Hybrid-PIC/PIC simulations on ion extraction by electric field in laser-induced plasma

The processes of electric ion extraction from plasma induced by pulse lasers are simulated by particle-in-cell(PIC)method and hybrid-PIC method.A new calculation scheme named preprocessing hybrid-PIC is presented because neither of the two methods above is omnipotent,especially under the circumstance of high initial plasma density.The new scheme provides credible results with less computational consumption than PIC method in both one-and two-dimensional simulations,except forΠ-type electrode configuration.The simulation results show that the M-type performs best in all electrode configurations in both high-density and low-density plasma conditions.

Global hybrid simulations of soft X-ray emissions in the Earth’s magnetosheath

Earth’s magnetopause is a thin boundary separating the shocked solar wind plasma from the magnetospheric plasmas,and it is also the boundary of the solar wind energy transport to the magnetosphere.Soft X-ray imaging allows investigation of the large-scale magnetopause by providing a two-dimensional(2-D)global view from a satellite.By performing 3-D global hybrid-particle-in-cell(hybrid-PIC)simulations,we obtain soft X-ray images of Earth’s magnetopause under different solar wind conditions,such as different plasma densities and directions of the southward interplanetary magnetic field.In all cases,magnetic reconnection occurs at low latitude magnetopause.The soft X-ray images observed by a hypothetical satellite are shown,with all of the following identified:the boundary of the magnetopause,the cusps,and the magnetosheath.Local X-ray emissivity in the magnetosheath is characterized by large amplitude fluctuations(up to 160%);however,the maximum line-of-sight-integrated X-ray intensity matches the tangent directions of the magnetopause well,indicating that these fluctuations have limited impact on identifying the magnetopause boundary in the X-ray images.Moreover,the magnetopause boundary can be identified using multiple viewing geometries.We also find that solar wind conditions have little effect on the magnetopause identification.The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission will provide X-ray images of the magnetopause for the first time,and our global hybrid-PIC simulation results can help better understand the 2-D X-ray images of the magnetopause from a 3-D perspective,with particle kinetic effects considered.

Numerical study of viscosity and heat flux role in heavy species dynamics in Hall thruster discharge

A two-and three-dimensional velocity space axisymmetric hybrid-PIC model of Hall thruster discharge called Hybrid2D has been developed.The particle-in-cell(PIC) method was used for neutrals and ions(heavy species),and fluid dynamics on a magnetic field-aligned(MFA) mesh was used for electrons.A time-saving method for heavy species moment interpolation on a MFA mesh was developed.The method comprises using regular rectangle and irregular triangle meshes,connected to each other on a pre-processing stage.The electron fluid model takes into account neither inertia terms nor viscous terms and includes an electron temperature equation with a heat flux term.The developed model was used to calculate all heavy species moments up to the third one in a stationary case.The analysis of the viscosity and the heat flux impact on the force and energy balance has shown that for the calculated geometry of the Hall thruster,the viscosity and the heat flux terms have the same magnitude as the other terms and could not be omitted.Also,it was shown that the heat flux is not proportional to the temperature gradient and,consequently,the highest moments should be calculated to close the neutral fluid equation system.At the same time,ions can only be modeled as a cold non-viscous fluid when the sole aim of modeling is the calculation of the operating parameters or distribution of the local parameters along the centerline of the discharge channel.This is because the magnitude of the viscosity and the temperature gradient terms are negligible at the centerline.However,when a simulation’s focus is either on the radial divergence of the plume or on magnetic pole erosion,three components of the ion temperature should be taken into consideration.The non-diagonal terms of ion pressure tensor have a lower impact than the diagonal terms.According to the study,a zero heat flux condition could be used to close the ion equation system in calculated geometry.

