Fatigue behavior of basalt-aramid and basalt-carbon hybrid fiber reinforced polymer sheets

In order to study the fatigue failure mode and fatigue life laws of basalt-aramid and basalt-carbon hybrid fiber reinforced polymer （ FRP ） sheets, fatigue experiments are carried out, considering two hybrid ratios of 1 ： 1 and 2：1 under different stress levels from 0.6 to 0.95. The results show that fractures occur first in carbon fibers or aramid fibers for the specimens with hybrid ratio of 1： 1, namely B1A1 and B1C1, while a fracture occurs first in basalt fibers for the specimens with a hybrid ratio of 2： 1, namely B2A1 and B2C1. The fatigue lives of the hybrid FRP sheets increase with the improvement of the content of carbon fibers or aramid fibers, and the influence of the carbon fibers content improvement to fatigue life is more significant. The fatigue performance of B2A1 is relatively worse, while the fatigue performance of B1C1 and B2C1 is relatively better. Finally, a new fatigue stiffness degradation model with dual variables and double inflection points is presented, which is applicable to both hybrid and normal FRP sheets.

Preparation of Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Polymer Emulsions with High Silicon Content and Sol-gel-derived Thin Films

A novel polymer/SiO2 hybrid emulsion(PAES)was prepared by directly mixing colloidal silica with polyacrylate emulsion(PAE)modified by a saline coupling agent.The sol-gel-derived thin films were obtained by addition of co-solvents into the PAES.The effects ofγ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane(KH-570)content and co-solvent on the properties of PAES films were investigated.Dynamic laser scattering(DLS)data indicate that the average diameter of PAES(96 nm)is slightly larger than that of PAE(89 nm).Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)photo discloses that colloidal silica particles are dispersed uniformly around polyacrylate particles and some of the colloidal silica particles are adsorbed on the surface of PAE particles.The crosslinking degree data and Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectra confirm that the chemical structure of the PAES is changed to form Si-O-Si-polymer crosslinking networks during the film formation.Atomic force microscope(AFM)photos show the solvent induced sol-gel process of colloidal silica and the Si-based polymer distribution on the film surface of the dried PAES.Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)curves demonstrate that the PAES films display much better thermal stability than PAE.

Dynamic and buckling analysis of polymer hybrid composite beam with variable thickness

This work deals with a study of the dynamic and buckling analysis of polymer hybrid composite(PHC) beam. The beam has variable thickness and is reinforced by carbon nanotubes(CNTs) and nanoclay(NC) simultaneously. The governing equations are derived based on the first shear deformation theory(FSDT). A three-phase HalpinTsai approach is used to predict the mechanical properties of the PHC. We focus our attention on the effect of the simultaneous addition of NC and CNT on the vibration and buckling analysis of the PHC beam with variable thickness. Also a comparison study is done on the sensation of three impressive parameters including CNT, NC weight fractions, and the shape factor of fillers on the mechanical properties of PHC beams,as well as fundamental frequencies of free vibrations and critical buckling load. The results show that the increase of shape factor value, NC, and CNT weight fractions leads to considerable reinforcement in mechanical properties as well as increase of the dimensionless fundamental frequency and buckling load. The variation of CNT weight fraction on elastic modulus is more sensitive rather than shear modulus but the effect of NC weight fraction on elastic and shear moduli is fairly the same. The shape factor values more than the medium level do not affect the mechanical properties.

Analysis on the Durability of Hybrid Polymer Composites for Power FGD System

The corrosion condition of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) equipment for the coal-fired power plant was defined as the strong corrosion grade. The lining system of hybrid polymer composite was used in internal cylinder of steel chimney, and a corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant protective layer was formed on the metal surface. The corrosion-resistant and ageing-resistant properties of hybrid polymer composite prepared at low temperature after four years of practical use were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and measurement of gravimetric variation, contact angle, abrasion resistance, bonding strength and tensile strength. The properties of hybrid polymer composites prepared at 25℃ and –15℃ were comparatively analyzed in the paper.

Preparation and properties of a POSS-containing organic-inorganic hybrid crosslinked polymer

A novel POSS-containing organic-inorganic hybrid crosslinked polymer was prepared by hydrosilylation reaction of octahydridosilsesquioxane （TsHs） with 4,4＇-bis（4-altyloxybenzoyloxy）phenyl （diene A）. Its structure and property was characterized by FFIR, 29Si NMR, TGA and ellipsometer, respectively. The results show that the hybrid polymer possesses high thermal stability and low dielectric constant of 1.97 at optical frequencies.

