Etitiological Relationship between Hyperlipidemia and Acute Pancreatitis

Hyperlipidemia is a kind of pancreatitis caused by high triglyceride levels in the blood. The morbidity and mortality of this disease continue to increase worldwide, and it has become one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases in developed countries worldwide. Although many studies have been conducted, the pathogenesis still cannot be defined. Many studies have shown that this may be related to the triglyceride decomposition products free fatty acids are the main toxic substances, which can directly damage pancreatic acinar cells and vascular endothelial cells, causing tissue ischemia and acidic environment. Therefore, this paper focuses on the correlation of triglycerides and their decomposition products in plasma and provides evidence on the pathogenesis of AP and the disease progression of AP. Finally, the future potential to prevent and treat acute pancreatitis by some new drugs to reduce plasma triglycerides is summarized.

Mechanism of Rosae Rugosae Flos fl avonoids in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and optimization of extraction process based on network pharmacology

This study aims to identify a natural plant chemical with hypolipidemic effects that can be used to treat high cholesterol without adverse reactions.Through network pharmacology screening,it was found that Rosae Rugosae Flos(RF)flavonoids had potential therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia and its mechanism of action was discussed.TCMSP and GeneCards databases were used to obtain active ingredients and disease targets.Venn diagrams were drawn to illustrate the findings.The interaction network diagram was created using Cytoscape 3.8.0 software.The PPI protein network was constructed using String.GO and KEGG enrichment analysis was performed using Metascape.The results revealed 2 active flavonoid ingredients and 60 potential targets in RF.The key targets,including CCL2,PPARG,and PPARA,were found to play a role in multiple pathways such as the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway,lipid and atherosclerosis,and cancer pathway in diabetic complications.The solvent extraction method was optimized for efficient flavonoid extraction based on network pharmacology prediction results.This was achieved through a single factor and orthogonal test,resulting in an optimum process with a reflux time of 1.5 h,a solid-liquid ratio of 1:13 g/mL,and an ethanol concentration of 50%.

Germinated brown rice relieves hyperlipidemia by alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis

Hyperlipidemia is a frequent metabolic disorder that is closely associated with diet. It is believed that brown rice, containing the outer bran layer and germ, is beneficial for the remission of hyperlipidemia. This study established a rat model of hyperlipidemia by feeding a high-fat diet. The hypolipidemic potential of germinated brown rice(Gbrown) and germinated black rice(a germinated black-pigmented brown rice, Gblack) were explored in the model rats, mainly in the aspects of blood lipids, lipases, apolipoproteins, and inflammation. The gut microbiota in hyperlipidemic rats receiving diverse dietary interventions was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed that the intervention of Gbrown/Gblack alleviated the hyperlipidemia in rats, evidenced by decreased TC, TG, LDL-C, and apolipoprotein B, and increased HDL-C, HL, LPL, LCAT, and apolipoprotein A1. Gbrown/Gblack also weakened the inflammation in hyperlipidemia rats, evidenced by decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and ET-1. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the diet of Gbrown/Gblack elevated the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota in hyperlipidemia rats. At the phylum level, Gbrown/Gblack decreased Firmicutes, increased Bacteroidetes, and decreased the F/B ratio in hyperlipidemia rats. At the genus level, Gbrown/Gblack decreased Streptococcus and increased Ruminococcus and Allobaculum in hyperlipidemia rats. Some differential microbial genera relating to lipid metabolism were also determined, such as the Lachnospira and Ruminococcus in the Gblack group, and the Phascolarctobacterium, Dorea, Turicibacter, and Escherichia-Shigella in the Gbrown group. Notably, the beneficial effect of Gblack was stronger than Gbrown. To sum up, the dietary interventions of Gbrown/Gblack contributed to the remission of hyperlipidemia by alleviating the dysbiosis of gut microbiota.