离子电推进器模拟中Particle-in-Cell模型的发展与应用综述

离子推进器是一种被广泛应用于各类航天器中的重要动力装置。数值模拟在揭示离子推进器的物理机理和辅助结构设计等方面发挥了重要的作用,成为离子推进器研究中必不可少的研究方法。为了推动离子电推进技术的创新发展,并确保其能够持续满足当前和未来航天任务对推进技术的要求,详细总结了Particle-in-Cell(PIC)粒子模型在离子推进器模拟中的发展和应用现状。梳理和总结了放电室、栅极系统、羽流区这三个关键区域及多区域一体化建模的全PIC和混合PIC的研究进展。针对离子推进器数值模拟研究的需求,指出了粒子模型未来的发展方向,为离子推进技术的发展提供理论支撑。

三栅极离子推力器电子反流失效影响参数的敏感性研究

电子反流失效模式是离子推力器关键失效模式之一,决定推力器工作寿命。为明确各参数对电子反流失效模式的影响程度,确定加速应力,为地面加速寿命实验验证方案和长寿命优化设计提供数据支持,采用Hybrid-PIC-MCC(Particle in Cell-Monte Carlo Collision)方法,构建了三栅极系统数值仿真模型。采用模型研究了地面真空舱本底压力、屏栅电压、加速栅电压、屏栅与加速栅间距、屏栅上游等离子体密度和放电室工质利用率等参数的影响敏感度对比。研究结果显示,真空舱本底压力可以作为加速寿命试验的首选加速应力,在推力器结构和工作本征参数中工质利用率为最敏感应力,其次是屏栅电压、屏栅上游等离子体密度、加速栅电压、屏栅和加速栅间距。

环型离子推力器放电室参数对推力器性能的影响

环型离子推力器放电室参数对其推力和比冲等具有显著影响。利用基于混合宏粒子(Hybrid-PIC)解耦迭代算法,对环型离子推力器稳态放电过程进行了三维仿真模拟,发现放电室参数对推力器的推力、比冲、放电损耗、电离率以及放电室出口处离子分布均匀性均会产生影响。研究结果表明,增大环型离子推力器阴极长度,会使原初电子和等离子体在阳极壁面的损失减少,均匀性提高;增加磁体个数对原初电子的自由运动范围影响很小,因而对等离子体分布影响也很小;增大放电室通道宽径比可以增大原初电子的自由运动范围,提高原初电子和等离子体的均匀性。减小放电室内径对原初电子和等离子体的影响更显著。因此,5 kW环型离子推力器的阴极长度应选设计长度的1.5倍,通道宽径比应选设计值的1.2倍。

超热电子在稠密等离子体中输运的混合粒子模拟方法

相对论激光等离子体相互作用以及所产生的带电粒子束在高密度等离子体中的输运行为非常重要.该物理问题的数值模拟研究仍面临技术挑战.本文介绍一种粒子/流体混合模拟方法.该方法中超热电子采用动力学方法描述,背景冷的稠密等离子体采用简化的流体方程描述,适合于超热电子密度远小于背景电子密度,超热电子能量远大于背景电子温度.我们的三维并行混合模拟程序HEETS的模拟结果表明:背景材料的电离和电阻率模型至关重要,将严重影响高能电子输运过程的模拟.

真空开关电弧开断过程的数值仿真方法研究进展

随着真空开关的广泛应用,对真空电弧的研究愈显重要。由于真空电弧等离子体并未处于局部热力学平衡态,且磁场和触头起关键作用,真空开关开断过程的数值仿真和SF6开关相比尚不成熟,但近年来随着真空电弧理论的不断完善和计算机计算能力的大幅提升而获得了迅速发展。笔者综述了磁流体动力学(MHD)模型、粒子模拟结合蒙特卡罗碰撞(PIC-MCC)方法、混合模型、阳极热模型和解析模型在真空开关电弧开断过程不同阶段数值仿真中的应用现状,并提出了电流零区、电极材料、极间等离子体不同区域相互作用、PIC-MCC加速、高压大容量和重燃机制等6个今后有待深入研究的方向。

