs were identified for each PMN line, and four paternal-specific EST-SSRs conserved across all napiergrass accessions were selected to screen the putative PMN hybrids. These EST-SSRs confirmed that all F1 individuals analyzed were PMN hybrids. The use of paternal-specific markers therefore provides a valuable tool in the development of both “Seeded-yet-Sterile” biofuel PMN feedstocks and additional PMN cultivar-and parental species-specific markers.

Responses of the antioxidant system to fluroxypyr in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) at the seedling stage

Foxtail millet （Setaria italica L.） is an important food and fodder crop in semi-arid areas. However, there are few herbicides suitable for use on weed control in field-grown foxtail millet during the post-emergence herbicides stage. The present study was conducted using four concentrations （0.5, 1, 2, and 4 L ai ha-1） of foliar-applied fluroxypyr, and the effect of fluroxypyr on selected metabolic and stress-related parameters in foxtail millet were assessed after 15 days. In this study, increasing concentrations decreased plant height and accumulation of chlorophylls. Our results also showed that malondialdehyde （MDA） accumulated in response to fluroxypyr application, demonstrating increased lipid peroxidation due to excessive reactive oxygen species production. In response to this oxidative stress, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were generally enhanced. Non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, which function in concert with antioxidant enzymes, can also protect plant cells from oxidative damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species （ROS）. In conclusion, the hybrid variety （Zhangzagu） exhibited a greater tolerance to fluroxypyr than did the conventional variety Jingu 21, which might be associated with the antioxidant mechanisms of Zhangzagu hybrid millet.

基于InDel标记的长杂谷2922杂交种纯度鉴定

为了鉴定谷子杂交种长杂谷2922的纯度,本研究从11个候选InDel标记中筛选出在长杂谷2922及其双亲之间具有多态性的InDel标记Re2632,利用Re2632对长杂谷2922进行分子标记鉴定,并喷施除草剂进行验证。分子鉴定结果显示,杂交种纯度在20.83%~44.68%之间,平均纯度为33.72%。除草剂鉴定结果显示,杂交种纯度在18.32%~50.60%之间,平均纯度为32.59%。t测验结果显示,2种方法鉴定结果无显著差异,表明Re2632可以作为长杂谷2922分子鉴定的标记。

优质谷子新品种峰杂谷1号选育及栽培技术

为促进春谷区优质谷子新杂交种峰杂谷1号的推广,介绍了其选育过程、特征特性及栽培技术。峰杂谷1号是赤峰市农牧科学研究所以A001为母本,以R001恢复系为父本组配育成的优质杂交谷子新品种。在2023年获得非主要农作物品种登记证书,编号为GPD谷子(2023)150032。峰杂谷1号2020-2021年参加推广试验,两年平均产量6066.9 kg·hm^(-2),比对照品种黄金谷增产6.11%。峰杂谷1号籽粒白色,小米中等黄色,胚乳粳型。该品种早熟、矮秆、抗倒性强,整齐度好,产量高,米质优。该品种适宜在内蒙古赤峰市、通辽市、巴彦淖尔市、兴安盟,吉林省白城市、松原市,辽宁省朝阳市,山西省忻州市、朔州市,河北省承德市、张家口市,≥10℃活动积温2450℃以上地区春季种植。

谷子两系杂交种制种技术研究

为探寻谷子两系杂交制种方式,以6个谷子杂交种为材料,研究杂交种父母本行比和父母本株高差异对制种产量的影响。结果表明,组合1、组合2、组合3、组合6在恢复系父本与不育系母本行比为2∶6种植时,制种产量最高,组合5父母本行比按2∶4种植,制种产量高。对产量构成因素的相关性分析表明,制种产量与行比呈正相关;对杂交种父母本株高差异的分析表明,株高差异在30~50 cm之间有利于授粉、提高制种产量,因此在杂交种亲本选配时应该关注父母本的高度差。