Biochanin-A attenuates high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in rats by improving antioxidant status and lipid metabolic markers

Objective:To determine how biochanin-A(BCA)affects high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced pathological changes in lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in diabetic rats.Methods:Diabetic rats were orally administered BCA(10 mg/kg body weight)for 30 days to investigate its effects on lipid profiles and oxidative stress markers in the liver and kidney.In addition,the mRNA expression of antioxidant and lipid metabolism enzymes in the liver was examined.Results:BCA attenuated hyperlipidemia by regulating mRNA expressions of HMG-CoA reductase,fatty acid synthase,carnitine palmitoyl transferase,and acetyl-CoA carboxylase.Additionally,BCA reduced high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress by suppressing lipid peroxidation,improving superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione peroxidase levels,and upregulating mRNA expressions of these enzymes.Conclusions:BCA may be a promising nutraceutical for the treatment of dyslipidemia and oxidative stress associated with diabetes.

Bifidobacterium longum CCFM1077 Attenuates Hyperlipidemia by Modulating the Gut Microbiota Composition and Fecal Metabolites:A Randomized,Double-Blind,Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

An increasing number of studies have indicated that gut microbiota and its metabolites are crucial in the development of hyperlipidemia.Bifidobacterium longum(B.longum)CCFM1077 has been shown to have lipid-lowering effects in animals.This study aimed to evaluate the potential of B.longum CCFM1077 in lowering the lipid levels in patients with hyperlipidemia and investigate the effect of this bacterium on serum lipid abnormalities,gut microbiota,and fecal metabolites in these patients.This study was a six-week,randomized,double-blind,and placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial.Subjects with hyperlipidemia(N=62)were randomly assigned to receive placebo(N=31)or B.longum CCFM1077(1×1010colony-forming units(CFUs)per day;N=31).Serum lipid levels including total cholesterol(TC),lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),total triglyceride(TG),and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)were examined at the baseline and interventio nal endpoints.Changes in the gut microbiota composition and diversity were measured based on 16S ribosomal RNA(rRNA)sequencing of the V3-V4region at the end of the intervention period.Non-targeted metabolomics of the feces was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC)-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/mass spectrometer.Oral administration of B.longum CCFM1077 for six weeks significantly decreased the serum levels of TC(p<0.01)and LDL-C(p<0.01)in patients with hyperlipidemia.B.longum CCFM1077 treatment markedly increased gut microbiota diversity and the relative abundance of anti-obesity-related genera,including Lactobacillus,Butyricicoccus,Bifidobacterium,and Blautia,whereas it decreased the relative abundance of obesity-related genera,including Alistipes,Megamonas,and Catenibacterium.Additionally,some key metabolites(bile acids(BAs),biotin,and caffeine)and their corresponding metabolic pathways(primary BA biosynthesis,and taurine and hypotaurine,biotin,purine,and caffeine metabolisms)were enriched by B.longum CCFM1077,and thus it may lower lipid levels.B.longum CCFM1077 is a probiotic strain with the potential to lower serum TC and LDL-C levels patients with hyperlipidemia.The underlying mechanism may be related to the increased abundance of anti-obesity-related genera and fecal metabolites.These findings provide a foundation for future clinical applications of lipid-lowering probiotics in managing individuals with hyperlipidemia.

Efficacy evaluation of Shenlan oral liquid in the treatment of experimental thrombosis and hyperlipidemia

Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect of Shenlan oral liquid on thrombosis rats and hyperlipidemia mice.Methods:Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups randomly:the control group,the Shenlan oral liquid groups(high dosage and low dosage),and the positive control group.Rats in the control group were treated with dd water intragastriclly;in the positive control group,rats were treated intragastric with aspirin.Rats were treated with different drugs intragastric for continuous 22 d.In the hyperlipidemia experiment,mice were fed with high-fat diet to induce hyperlipidemia model mice,then randomly divided into five groups;the control group,the model group,the atorvastatin calcium positive control group,and the Shenlan oral liquid groups(high dosage and low dosage).The serum lipid and body weight changes of mice were observed after 6 weeks.Animals in Shenlan oral liquid high and low dosage were treated intragastric with six times and double the clinical dose.Results:After treatment,the mix blocking rate and average blocking rate of the vascular after electrical stimulation were obviously reduced in aspirin group,and Shenlan oral liquid high and low dose groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01).The maximum aggregation rate was significantly lower than that of control group(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and the normal coagulation function was not affected.In the treatment of hyperlipidemia,the effects of Shenlan oral liquid were measured on the total cholesterol(TC),triacylglycerol(total triglyceride,TG),low density lipoprotein(LDL-C)and high-density lipoprotein(HDL-C)with the hyperlipidemia mice.After 2 weeks administration,the serum TG level of Shenlan oral liquid high-dose group decreased compared with the model group.The TG level of serum in Shenlan oral liquid high-dose group significantly decreased compared with the model group from the fourth week(P<0.05).After 6 weeks administration,Shenlan oral liquid high-dose and low-dose group and positive drugs reached to the same therapeutic effect.Compared with model group,serum TG level was significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion:Shenlan oral liquid can decrease the thrombosis formation in rats and inhibit the lipid level in blood in hyperlipidemia mice.

Mechanism of Wulan Shisanwei Decoction in Treating Hypertension Complicated with Hyperlipidemia Based on Network Pharmacology

[Objectives]To screen out the main effective components of Wulan Shisanwei Decoction in the treatment of hypertension complicated with hyperlipidemia based on the method of network pharmacology,predict the target and explore the possible mechanism.[Methods]13 components of Wulan Shisanwei Decoction were searched on the TCMSP data platform,the corresponding active components were found and the corresponding targets were searched in Pubchem database.GeneCards database was used to screen the corresponding targets of hypertension and hyperlipidemia.The core target PPI network of Wulan Shisanwei Decoction in the treatment of hypertension complicated with hyperlipidemia was constructed by processing in STRING database.The effective data were imported into Cytoscape 3.8.0 to analyze the network topology parameters,and they were screened according to the degree value greater than the average value.Finally,the relevant information about the core target of Wulan Shisanwei Decoction in the treatment of hypertension complicated with hyperlipidemia was obtained.GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis were carried out for core targets in DAVID database.The visualization map of"drug-component-target-disease"was drawn by Cytoscape 3.8.0.[Results]A total of 85 active components were obtained from Wulan Shisanwei Decoction,and there were 1532 corresponding targets.A total of 303 key targets were obtained by intersecting corresponding drug targets with disease targets.3178 biological processes were obtained by GO analysis(P<0.05)and 192 signaling pathways were obtained by KEGG enrichment analysis(P<0.05).[Conclusions]It was predicted that the main active components of Wulan Shisanwei Decoction in the treatment of hypertension complicated with hyperlipidemia were stigmasterol,acacetin,pectolinarigenin,isorhamnetin,alizarin,quercetin,nordamnacanthal,kaempferol,luteolin,glyceollin,kushenol,t,3-methylkempferol,ellagic acid,etc.20 core targets were selected in the treatment of hypertension complicated with hyperlipidemia:SRC,STAT3,HSP90AA1,MAPK1,MAPK3,PIK3R1,HRAS,GRB2,PIK3CA,AKT1,PTPN11,ESR1,LCK,EGFR,FYN,EP300,RELA,JUN,LYN,RHOA.These targets were involved in PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,lipid and atherosclerosis,proteoglycan in cancer,Ras signaling pathway,etc.to exert a response to oxidative stress,cellular response to chemical stress,peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation and peptide tyrosine modification,and can intervene in the early stage of the disease.It may be the potential mechanism of Wulan Shisanwei Decoction in the treatment of hypertension complicated with hyperlipidemia.

