In order to analyze the response of a hydraulic turbine to a variation in the operating conditions,different laws of variation in time of the massflow rate have been considered.After validating the overall numerical fr...In order to analyze the response of a hydraulic turbine to a variation in the operating conditions,different laws of variation in time of the massflow rate have been considered.After validating the overall numerical framework through comparison with relevant experiments,the performances of the considered turbine have been analyzed from afluid-dynamic point of view.The results show that different time profiles of the massflow rate(in this work,for simplicity,referred to as“transition functions”)have a varying influence on the transient behavior of the turbine.When a quadratic function is considered for the case of largeflow,the transient head and torque increase gradually with time,thefluctuation amplitude of the transient hydraulic efficiency at the main frequency is the largest,and thefluctuation amplitude of the radial force is the smallest.For the smallflow case,the time profile with exponential nature leads to the best results.The transient head and torque decrease gradually with time,the pulsation amplitude of the transient hydraulic efficiency is the largest at the main frequency,and the pulsation amplitude of the radial force is the smallest.展开更多
The effect of clearance flow on the erosion characteristics of a circular cylinder with a backward facing step in sediment-laden water flow is analyzed numerically with the mixture model and the re-normalization group...The effect of clearance flow on the erosion characteristics of a circular cylinder with a backward facing step in sediment-laden water flow is analyzed numerically with the mixture model and the re-normalization group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model. Thirty-six monitoring points are set up on different stream surfaces to collect information on the impact erosion under different flow conditions, where the Initial Sediment Volume Fraction (ISVF) is set to 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.125, and 0.15;particle diameter is set to 0.05 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.35 mm, and 0.45 mm respectively. The distribution of particle velocity and Local Solid-Phase Volume Fraction (LSVF) along different stream surfaces are calculated, based on which the trend of erosion is qualitatively evaluated. ISVF and particle diameter play different roles on the impact erosion index parameter () on the different wetted walls. Relative wear rate of numerical estimation agrees well with the practical one under the same working condition. Numerical analysis demonstrates that guide vane with a negative curvature end surface (concave surface) can decrease erosion damage effectively, which may provide a reference for optimal design and maintenance of hydraulic turbine.展开更多
Based on the Naviev-Stokes equations and the standard κ-ε turbulence model, this paper presents the derivation of the governing equations for the turbulent flow field in a draft tube. The mathematical model for the ...Based on the Naviev-Stokes equations and the standard κ-ε turbulence model, this paper presents the derivation of the governing equations for the turbulent flow field in a draft tube. The mathematical model for the turbulent flow through a draft tube is set up when the boundary conditions, including the inlet boundary conditions, the outlet boundary conditions and the wall boundary conditions, have been implemented. The governing equations are formulated in a discrete form on a staggered grid system by the finite volume method. The second-order central difference approximation and hybrid scheme are used for discretization. The computation and analysis on internal flow through a draft tube have been carried out by using the simplee algorithm and cfx-tasc flow software so as to obtain the simulated flow fields. The calculation results at the design operating condition for the draft tube are presented in this paper. Thereby, an effective method for simulating the internal flow field in a draft tube has been explored.展开更多
In this work, the estimation of crack initiation life of a hydraulic Francis turbine runner is presented. The life prediction is based on the local strain approach to predict the initiation life. First, the analysis i...In this work, the estimation of crack initiation life of a hydraulic Francis turbine runner is presented. The life prediction is based on the local strain approach to predict the initiation life. First, the analysis is carried out in air and in water condition and the runner’s natural frequencies were calculated using the finite element (FE) method. The analysis in air is compared with experimental analysis in order to have a representative model of real runner and subsequently the numerical analysis was perform in water. In the case of the runner immersed in water, the added mass effect due to the fluid structure interaction (FSI) is considered. Second, the static and dynamic stresses were calculated according to life estimation. For the calculation of static stresses, the pressure distribution of water and the centrifugal forces were applied to the runner. The dynamic stresses were estimated for interactions between the guide vane and the runner. Lastly, the estimation of the crack initiation life of the runner was obtained.展开更多
Based on the characteristics of nonlinearity,multi-case,and multi-disturbance,it is difficult to establish an accurate parameter mod-el on the hydraulic turbine system which is limited by the degree of fitting between...Based on the characteristics of nonlinearity,multi-case,and multi-disturbance,it is difficult to establish an accurate parameter mod-el on the hydraulic turbine system which is limited by the degree of fitting between parametric model and actual model,and the design of con-trol algorithm has a certain degree of limitation.Aiming at the modeling and control problems of hydraulic turbine system,this paper proposes hydraulic turbine system identification and predictive control based on genetic algorithm-simulate anneal and back propagation neural network(GASA-BPNN),and the output value predicted by GASA-BPNN model is fed back to the nonlinear optimizer to output the control quantity.The results show that the output speed of the traditional control system increases greatly and the speed of regulation is slow,while the speed of GASA-BPNN predictive control system increases little and the regulation speed is obviously faster than that of the traditional control system.Compared with the output response of the traditional control of the hydraulic turbine governing system,the neural network predictive control-ler used in this paper has better effect and stronger robustness,solves the problem of poor generalization ability and identification accuracy of the turbine system under variable conditions,and achieves better control effect.展开更多