Modelling and Characterization of Basalt/Vinyl Ester/SiC Micro-and Nano-hybrid Biocomposites Properties Using Novel ANN–GA Approach

Basalt fiber reinforcement in polymer matrix composites is becoming more and more popular because of its environmental friendliness and mechanical qualities that are comparable to those of synthetic fibers.Basalt fiber strengthened vinyl ester matrix polymeric composite with filler addition of nano-and micro-sized silicon carbide(SiC)element spanning from 2 weight percent to 10 weight percent was studied for its mechanical and wear properties.The application of Artificial Neural Network(ANN)to correlate the filler addition composition for optimum mechanical properties is required due to the non-linear mechanical and tribological features of composites.The stuffing blend and composition of the composite are optimized using the hybrid model and Genetic Algorithm(GA)to maximize the mechanical and wear-resistant properties.The predicted and tested ANN–GA optimal values obtained for the composite combination had a tensile,flexural,impact resilience,hardness and wear properties of 202.93 MPa,501.67 MPa,3.460 J/s,43 HV and 0.196 g,respectively,for its optimum combination of filler and reinforcement.It can be noted that the nano-sized SiC filler particle enhances most of the properties of the composite which diversifies its applications.The predicted mechanical and wear values of the developed ANN–GA model were in closer agreement with the experimental values which validate the model.

Multi-Polymerization:From Simple to Complex

Multi-polymerization in which different polymerization mechanisms are performed together serves as an essential synthetic methodology for the construction of polymers with specific architectures,constitutions,and properties.Compared to single mechanism polymerization,the scope of multi-polymerization is significantly broadened by both the available synthetic methods and the synthesized polymeric materials.In this mini-review,multi-polymerizations are categorized into three major types based on the logical relationship between different mechanisms:sequential/tandem polymerization,orthogonal/concurrent polymerization,and hybrid polymerization.Each type of multi-polymerization is briefly introduced and summarized.This mini-review also discussed the importance of mutual influence in multi-polymerization and the potential research interests in this field.

SYNTHESIS OF CATALYSIS BY THE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SILICA AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Hybrid organic-inorganic silica materials containing organic functional groups have been preparedby the reaction of activated silica with a silane coupling reagent such as N-(2-aminoethyl)3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. The hybrid silica was further modified by organic compounds having abifunctional group. These modified hybrid silicas were used as catalysts for various nucleophilic reactions.And also, these were complexed with metallic ions for use as catalysts for oxygen oxidation of hydrocarbons.

Advancing from unimechanism polymerization to multimechanism polymerization: binary polymerization

Polymerizations with multiple mechanisms performed simultaneously are promising but very challenging. As the key limitation,the complicated mutual influence between different mechanisms can be hardly defined and measured. Herein we establish a universal framework for the assessment of mutual influence between different mechanisms using binary polymerization for demonstration. The kinetics and thermodynamics of polymerization with two mechanisms are compared with the corresponding homopolymerization and the difference is expressed by a hybrid function. The hybrid function is composed of a hybrid parameter that describes the extent of mutual influence and a function that describes necessary conditions for mutual influence to occur. The extent of mutual influence can be calculated using kinetic and thermodynamic data without details of reaction mechanisms, for the first time providing a straightforward method to assess the mutual influence between different polymerization mechanisms.We envision that the method has potential in more complex systems with multiple mechanisms/monomers with mutual influence.

Preparation and characterization of a novel hybrid chelating material for effective adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)