Effects of moxibustion at 46°C on blood lipids and related indicators of thoracic aortic endothelium in a hyperlipidemia rat model

Objective:To observe the effects of moxibustion at different temperatures(38℃,46℃)on blood lipids,endothelial morphology of the thoracic aorta,serum endothelin-1(ET-1),calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP),nitric oxide(NO),and endothelial NO synthase(eNOS)in hyperlipidemic rats.Methods:Using the random number table method,60 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly and evenly divided into blank,model,38℃-moxibustion,and 46℃-moxibustion groups.Rats in the 3 experimental groups were fed a high-fat feed to model hyperlipidemia in rats.Rats in the 38℃-moxibustion and 46℃-moxibustion groups were moxibustion on the Shenque and bilateral Zusanli acupoints for 10 minutes each,once every other day for 4 weeks,at temperatures of 38±1℃ and 46±1℃.After that,rat blood samples were collected to detect blood lipids and ET-1,CGRP,eNOS and NO.Take the endotheal tissue of the thoracic aorta to do HE staining.Results:(1)The serum total cholesterol,triglycerides,and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of rats in the 46℃-moxibustion group were significantly lower than those in the model and 38℃-moxibustion groups.(2)Revealed by hematoxylin and eosin staining,showed necrosis in the local vascular endothelial cells and mild inflammatory cell infiltration in the tunica adventitia of the hyperlipidemic rats.These endothelial morphologies did not improve significantly after moxibustion at 38℃ but did improve at 46℃.(3)Compared with the blank group,serum ET-1 was significantly higher and serum CGRP,NO,eNOS were significantly lower in the model group.Compared with the model and the 38℃-moxibustion groups,serum ET-1 was significantly lower and serum CGRP,NO,eNOS were significantly higher in 46℃-moxibustion groups.Conclusion:Moxibustion at 46℃ effectively regulated blood lipids,improved the morphology of the vascular endothelium,and protected vascular endothelial function.

Plasma Homocysteine and Gene Polymorphisms Associated with the Risk of Hyperlipidemia in Northern Chinese Subjects

Objective To examine the relationship between occurrence of hyperlipidemia, plasma homocysteine and polymorphisms of methylenetetra hydrofolate reductase （MTHFR） gene and methionine synthase （MS） gene. Methods A total of 192 hyperlipidemia patients were selected and divided into hypercholesterolemia group, hypertriglyceridemia group, and combined hyperlipidemia group. Another 208 normal individuals were selected as control. Total plasma homocysteine （tHcy） concentration was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Lipid profiles were measured for all subjects The polymorphisms of MTHFR gene C677T and MS gene A2756G were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Results The tHcy concentration in the combined hyperlipidemia patients was significantly higher than that in the control （15.95μmol/L vs 13.43 μmol/L, P〈0.05）. The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia （HHcy） in the combined hyperlipidemia group was significantly higher than that in the control （42.2% vs 23.0%, P=0.015）, with the odds ratio （OR） of 3.339 （95%CI： 1.260-8.849）. The hyperlipidemia patients with HHcy had a higher concentration of total cholesterol （TC） than that in the normal tHcy patients （5.67±0.95 mmol/L vs 5.47±0.92 retool/L, P=0.034）. There was no significant difference in genotype or allele frequencies of MTHFR C677T between the hyperlipidemic and control groups. The hyperlipidemia patients with MTHFR CT/TT genotype had a higher concentration of triglyceride （TG） than those with CC genotype （2.24±1.75 mmol/L vs 1.87±0.95 mmol/L, P〈0.05）. Individuals with CT/TT genotype had a higher concentration of tHcy than those with 677CC genotype both in the hyperlipidemia group （12.61±1.24μmol/L vs 11.20±1.37 μmol/L, P〈0.05） and in the control group （14.04±1.48 μmol/L vs 12.61±1.24 μmol/L, P〈0.05）. The percentage of MS 2756 GG/AG genotype in the combined hyperlipidemia group was significantly higher than that in the control （26.7% vs 13.0%, P=0.012）, with the OR of 3.121 （95%C1： 1.288-7.65/）. The hyperlipidemia patients with MS 2756AG/GG genotype had a higher concentration of TC （5.87±0.89 mmol/L vs 5.46±0.93 retool/L, P〈0.05） and LDL-C （3.29±0.81 mmol/L vs 2.94±0.85 retool/L, P〈0.05） than those with AA genotype. However, individuals with 2756AG/GG genotype showed no significant difference in tHcy among those with AA genotype. Conclusion HHcy and MS A2756G mutation may be the risk factors for combined hyperlipidemia. Further study is needed to confirm the role of HHcy and MS A2756G mutation in the development of hyperlipidemia.