In order to investigate the feasibility of monitoring the fatigue cracks in turbine blades using acoustic emission (AE) technique, the AE characteristics of fatigue crack growth were studied in the laboratory. And the...In order to investigate the feasibility of monitoring the fatigue cracks in turbine blades using acoustic emission (AE) technique, the AE characteristics of fatigue crack growth were studied in the laboratory. And the characteristics were compared with those of background noise received from a real hydraulic turbine unit. It is found that the AE parameters such as the energy and duration can qualitatively describe the fatigue state of the blades. The correlations of crack propagation rates and acoustic emission count rates vs stress intensity factor (SIF) range are also obtained. At the same time, for the specimens of 20SiMn under the given testing conditions, it is noted that the rise time and duration of events emitted from the fatigue process are lower than those from the background noise; amplitude range is 49-74 dB, which is lower than that of the noise (90-99 dB); frequency range of main energy of crack signals is higher than 60 kHz while that in the noise is lower than 55 kHz. Thus, it is possible to extract the useful crack signals from the noise through appropriate signal processing methods and to represent the crack status of blade materials by AE parameters. As a result, it is feasible to monitor the safety of runners using AE technique.展开更多
During heat treatment process, the distortion behavior inevitably appears in hydraulic turbine blade castings. In this research, a technology was developed for real-time measurement of the distortion in hydraulic turb...During heat treatment process, the distortion behavior inevitably appears in hydraulic turbine blade castings. In this research, a technology was developed for real-time measurement of the distortion in hydraulic turbine blade castings at the still air cooling and forced air cooling stages during heat treatment process. The method was used to measure the distortion behavior at the cooling stages in both normalizing and tempering processes. At the normalization, the distortion at the blade corner near outlet side undergoes four stages with alternating bending along positive and negative directions. At the tempering stage, the distortion could be divided into two steps. The temperature difference between the two surfaces of blade casting was employed to analyze the distortion mechanism. The measured results could be applied to guide the production, and the machining allowance could be reduced by controlling the distortion behavior.展开更多
The Francis turbine of Three Gorges hydropower station is one of the large turbines with great head variation in the world. The operational stability of the turbine has been the top subject for departments of design, ...The Francis turbine of Three Gorges hydropower station is one of the large turbines with great head variation in the world. The operational stability of the turbine has been the top subject for departments of design, research, manufacture and operation to be concerned about. During the course of preparing bid invitation documents and executing the contract for the Three Gorges left power plants turbogenerator units, the hydraulic stability of the turbine was regarded as the most important problem and specific stability indexes of the model turbine and the prototype turbine were respectively specified in the contract. In the model tests for turbine model acceptance, pressure fluctuation phenomena in the case of partial load were found to be different from the usual ones as people had known. Within the range of operating water head, there existed a peak value zone of pressure fluctuations with higher frequencies, and large amplitude pressure fluctuations simultaneously occurred in several localities from the spiral case entrance to the draft tube. On the basis of test results from the model, the influence of cavitation coefficient and aeration on pressure fluctuations is analyzed, and some measures to improve the hydraulic stability of turbines of Three Gorges hydropower station are expounded.展开更多
Terminal sliding mode controller method is introduced to enhance the regulation performance of the hydraulic turbine governing system(HTGS).For the purpose of describing the characteristics of controlled system and de...Terminal sliding mode controller method is introduced to enhance the regulation performance of the hydraulic turbine governing system(HTGS).For the purpose of describing the characteristics of controlled system and deducing the control rule,a nonlinear mathematic model of hydraulic turbine governing system with bifurcated penstocks(HTGSBF)under control input saturation is established,and the input/output state linearization feedback approach is used to obtain the relationship between turbine speed and controller output.To address the control input saturation problem,an adaptive assistant system is designed to compensate for controller truncation.Numerical simulations have been conducted under fixed point stabilization and periodic orbit tracking conditions to compare the dynamic performances of proposed terminal sliding mode controllers and conventional sliding mode controller.The results indicate that the proposed terminal sliding mode controllers not only have a faster response and accurate tracking results,but also own a stronger robustness to the system parameter variations.Moreover,the comparisons between the proposed terminal sliding mode controllers and current most often used proportional-integral-differential(PID)controller,as well its variant NPID controller,are discussed at the end of this paper,where the superiority of the terminal sliding mode controllers also have been verified.展开更多