新育成杂交谷子品种在冀西北地区一年区域试验中的表现

对品种在区域试验中的表现进行分析,可以为该品种选育和推广以及今后试验提供参考。以张家口市农业科学院新育成的6个杂交谷子品种为试材,以杂交谷子品种张杂谷6号为对照(CK),在冀西北地区进行区域试验,利用生长性状、产量性状和产量,对新育成的杂交谷子品种进行综合评价。结果表明:6个杂交谷子品种均为早熟品种,产量均<CK,降幅为18.23%-59.82%。其中,1014产量最高,为2173.7 kg/hm^(2);其次是早6和早4,产量分别为1955.3和1708.1 kg/hm^(2);张41产量最低,仅1068.1 kg/hm^(2)。6个新育成早熟杂交谷子均能在冀西北地区正常成熟,为今后该区杂交谷子的进一步选育打下了基础。

播期、密度与施肥对旱地杂交谷子产量的影响

通过对4个谷子品种进行播期、密度与追肥复合因素试验研究其产量表现,结果表明影响产量最主要的因素是品种,其次是追肥量、密度,最后是播期。杂交谷子对密度、追肥量的需求大于常规品质,产量表现更好。旱地最佳种植播期为4月25日,最佳密度为16 000株/667 m^(2),追肥量为40 kg/667 m^(2)。

冀西北地区早熟杂交谷子农艺性状的相关性分析

农艺性状相关性研究是种质资源和遗传育种研究中普遍采用的分析方法,明确各农艺性状之间的关系可为谷子品种选育和推广提供科学依据。对新育成的4个早熟杂交谷子品种在冀西北坝上地区的种植表现进行评价,结果表明,4个品种抗逆性均好,但不同品种的经济性状和产量存在较大差异;对其株高、穗长、单穗重、穗粒重、千粒重、出谷率和产量7个农艺性状进行相关性分析,结果表明,穗粒重与单穗重呈极显著正相关,产量与单穗重呈显著正相关、与穗粒重呈极显著正相关。穗粒重和单穗重是影响冀西北地区早熟杂交谷子产量的重要因素。

地膜覆盖对杂交谷子光合特性、产量及水分利用效率的影响

试验在河北省张家口市农科院宣化试验站(115°3'N,40°63'E)进行,研究了露地平地种植、全膜平铺平地种植、沟植不覆盖地膜、垄膜覆盖膜侧沟植4种种植方式下地膜覆盖对张杂谷3号光合作用等生理特征、产量及水分利用的影响。试验结果表明,地膜覆盖使平播及沟植条件下的籽粒产量分别增加13.25%和6.64%,叶片水势提高0.16 MPa和0.09 MPa,叶片光合速率提高10.87%和15.69%,蒸腾速率提高8.5%和15.95%,气孔导度提高0.0092 mol·m-2·s-1和0.0284 mol·m-2·s-1,叶片水分利用效率提高13.80%和1.80%。从以上结果得出:(1)地膜覆盖改善了植株水分状态,叶片水势和叶绿素含量均提高,植株生长旺盛;使叶片的光合等生理活动维持较高水平;植株水分利用效率提升,从而促进了籽粒产量的显著提高;(2)平播条件下覆膜的增产效果较平地播种、无膜沟植、垄膜沟植更加明显。

施肥和密度对张杂谷5号光合特性及产量的影响

本研究采用5因素二次通用旋转组合设计,探讨氮、磷、钾、行距和株距对张杂谷5号光合特性与产量的影响。结果表明,产量与叶面积指数、净光合速率、叶绿素含量显著正相关。单因素氮、行距、磷、钾对产量和净光合速率有显著影响,氮肥和行距影响较大,而磷和钾肥影响较小。单因素行距、株距和氮对叶面积指数有显著影响,随着施氮量的增加以及株距和行距的缩小,叶面积指数均表现先增后减趋势。单因素施氮和钾水平对叶绿素含量有显著影响,随着施氮、钾量的增加,叶绿素含量均表现为先升后降的趋势。在所研究的5个因素中,施氮水平、施钾水平以及株距之间交互作用对产量有显著影响;施钾水平与施氮水平、株距之间的交互作用对净光合速率有显著影响。该5因素与产量间回归关系极显著,拟合程度较高,可用于实际生产预测。使产量大于6200kg/hm2的优化因素取值的95%的置信区间为施氮(N)178～197 kg/hm2、磷(P2O5)88～101 kg/hm2、钾(K2O)54～67 kg/hm2、行距为22～24 cm、株距为12～13 cm。