Neuroprotective Effect of Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor in a Focal Cerebral Ischemic Rat Model with Hyperlipidemia

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective effects in rat model with focal cerebral ischemia through anti-apoptotic pathways and by promoting proliferation of neural stem cells. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective effect of G-CSF in an acute focal cerebral ischemia rat model with lipid metabolism disorder. Eighty male SD rats were randomly divided into normal diet control group (NC group) and high-fat diet group (HFD group) (n = 40 in each). In HFD group, rats were fed on high fat diet to induce atherosclerosis. After 29 days, 4 rats from each group were sacrificed to evaluate the effects of different diets, and the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed in the rest of the rats. MCAO rats received either G-CSF (50 μg·kg–1·mL–1) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) injection through the external jugular vein for 5 days, which was followed by 5-bromo-deoxy uridine (BrdU, i.p., 50 mg/kg) injection for another 7 days. To evaluate the effects of G-CSF treatment on neurological function, the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) was calculated. The vascular distribution, ischemic cells proliferation, cell apoptosis and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured to determine the effects of G-CSF treatment. Our results showed that G-CSF-treated rats had a lower mNSS than PBS-treated rats in both NC group and HFD group. G-CSF injection promoted endothelial cell proliferation and vascular regeneration, and inhibited cell apoptosis. The serum and tissue levels of VEGF were significantly increased after G-CSF treatment. It is concluded that G-CSF exerts its neuroprotective effect in focal cerebral ischemia rats with hyperlipidemia by enhancing angiogenesis, promoting cells proliferation, decreasing cell apoptosis, and increasing local VEGF expression.

Effect of electroacupuncture on glial fibrillary acidic protein and nerve growth factor in the hippocampus of rats with hyperlipidemia and middle cerebral artery thrombus

Electroacupuncture(EA)has been shown to reduce blood lipid level and improve cerebral ischemia in rats with hyperlipemia complicated by cerebral ischemia.However,there are few studies on the results and mechanism of the effect of EA in reducing blood lipid level or promoting neural repair after stroke in hyperlipidemic subjects.In this study,EA was applied to a rat model of hyperlipidemia and middle cerebral artery thrombosis and the condition of neurons and astrocytes after hippocampal injury was assessed.Except for the normal group,rats in other groups were fed a high-fat diet throughout the whole experiment.Hyperlipidemia models were established in rats fed a high-fat diet for 6 weeks.Middle cerebral artery thrombus models were induced by pasting 50%FeCl3 filter paper on the left middle cerebral artery for 20 minutes on day 50 as the model group.EA1 group rats received EA at bilateral ST40(Fenglong)for 7 days before the thrombosis.Rats in the EA1 and EA2 groups received EA at GV20(Baihui)and bilateral ST40 for 14 days after model establishment.Neuronal health was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining in the brain.Hyperlipidemia was assessed by biochemical methods that measured total cholesterol,triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein in blood sera.Behavioral analysis was used to confirm the establishment of the model.Immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and nerve growth factor in the hippocampal CA1 region.The results demonstrated that,compared with the model group,blood lipid levels significantly decreased,glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity was significantly weakened and nerve growth factor immunoreactivity was significantly enhanced in the EA1 and EA2 groups.The repair effect was superior in the EA1 group than in the EA2 group.These findings confirm that EA can reduce blood lipid,inhibit glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and promote nerve growth factor expression in the hippocampal CA1 region after hyperlipidemia and middle cerebral artery thrombosis.All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Animal Use and Management Committee of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,China(approval No.BUCM-3-2018022802-1002)on April 12,2018.