A centrifugal pump used as a hydraulic turbine in producing power for a microhydropower system is multifaceted. Centrifugal pumps are far more ubiquitous than turbines in the turbomachinery market, therefore being mor...A centrifugal pump used as a hydraulic turbine in producing power for a microhydropower system is multifaceted. Centrifugal pumps are far more ubiquitous than turbines in the turbomachinery market, therefore being more readily available to the consumer. Additionally, they are cheaper. Hydraulic turbines undergo rigorous CFD simulation design and testing to establish their blade geometries and ranges of operation. This results in a refined but very expensive final product. Centrifugal pumps are thus presented as a logical alternative seeing that they can physically perform the same task as a hydropower turbine albeit at a reduced efficiency. This paper presents the results of an analysis and simulation to assess the use of a centrifugal pump as a hydraulic turbine.展开更多
Four giant hydraulic turbines of Yantan Hydropower Sta-tion located on the Hongshui River,Guangxi Provinceare now under construction by the Harbin Electric Machinery Works(HEMW)of China Harbin Power-Plant Equipment Co...Four giant hydraulic turbines of Yantan Hydropower Sta-tion located on the Hongshui River,Guangxi Provinceare now under construction by the Harbin Electric Machinery Works(HEMW)of China Harbin Power-Plant Equipment Corporation(GROUP).The turbine will become the largest in dimension forFrancis type turbine ever made in China.The external diameter ofthe runner is 8.6 m,which is supposed to be ranked No.3 among thelargest runners of this category in the world.Each turbine is展开更多
WC M hard faced ceramic coating was made on the substrate of steel by means of high velocity oxygen fuel flame (HVOF) thermal spraying. The resistance of this coating to cavitation erosion and abrasion (CEA) is about ...WC M hard faced ceramic coating was made on the substrate of steel by means of high velocity oxygen fuel flame (HVOF) thermal spraying. The resistance of this coating to cavitation erosion and abrasion (CEA) is about 2.5 times higher than that of 188 stainless steel, and is about 1.5 times higher than that of Stellite alloy (CoCrWC) made in America. When this coating were applied to the hydraulic power stations with more silt content in the flow water, which reaches 50 kg/m 3, the resistance of above mentioned coating to CEA was about 2 times to that of NiCr alloy coating, and is about 45 times to that of OCr13Ni4Mo stainless steel. In addition, the micro hardness, microstructures and electron probe analyzing of the WC M coating are all discussed.展开更多
Today, the oil and gas industry, and in particular hydraulic fracturing operations, have come under increasing pressure from regulators and the public to reduce emissions. As the industry evolves, oil and gas producer...Today, the oil and gas industry, and in particular hydraulic fracturing operations, have come under increasing pressure from regulators and the public to reduce emissions. As the industry evolves, oil and gas producers are in the position of evaluating alternative technologies which will support their objectives of reducing their overall emissions profile and carbon footprint. As a response, the deployment of technology and solutions to reduce emissions related to hydraulic fracturing applications has recently accelerated, creating various options to address these industry challenges. BJ Energy Solutions and West Virginia University have been working on the application and emissions characterization of various hydraulic fracturing technologies. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency and resultant emissions from various technologies, including natural gas reciprocating engines, diesel-natural gas dual-fuel engines, large (>24 MW) gas turbines, and direct drive turbines. The study involved the development of an emissions model with the purpose of estimating total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), nitrous oxide (N2O) and exhaust methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) slip, all Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), and converted to tons of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent emissions per day of operation. The model inputs are the required Hydraulic Horsepower (HHP) based on pumping rate and pressure for various shale play scenarios. The model calculates emissions from the TITAN, which is a direct-drive turbine model fielded by BJ, using data collected following U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing protocols. The model also calculates and compares other hydraulic fracturing technologies utilizing published Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) data. Relevant EPA-regulated criteria emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO<sub>x</sub>), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Particulate Matter (PM) are also reported. Modeling results demonstrated that in most cases, the TITAN gas turbine system has lower total GHG emissions than conventional diesel and other next-generation technologies, and also has lower criteria emissions. The benefits of the TITAN gas turbine system compared to the other technologies stems from significantly lower methane slip, and the high-power transfer efficiency resulting from directly connecting a turbine to a reciprocating pump, despite the comparatively lower thermal efficiency.展开更多
基金This work is financially supported by Gansu Province Key Research and Development Plan Projects(20YF3GA019)Gansu Province Science and Technology Project(20JR5RA447,20JR10RA174,20JR10RA203)+1 种基金Gansu Province Colleges and Universities Industrial Support Program Projects(2020C-20)Key Laboratory of Fluid and Power Machinery,Ministry of Education,Xihua University(szjj2019-016,LTDL2020-007).