施氮对杂交谷子产量与光合特性及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】随着杂交谷子高产特性的凸显和栽培技术研究的不断深入,确立高产条件下的合理施肥方案具有重要现实意义。本文设定了不同氮素水平,研究施氮量对谷子生物量、产量、光合特性及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响,以确定杂交谷子高产的合理施氮方案。【方法】以"张杂5号"谷子为对象,采用田间小区试验,设施氮量0、100、200、300(分3次施)、300(分2次施)、400 kg/hm2共6个氮素水平(N0~N5处理),通过测定杂交谷子籽粒产量、生物量、农田耗水量和光合特性,分析施氮与杂交谷子产量、光合特性及水分利用效率(WUE)之间的关系。【结果】谷子产量、光合特性及WUE与施氮水平密切相关。不同施氮处理谷子生物量比对照N0处理增加了26.33%~87.21%,处理间差异显著。谷子籽粒产量以N3(300 kg/hm2,分3次施)和N5(400 kg/hm2)处理较高,分别为8202 kg/hm2和8537 kg/hm2,两处理间差异不显著。各生育阶段谷子的耗水特征变化趋势不同。生育前期耗水变化不明显,拔节-抽穗期谷子农田耗水量以N0处理日均耗水量最大;在生育后期N0处理耗水量最小,N3耗水量最大。全生育期谷子总耗水量处理间差异较小,以N1(100 kg/hm2)处理总耗水量最大。杂交谷子叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均以N0处理最小,N3处理为最大。籽粒水分利用效率、生物水分利用效率及单叶水分利用效率均以N3处理为最高。本试验条件下,施氮量为400 kg/hm2时,虽获得了最高产量,但与施用N 300kg/hm2差异不显著,且水分利用效率较低,说明高量施氮的增产效果不明显。【结论】氮素的合理使用协调了水氮关系,提高了水分利用效率。同时,施氮还提高了杂交谷子的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度。施氮量相同,但施肥时期不同,产量和WUE也差异显著。谷子生育前期大量施肥降低了营养物质向籽粒的转移,产量较低。因此,推荐施氮300 kg/hm2(分3次施)作为本地区杂交谷子高产高效的合理施氮量。

覆膜和补灌对杂交谷子产量形成与水分利用效率的影响

针对干旱对杂交谷子的生产限制及耗水与产量的关系尚不明确的问题,通过大田试验研究了不同降水年型下地膜覆盖与补灌对杂交谷子产量形成与耗水的影响。结果表明,播后40~80 d是杂交谷子需水关键期,拔节时补灌增加了单位面积有效穗数,110 mm水分蒸散是提高抽穗期生物产量的充分条件;全生育期耗水400 mm可获得较高籽粒产量。抽穗期生物产量是籽粒产量形成的基础,产量形成具有"递进决定"的特征,覆膜结合补灌显著提高了抽穗期生物产量。丰水年覆盖条件下或在欠水年,补灌增加了花后干物质量;欠水年雨养花后物质在营养器官中累积,补灌促进了营养器官物质向籽粒转移。补灌下覆膜籽粒增产10.1%~18.6%,比露地提高水分利用效率10.7%~19.4%。在欠水年,雨养时覆膜下的籽粒产量较露地更低,补灌是显著提高产量和水分利用效率的必要条件。丰水年覆膜能显著提高籽粒产量和补灌的增产效应,欠水年补灌的增产效果则优于覆盖。地膜覆盖结合拔节期或抽穗期适量补灌是提高杂交谷子产量和水分利用效率的有效方法。

灌浆期杂交谷子旗叶的光合特性

以张杂谷3号,张杂谷5号和冀32为材料,研究杂交谷子和常规谷子的光合生理差异,并初步分析造成二者差异的原因。结果表明,强光下,杂交谷子的光合速率高于常规谷子;杂交谷子光饱和点和潜在最大光合速率高于常规谷子,表观量子效率低于常规谷子,且差异显著;光强超过1 300μmol.m-2.s-1时,常规谷子气孔导度降低,胞间CO2摩尔分数下降,气孔限制值升高,气孔限制是常规谷子光合速率降低的主要因素,杂交谷子气孔限制现象不明显。生化分析结果显示:杂交谷子和常规谷子光合酶PEPCase活性、叶绿素含量无差异,杂交谷子叶绿素a/b值较常规谷子高,差异显著,可能是造成二者光合差异的生理基础。