Study on Effect of Zhixinkang Capsule(脂欣康胶囊)in TreatingUnstable Effort Angina and Hyperlipidemia and Its Function in Vascular Endothelium Protection

Objective:To observe the clinical effect and protection of vascular endothelium of Zhixin-kang Capsule (ZXKC) in middle-aged and old people with unstable effort angina and hyperlipidemia. Methods: Sixty-five patients with unstable effort angina were randomly divided into ZXKC group (34 cases) and control group (31 cases). Conventional western medical therapy was given to both groups, with ZXKC group receiving additional ZXKC treatment. Data of 20 healthy persons were taken as normal group. Forty-eight patients with hyperlipidemia were divided into ZXKC group treated with ZXKC (31 cases) and control group treated with Yixintong (17 cases). The changes of clinical symptoms and laboratory indexes in all the patients were observed before and after treatment. Results: In patients with unstable effort angina, the efficacy of treatment of ZXKC, the withdrawal rate of nitroglycerin, the relieving of symptoms, the improvement of the electrocardiogram, the counts of circulating endothelial cells, the content of platelet P-selectin, the content of plasma endothelin (ET), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the activity of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) were all better than those in the control group. In patients with hyperlipidemia, there was no significant difference in lipids reduction between ZXKC group and the control group. In both groups, the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipo-protein-cholesterol (LDL-C), lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] , ET, oxidized low density lipoprotein, MDA, arte-riosclerotic index (AI) all lowered obviously, while the SOD, HDL-C and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were all elevated markedly. In the ZXKC group, the nitric oxide(NO) increased significantly whereas the ET/CGRP and ET/NO decreased markedly. The total effective rate in symptom relieving, the markedly effective rate, the reduction of TC, ET and ET/CGRP, and the elevation of SOD in ZXKC group were all superior to those in the control group. Conclusion: ZXKC could effectively resist myocardial ischemia, relieve angina, reduce blood lipids, protect vascular endothelial cells, inhibit the activation of platelets, and resist lipid peroxidation.

Coagulopathy and the prognostic potential of D-dimer in hyperlipidemia-induced acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND： Coagulopathy and its association with disease severity in hyperlipidemia （HL）- and non-hyperlipidemia （NHL）-induced acute pancreatitis （AP） are not dear. The present study was to evaluate the relationship between coagulation homeostasis and AP.

Effect of Taizhi'an Capsule (泰脂安胶囊) Combined with Simvastatin on Hyperlipidemia in Diabetic Patients

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Taizhi＇an （泰脂安, TZA） capsule combined with Simvastatin （Sim） in treating hyperlipidemia in diabetes mellitus （DM） patients. Methods： Eighty cases of type 2 DM patients with hyperlipidemia were randomized into two groups, 40 in each group. The patients in the treated group took orally TZA capsules at the dose of 0.9 g 3 times a day and Sim 10 mg at bedtime. And the patients in the control group were treated with Sim 20 mg alone at bedtime. Both regimens lasted for 12 weeks. Before and after the study the changes of blood lipid levels and adverse reaction were investigated. Results. The serum levels of total cholesterol （TO）, triglycerides （TG） and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol （LDL-C） were decreased respectively by 28.8%, 18.2% and 26.3% in the treated group; and by 29.4%, 19.4% and 24.6% in the control group. On the contrary, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol （HDL-C） was increased by 23.5% in the treated group and by 29.4% in the control group. All these changes were statistically significant before and after treatment （all P〈0.05）, but they did not differ statistically between the two groups （P〉0.05）. There was no significant changes in hemoglobin A1 c （HbA1c）. Patients in the treated group did not develop any adverse reactions. However, ALT was found to be higher above the normal range in 5% of the patients in the control group. Conclusion： In treating hyperlipidemia in DM patients, combination of TZA with Sim 10 mg taken daily achieved satisfactory efficacy which was similar to Sim 20 mg daily alone. But the combination therapy conducted in the treated group proved to be better in safety, and could overcome adverse reactions resulting from Sim that was seen in the control group.