文摘In order to analyze the response of a hydraulic turbine to a variation in the operating conditions,different laws of variation in time of the massflow rate have been considered.After validating the overall numerical framework through comparison with relevant experiments,the performances of the considered turbine have been analyzed from afluid-dynamic point of view.The results show that different time profiles of the massflow rate(in this work,for simplicity,referred to as“transition functions”)have a varying influence on the transient behavior of the turbine.When a quadratic function is considered for the case of largeflow,the transient head and torque increase gradually with time,thefluctuation amplitude of the transient hydraulic efficiency at the main frequency is the largest,and thefluctuation amplitude of the radial force is the smallest.For the smallflow case,the time profile with exponential nature leads to the best results.The transient head and torque decrease gradually with time,the pulsation amplitude of the transient hydraulic efficiency is the largest at the main frequency,and the pulsation amplitude of the radial force is the smallest.
文摘The effect of clearance flow on the erosion characteristics of a circular cylinder with a backward facing step in sediment-laden water flow is analyzed numerically with the mixture model and the re-normalization group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model. Thirty-six monitoring points are set up on different stream surfaces to collect information on the impact erosion under different flow conditions, where the Initial Sediment Volume Fraction (ISVF) is set to 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.125, and 0.15;particle diameter is set to 0.05 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.35 mm, and 0.45 mm respectively. The distribution of particle velocity and Local Solid-Phase Volume Fraction (LSVF) along different stream surfaces are calculated, based on which the trend of erosion is qualitatively evaluated. ISVF and particle diameter play different roles on the impact erosion index parameter () on the different wetted walls. Relative wear rate of numerical estimation agrees well with the practical one under the same working condition. Numerical analysis demonstrates that guide vane with a negative curvature end surface (concave surface) can decrease erosion damage effectively, which may provide a reference for optimal design and maintenance of hydraulic turbine.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10162002) the Key Project of Chinese Ministry Education (204138) the Sci-ence Foundation of Yunnan Education Bureau(5Y0020A)
文摘Based on the Naviev-Stokes equations and the standard κ-ε turbulence model, this paper presents the derivation of the governing equations for the turbulent flow field in a draft tube. The mathematical model for the turbulent flow through a draft tube is set up when the boundary conditions, including the inlet boundary conditions, the outlet boundary conditions and the wall boundary conditions, have been implemented. The governing equations are formulated in a discrete form on a staggered grid system by the finite volume method. The second-order central difference approximation and hybrid scheme are used for discretization. The computation and analysis on internal flow through a draft tube have been carried out by using the simplee algorithm and cfx-tasc flow software so as to obtain the simulated flow fields. The calculation results at the design operating condition for the draft tube are presented in this paper. Thereby, an effective method for simulating the internal flow field in a draft tube has been explored.
文摘In this work, the estimation of crack initiation life of a hydraulic Francis turbine runner is presented. The life prediction is based on the local strain approach to predict the initiation life. First, the analysis is carried out in air and in water condition and the runner’s natural frequencies were calculated using the finite element (FE) method. The analysis in air is compared with experimental analysis in order to have a representative model of real runner and subsequently the numerical analysis was perform in water. In the case of the runner immersed in water, the added mass effect due to the fluid structure interaction (FSI) is considered. Second, the static and dynamic stresses were calculated according to life estimation. For the calculation of static stresses, the pressure distribution of water and the centrifugal forces were applied to the runner. The dynamic stresses were estimated for interactions between the guide vane and the runner. Lastly, the estimation of the crack initiation life of the runner was obtained.