The discharge of heavy metal ions such as Cu^2＋and Pb^2＋poses a severe threat to public health and the environment owing to their extreme toxicity and bioaccumulation through food chains Herein, we report a novel organic–inorganic hybrid adsorbent, Al（OH）3-poly（acrylamide dimethyldiallylammonium chloride）-graft-dithiocarbamate（APD）, for rapid and effectiv removal of Cu^2＋and Pb^2＋. In this adsorbent, the ＂star-like＂ structure of Al（OH）3 poly（acrylamide-dimethyldiallylammonium chloride） served as the support of dithiocarbamat（DTC） functional groups for easy access of heavy metal ions and assisted development of larg and compact floccules. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）, and thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）. APD was demonstrated to hav rapid adsorption kinetics with an initial rate of 267.379 and 2569.373 mg/（g·min） as well a superior adsorption capacities of 317.777 and 586.699 mg/g for Cu2＋and Pb2＋respectively. Th adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, involving intraparticle diffusion and chemical interaction between heavy metal ions and the functional groups of APD. To assess it versatility and wide applicability, APD was also used in turbid heavy metal wastewater, and performed well in removing suspended particles and heavy metal ions simultaneously through flocculation and chelation. The rapid, convenient and effective adsorption of Cu^2＋and Pb^2＋give APD great potential for heavy metal decontamination in industrial applications.

Oral delivery of superoxide dismutase by lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles for the treatment of ulcerative colitis

Protein-based drugs have received extensive attention in the field of drug research in recent years.However,protein-based drug activity is difficult to maintain during oral delivery,which limits its application.This study developed bifunctional oral lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles(R8-PEG-PPNPs)that deliver superoxide dismutase(SOD)for the treatment of ulcerative colitis(UC).R8-PEG-PPNPs was composed of PCADK,PLGA,lecithin,and co-modified with stearic acid-octa-arginine and polyethylene glycol.The nanoparticles(NPs)are uniformly dispersed with a complete spherical structure.In vitro stability and release studies showed that R8-PEG-PPNPs exhibited good stability and protection.In vitro cell culture experiments demonstrated that R8-PEG-PPNPs as carriers have no significant toxic effects on cells at concentration below 1000µg/mL and promote cellular uptake.In experiments with ulcerative colitis mice,R8-PEG-PPNPs were able to enhance drug absorption by intestinal epithelial cells and accumulate effectively at the site of inflammation.Its therapeutic effect further demonstrates that R8-PEG-PPNPs are a promising delivery system for oral delivery of protein-based drugs.

Fast response 2×2 thermo-optic switch with polymer/silica hybrid waveguide

A polymer/silica hybrid 2×2 multimode-interference switch is designed and fabricated. Instead of polymer Mach-Zehnder interferometer thermo-optic （TO） silica is used as under-cladding to accelerate heat release because of its large thermal conductivity. The developed switch exhibits low power consumption of 6.2 mW, low crosstalk of about 28 dB, and short response time. The rise and fall times of 103 and 91 its for this hybrid switch are shortened by 40.8% and 52.4%, respectively, compared with those of the fabricated TO switch （174 and 191 μs） using polymer as both upper- and under-claddings.

Electrospun Aspirin/Eudragit/Lipid Hybrid Nanofibers for Colon-targeted Delivery Using an Energy-saving Process

Both electrospinning apparatus and their commercial products are extending their applications in a wide variety of fields.However,very limited reports can be found about how to implement an energy-saving process and in turn to reduce the production cost.In this paper,a brand-new type of coaxial spinneret with a solid core and its electrospinning methods are developed.A novel sort of medicated Eudragit/lipid hybrid nanofibers are generated for providing a colon-targeted sustained release of aspirin.A series of characterizations demonstrates that the as-prepared hybrid nanofibers have a fine linear morphology with the aspirin/lipid separated from the matrix Eudragit to form many tiny islands.In vitro dissolution tests exhibit that the hybrid nanofibers are able to effectively prevent the release of aspirin under an acid condition(8.7%±3.4%for the first two hours),whereas prolong the drug release time period under a neutral condition(99.7±4.2%at the seventh hour).The energy-saving mechanism is discussed in detail.The prepared aspirin-loaded hybrid nanofibers can be further transferred into an oral dosage form for potential application in countering COVID-19 in the future.

Organic-inorganic Polymer Nano-hybrids Based on Sol-gel Reaction

1 Results Nano-ordered composite materials consisting of organic polymers and inorganic materials have been attracting attention for the purpose of the creation of high-performance or high-functional polymeric materials. Especially,the word of "polymer hybrid" claims the blends of organic and inorganic components at nano-level dispersion. By using this idea,an enhancement of mechanical strength of organic polymers with silica particles is possible.High transparency of this material is another important ...

An Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Polymer Cocatalyst for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation with Dual Functions of Accelerating Kinetics and Improving Charge Transfer

Oxygen evolution cocatalysts(OECs)play important roles in improving the efficiency of photocatalysts in solar water splitting.Inorganic–organic hybrid polymers(IOHPs),which have good electrolyte accessibility and evenly distributed active sites,are expected to be promising OECs.Here,a novel IOHP[Co(Bpn)_(2)(SCN)_(2)]n(1,Bpn=2,6-bis(4-pyridyl)-naphthalene,SCN=thiocyanate ion)exhibited a two-dimensional(2D)layer structure with(4,4)topology,was constructed by Bpn ligands connecting Co(II)ions,and was decorated on BiVO_(4) photoanodes for photoelectrochemical(PEC)water oxidation.The 1/BiVO_(4) hybrid electrode showed significantly negative onset potential and approximately 3.7 times higher photocurrent density at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE)compared with the bare BiVO_(4).The mechanisms for the improved PEC efficiency were investigated and mainly ascribed to enhanced water oxidation kinetics and increased charge separation and transfer properties.This work provides a promising OEC candidate for PEC water oxidation and sheds light on the attractive application prospect of IOHPs for solar water splitting.

mRNA delivery in cancer immunotherapy

Messenger RNA(mRNA)has drawn much attention in the medical field.Through various treatment approaches including protein replacement therapies,gene editing,and cell engineering,mRNA is becoming a potential therapeutic strategy for cancers.However,delivery of mRNA into targeted organs and cells can be challenging due to the unstable nature of its naked form and the low cellular uptake.Therefore,in addition to mRNA modification,efforts have been devoted to developing nanoparticles for mRNA delivery.In this review,we introduce four categories of nanoparticle platform systems:lipid,polymer,lipid-polymer hybrid,and protein/peptide-mediated nanoparticles,together with their roles in facilitating mRNA-based cancer immunotherapies.We also highlight promising treatment regimens and their clinical translation.

Excitation-dependent perovskite/polymer films for ultraviolet visualization

Ultraviolet(UV)visualization has extensive applications in military and civil fields such as security monitoring,space communication,and wearable equipment for health monitoring in the internet of things(IoT).Due to their remarkable optoelectronic features,perovskite materials are regarded as promising candidates for UV light detecting and imaging.Herein,we report for the first time the excitationdependent perovskite/polymer films with dynamically tunable fluorescence ranging from green to magenta by changing the UV excitation from 260 to 380 nm.And they still render dynamic multicolor UV light imaging with different polymer matrixes,halogen ratios,and cations of perovskite materials.The mechanism of its fluorescence change is related to the chloride vacancies in perovskite materials.A patterned multi-color ultraviolet visualization pad is also demonstrated for visible conversion of the UV region.This technique may provide a universal strategy for information securities,UV visualizations,and dynamic multi-color displays in the IoT.

SYNTHESIS OF CdS/SiO_2/POLYMER TRI-LAYER FLUORESCENT NANOSPHERES WITH FUNCTIONAL POLYMER SHELLS

Tri-layer CdS/SiOz/polymer hybrid nanospheres were synthesized by distillation precipitation polymerization of either ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate （EGDMA） or EGDMA together with comortomers havirLg different functional groups, such as methacrylic acid, 4-vinylpyridine and 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate, in the presence of 3-（methacryloxy）propyl trimethoxysilane （MPS）-modified CdS/SiO2 nanoparticles as seeds in acetonitrile with 2,2＇-azobisisobutyronitrile （AIBN） as initiator. In this approach, MPS-modified inorganic seeds were prepared by the modification of CdS/SiO2 nanoparticles via the self-condensation reaction between the hydroxyl groups of sinaols, in which the CdS/SiO2 nanoparticles were afforded by a reverse microemulsion technique for the synthesis of CdS core nanoparticles with the subsequent coating of silica layer. The polymer shell-layers encapsulated over the MPS-modified CdS/SiO2 inorganic seeds via the efficient capture of the monomers and oligomers from the solution with the aid of the vinyl groups incorporated by the MPS modification, in which the polymer shell-thickness and functional groups including carboxyl, pyridyl and hydroxyl, were facilely controlled by the feed of EGDMA as well as the types of comonomers used for the polymerization. These nanospheres were characterized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）, thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）, fluorescence spectroscopy and zeta potential.