低温等离子体数值模拟方法的分析比较

分析比较了低温等离子体模拟中采用的流体模型、粒子模型和混合模拟方法及在放电特性分析中采用的电路模拟方法。给出了每种方法的基本原理,探讨了它们的适应性。利用粒子模型对外磁镜场作用下四阳极装置辉光放电所产生等离子体进行了模拟,分析了磁场对电子密度径向分布的影响。

基于PIC单片机的风光互补路灯照明控制器

介绍了一种应用于风光互补路灯照明系统的新型智能控制器。控制器由主、从两个控制器组成,微处理器芯片均采用的是PIC16F877;主控制器主要由DC-DC电路、实时时钟电路、充放电保护电路、路灯开关电路等组成;从控制器由液晶显示以及键盘组成。试验和运行结果表明,应用此智能控制器的照明系统,具有效率高、稳定性好的优点,并能长期自动运行在免维护状态下,具有广阔的应用前景。

脉冲等离子体推力器羽流的粒子模拟

目前微小卫星正在积极地发展中,脉冲等离子体推力器是其推进系统的一个重要发展方向,为了能够将PPT成功地运用于空间,需对其羽流进行研究。将DSMC(Direct Simulation Monte-Carlo)/PIC(Particle in Cell)流体混合算法与一维MHD放电模型相结合,一体化模拟NASA Glenn PPT羽流,对不同出口偏转角的羽流场进行模拟,并与实验结果进行了比较。计算结果显示引入出口速度的偏转角提高了模型的羽流扩散能力,羽流的扩散角是影响羽流的一个主要因素。

Nonlinear evolution and secondary island formation of the double tearing mode in a hybrid simulation

Double tearing modes(DTMs),induced by double current sheet configurations or two neighboring rational surfaces with the same safety factor in tokamaks,are widely observed in solar,space,and fusion plasmas.In this paper,the evolution of DTMs without a guide field is investigated numerically using a hybrid model(electron fluid+ion PIC).The overall evolution processes of DTMs are qualitatively consistent with previous works using other models.The particle dynamics during the evolution of DTMs is analyzed in detail.Behaviors of ions and electrons present different characteristics around the reconnection region which gives rise to Hall effects producing the out-of-plane quadrupole magnetic field.In the explosive reconnection process with interactions between two DTMs islands,the asymmetric drive and the thin current layer feature lead to the emergence of secondary magnetic islands which develop with the late evolution of the DTMs.

脉冲等离子体推力器羽流预测计算研究

为了能够将脉冲等离子体推力器成功地运用于空间,需对其羽流进行研究。将一维MHD双温放电模型的计算结果作为入口条件,运用DSMC(Direct Simulation Monte-Carlo)/PIC(Particle in Cell)流体混合算法一体化模拟实验室PPT羽流。验证计算显示该模型具有一体化模拟脉冲等离子体推力器羽流的能力。对不同初始放电能量下的羽流场进行模拟,给出了离子、中性粒子、电子温度、轴线上质量流率和出口平面返流质量流率的变化情况。计算结果显示高放电能量下返流量更大,同时中性粒子在返流中所占比例也越大。

基于PIC的混合动力汽车综合信息显示仪设计

研究设计了一款以HMI串口液晶显示器为终端的基于PIC18F4580单片机以及CAN总线的混合动力汽车综合信息显示仪。该显示仪具有电池管理系统参数显示,故障诊断显示,车辆工况显示等功能。通过软件实现预置画面与现场实时数据组合显示,并随时根据需要对显示界面进行修改和扩充。实验表明,该综合信息显示仪不仅保证了信息处理显示的实时性,并能够将表征混合动力汽车工作状态的各项数据通过数字界面,动画界面及时清晰的显示出来。

CBETor:a hybrid-kinetic particle-in-cell code for cross-beam energy transfer simulation