基金This work was financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.2020YJSJD15)the Ministry of industry and Information Technology of the China:Plateau hydro turbine construction project.
文摘Based on the characteristics of nonlinearity,multi-case,and multi-disturbance,it is difficult to establish an accurate parameter mod-el on the hydraulic turbine system which is limited by the degree of fitting between parametric model and actual model,and the design of con-trol algorithm has a certain degree of limitation.Aiming at the modeling and control problems of hydraulic turbine system,this paper proposes hydraulic turbine system identification and predictive control based on genetic algorithm-simulate anneal and back propagation neural network(GASA-BPNN),and the output value predicted by GASA-BPNN model is fed back to the nonlinear optimizer to output the control quantity.The results show that the output speed of the traditional control system increases greatly and the speed of regulation is slow,while the speed of GASA-BPNN predictive control system increases little and the regulation speed is obviously faster than that of the traditional control system.Compared with the output response of the traditional control of the hydraulic turbine governing system,the neural network predictive control-ler used in this paper has better effect and stronger robustness,solves the problem of poor generalization ability and identification accuracy of the turbine system under variable conditions,and achieves better control effect.
基金Project(50465002) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In order to investigate the feasibility of monitoring the fatigue cracks in turbine blades using acoustic emission (AE) technique, the AE characteristics of fatigue crack growth were studied in the laboratory. And the characteristics were compared with those of background noise received from a real hydraulic turbine unit. It is found that the AE parameters such as the energy and duration can qualitatively describe the fatigue state of the blades. The correlations of crack propagation rates and acoustic emission count rates vs stress intensity factor (SIF) range are also obtained. At the same time, for the specimens of 20SiMn under the given testing conditions, it is noted that the rise time and duration of events emitted from the fatigue process are lower than those from the background noise; amplitude range is 49-74 dB, which is lower than that of the noise (90-99 dB); frequency range of main energy of crack signals is higher than 60 kHz while that in the noise is lower than 55 kHz. Thus, it is possible to extract the useful crack signals from the noise through appropriate signal processing methods and to represent the crack status of blade materials by AE parameters. As a result, it is feasible to monitor the safety of runners using AE technique.
基金supported financially by the National Eleventh Five-Year Science and Technology Support Program of China through Grant No.2007BAF02B02Major National Sci-Tech Project of China No 2011ZX04014-052
文摘During heat treatment process, the distortion behavior inevitably appears in hydraulic turbine blade castings. In this research, a technology was developed for real-time measurement of the distortion in hydraulic turbine blade castings at the still air cooling and forced air cooling stages during heat treatment process. The method was used to measure the distortion behavior at the cooling stages in both normalizing and tempering processes. At the normalization, the distortion at the blade corner near outlet side undergoes four stages with alternating bending along positive and negative directions. At the tempering stage, the distortion could be divided into two steps. The temperature difference between the two surfaces of blade casting was employed to analyze the distortion mechanism. The measured results could be applied to guide the production, and the machining allowance could be reduced by controlling the distortion behavior.
文摘The Francis turbine of Three Gorges hydropower station is one of the large turbines with great head variation in the world. The operational stability of the turbine has been the top subject for departments of design, research, manufacture and operation to be concerned about. During the course of preparing bid invitation documents and executing the contract for the Three Gorges left power plants turbogenerator units, the hydraulic stability of the turbine was regarded as the most important problem and specific stability indexes of the model turbine and the prototype turbine were respectively specified in the contract. In the model tests for turbine model acceptance, pressure fluctuation phenomena in the case of partial load were found to be different from the usual ones as people had known. Within the range of operating water head, there existed a peak value zone of pressure fluctuations with higher frequencies, and large amplitude pressure fluctuations simultaneously occurred in several localities from the spiral case entrance to the draft tube. On the basis of test results from the model, the influence of cavitation coefficient and aeration on pressure fluctuations is analyzed, and some measures to improve the hydraulic stability of turbines of Three Gorges hydropower station are expounded.
基金supported by Open Fund of Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Operation and Control of Cascaded Hydropower Station in China Three Gorges University(No.2019KJX02).