The parametric instability related to ion motion and the resulting cross-beam energy transfer are important aspects in the physics of inertial confinement fusion.The numerical simulation of the above physical problems still faces great technical challenges.This paper introduces a 2D hybrid-kinetic particle-in-cell(PIC)code,CBETor.In this code,the motion of ions is described by the kinetic method,the motion of electrons is described by the simplified fluid method and the propagation of laser in plasma is described by solving the wave equation.We use CBETor and the popular fully kinetic PIC code EPOCH to simulate the stimulated Brillouin scattering and cross-beam energy transfer process,respectively.The physical images are in good agreement,but CBETor can significantly reduce the amount of calculation.With the premise of correctly simulating the ion dynamics,our hybrid-kinetic code can effectively suppress the noise of numerical simulation and significantly expand the simulation scale of physical problems.CBETor is very suitable for simulating the physical process dominated by ion motion in the interaction of medium intensity laser and underdense plasma.

PIC16C78系列混合信号嵌入式芯片的原理和应用

微芯 (Microchip)公司的 PIC16 C78X系列 8位混合式 MCU芯片内集成了运放 ,AD,DA,比较器等模拟电路 ,很适合闭环控制的全过程。介绍了该电路的结构 ,并以 DC/

脉冲等离子体推力器羽流的一体化粒子模拟

将DSMC(Direct Simulation Monte-Carlo)/PIC(Particle in Cell)流体混合算法与一维MHD双温放电模型相结合,一体化模拟NASA Glenn PPT羽流。对不同出口偏转角的羽流场进行模拟,给出了不同偏转角度下离子、电势、温度的变化情况,并与实验结果进行了比较。结果显示,该模型具有一体化(从工作过程到羽流)预测脉冲等离子体推力器羽流的能力。人工偏转角的加入,增强了羽流的扩散,使得羽流径向扩散、轴向收缩、回流减弱,同时对放电模型带来的不足有一定改善作用。

脉冲等离子体推力器羽流的混合粒子仿真研究

目前微小卫星正在积极的发展中,脉冲等离子体推力器是其推进系统的一个重要发展方向,为了能够将PPT成功地运用于空间,需对其羽流进行研究。将一维MHD双温放电模型用于DSMC(Direct Simulation Monte-Carlo)/PIC(Particle in Cell)流体混合算法模拟PPT羽流的入口条件计算,一体化模拟实验室PPT羽流,对不同电容情况下的羽流场进行模拟,并与实验结果进行了比较。计算结果显示高电容下带来更高的质量流量,更高的中性粒子的含量,同时返流的影响域更广。在推力器入口附近,CEX碰撞与一般碰撞形式共同存在,且频率很高,在羽流外围,CEX碰撞成为碰撞的主要形式。

脉冲等离子体推力器羽流回流影响分析

将三维MHD双温入口模型的计算结果作为入口条件,运用DSMC(Direct Simulation Monte-Carlo)/PIC(Particle in Cell)流体混合算法,模拟实验室PPT样机羽流。验证计算显示,该模型具有模拟脉冲等离子体推力器羽流的能力。对不同初始电压和电容下的羽流场进行了模拟,给出了出口平面返流质量流率的变化情况和20μs羽流中离子和CEX离子的分布情况。计算结果显示,高能量状态对应高质量流率,高质量流率对应高动量,高动量离子和中性粒子对航天器撞击会造成更强影响。

基于流体-磁流体-粒子混合方法的高空核爆炸碎片云模拟

提出了描述高空核爆炸碎片云运动的流体-磁流体-粒子(particle-in-cell,PIC)混合模型,相较目前的主流模型,该模型能够计算更加广泛的空间尺度.根据碎片云运动涉及的高温离子、低温离子和中性大气的不同性质,采用三种模型进行联合求解:高温离子用PIC粒子模型计算,低温离子用磁流体模型计算,中性大气用流体模型计算,并将三者之间的相互作用作为源项加入相应的控制方程.最后,计算了美国Starfish试验中碎片云的扩展情况,与试验结果进行了比对,并验证了求解方案的可靠性.此外,还给出了不同投影角度下碎片云形状随时间的变化,并分析了影响碎片云运动的主要因素,包括大气阻力、磁压、槽型不稳定性和霍尔电流等.