文摘Terminal sliding mode controller method is introduced to enhance the regulation performance of the hydraulic turbine governing system(HTGS).For the purpose of describing the characteristics of controlled system and deducing the control rule,a nonlinear mathematic model of hydraulic turbine governing system with bifurcated penstocks(HTGSBF)under control input saturation is established,and the input/output state linearization feedback approach is used to obtain the relationship between turbine speed and controller output.To address the control input saturation problem,an adaptive assistant system is designed to compensate for controller truncation.Numerical simulations have been conducted under fixed point stabilization and periodic orbit tracking conditions to compare the dynamic performances of proposed terminal sliding mode controllers and conventional sliding mode controller.The results indicate that the proposed terminal sliding mode controllers not only have a faster response and accurate tracking results,but also own a stronger robustness to the system parameter variations.Moreover,the comparisons between the proposed terminal sliding mode controllers and current most often used proportional-integral-differential(PID)controller,as well its variant NPID controller,are discussed at the end of this paper,where the superiority of the terminal sliding mode controllers also have been verified.
文摘A centrifugal pump used as a hydraulic turbine in producing power for a microhydropower system is multifaceted. Centrifugal pumps are far more ubiquitous than turbines in the turbomachinery market, therefore being more readily available to the consumer. Additionally, they are cheaper. Hydraulic turbines undergo rigorous CFD simulation design and testing to establish their blade geometries and ranges of operation. This results in a refined but very expensive final product. Centrifugal pumps are thus presented as a logical alternative seeing that they can physically perform the same task as a hydropower turbine albeit at a reduced efficiency. This paper presents the results of an analysis and simulation to assess the use of a centrifugal pump as a hydraulic turbine.
文摘Four giant hydraulic turbines of Yantan Hydropower Sta-tion located on the Hongshui River,Guangxi Provinceare now under construction by the Harbin Electric Machinery Works(HEMW)of China Harbin Power-Plant Equipment Corporation(GROUP).The turbine will become the largest in dimension forFrancis type turbine ever made in China.The external diameter ofthe runner is 8.6 m,which is supposed to be ranked No.3 among thelargest runners of this category in the world.Each turbine is
文摘WC M hard faced ceramic coating was made on the substrate of steel by means of high velocity oxygen fuel flame (HVOF) thermal spraying. The resistance of this coating to cavitation erosion and abrasion (CEA) is about 2.5 times higher than that of 188 stainless steel, and is about 1.5 times higher than that of Stellite alloy (CoCrWC) made in America. When this coating were applied to the hydraulic power stations with more silt content in the flow water, which reaches 50 kg/m 3, the resistance of above mentioned coating to CEA was about 2 times to that of NiCr alloy coating, and is about 45 times to that of OCr13Ni4Mo stainless steel. In addition, the micro hardness, microstructures and electron probe analyzing of the WC M coating are all discussed.
文摘Today, the oil and gas industry, and in particular hydraulic fracturing operations, have come under increasing pressure from regulators and the public to reduce emissions. As the industry evolves, oil and gas producers are in the position of evaluating alternative technologies which will support their objectives of reducing their overall emissions profile and carbon footprint. As a response, the deployment of technology and solutions to reduce emissions related to hydraulic fracturing applications has recently accelerated, creating various options to address these industry challenges. BJ Energy Solutions and West Virginia University have been working on the application and emissions characterization of various hydraulic fracturing technologies. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency and resultant emissions from various technologies, including natural gas reciprocating engines, diesel-natural gas dual-fuel engines, large (>24 MW) gas turbines, and direct drive turbines. The study involved the development of an emissions model with the purpose of estimating total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), nitrous oxide (N2O) and exhaust methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) slip, all Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), and converted to tons of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent emissions per day of operation. The model inputs are the required Hydraulic Horsepower (HHP) based on pumping rate and pressure for various shale play scenarios. The model calculates emissions from the TITAN, which is a direct-drive turbine model fielded by BJ, using data collected following U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing protocols. The model also calculates and compares other hydraulic fracturing technologies utilizing published Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) data. Relevant EPA-regulated criteria emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO<sub>x</sub>), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Particulate Matter (PM) are also reported. Modeling results demonstrated that in most cases, the TITAN gas turbine system has lower total GHG emissions than conventional diesel and other next-generation technologies, and also has lower criteria emissions. The benefits of the TITAN gas turbine system compared to the other technologies stems from significantly lower methane slip, and the high-power transfer efficiency resulting from directly connecting a turbine to a reciprocating pump, despite the comparatively lower thermal efficiency.