Effects of Xuezhikang Capsule(血脂康胶囊) on Blood Lipids,Platelet Activation and Coagulation-Fibrinolysis Activity in Patients with Hyperlipidemia

Objective: To investigate the effects of Xuezhikang capsule (XZK,血脂康胶囊) on blood lipids level, platelet activation and coagulation-fibrinolysis activity in patients with hyerlipidemia. Methods: Seventy-six patients of hyperlipidemia were randomly divided into two groups, the XZK group (n=38) treated with XZK 600mg, taken two times per day and the Simvastatin (SIM) group (n = 38) treated with SIM 20mg per day, with the treatment lasting 8 weeks for both groups. Levels of fasting serum lipids, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C), plasma GMP-140, fibrinogen (FIB), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-) and prothrombin time (PT) were all measured before and 8 weeks after treatment. Data were compared before and after treatment and also compared with those measured in 20 healthy subjects of control. Results: Before treantment the levels of TC, TG and LDL-C were obviously higher and HDL-C level was significantly lower in hyperlipidemia patients than those in healthy subjects (P<0.05 or P<0.01). After 4-8 weeks of XZK treatment, the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and FIB and activities of GMP-140 and PAI-1 were obviously lowered (P<0. 05 or P<0. 01). But in the SIM group there was no obvious change in FIB (P>0.05), instead it showed obvious increase of HDL-C and decrease of TC and LDL-C after treatment (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion: XZK could inhibit platelet activity and improve coagulation-fibrinolysis function, besides its lipids lowering effect.

The Influence of Diabetes, Hypertension, and Hyperlipidemia on the Onset of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in North China: The Kailuan Eye Study

Objective To analyze the prevalence of dry and wet age-related macular degeneration(AMD)in patients with diabetes,hypertension and hyperlipidemia,and to analyze the risk factors for AMD.Methods A population-based cross-sectional epidemiologic study was conducted involving 14,440 individuals.We assessed the prevalence of dry and wet AMD in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects and analyzed the risk factors for AMD.Results The prevalence of wet AMD in diabetic and non-diabetic patients was 0.3%and 0.5%,respectively,and the prevalence of dry AMD was 17%and 16.4%,respectively.The prevalence of wet AMD in healthy,hypertensive,hyperlipidemic,and hypertensive/hyperlipidemic populations was 0.5%,0.3%,0.2%,and 0.7%,respectively.The prevalence of dry AMD in healthy,hypertensive,hyperlipidemic,and hypertensive/hyperlipidemic populations was 16.6%,16.2%,15.2%,and 17.2%,respectively.Age,sex,body mass index,and use of hypoglycemic drugs or lowering blood pressure drugs were corrected in the risk factor analysis of AMD.Diabetes,diabetes/hypertension,diabetes/hyperlipidemia,and diabetes/hypertension/hyperlipidemia were analyzed.None of the factors analyzed in the current study increased the risk for the onset of AMD.Conclusion There was no significant difference in the prevalence of wet and dry AMD among diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.Similarly,there was no significant difference in the prevalence of wet and dry AMD among subjects with hypertension and hyperlipidemia.Diabetes co-existing with hypertension and hyperlipidemia were not shown to be risk factors for the onset of dry AMD.

Relationship between hyperlipidemia and the gut microbiome of rats, characterized using high-throughput sequencing

Objective:To determine the effects of a high-fat diet(HFD)on the gut microbiome in rats,to explore the relationship between the intestinal flora and blood lipid profile.Methods:SpragueeDawley rats were fed an HFD for four weeks to induce hyperlipidemia,then 16S rRNA sequencing was used to compare the intestinal flora between hyperlipidemic and control diet-fed rats.Results:The microbiome of rats fed an HFD for four weeks differed from that of control diet-fed rats.Bacterial species that were less abundant were most affected by HFD feeding,among which were many pathogenic species,which became significantly more abundant.Eighteen genera were present in significantly different numbers in hyperlipidemic and control rats,more than half of which have been linked to infection and inflammation,or energy intake and obesity.The results indicated a type of stress response of the flora to a high-fat environment.In addition,the age of the rats tended to influence the gut microbial composition.Conclusion:These findings suggest that HFD may induce hyperlipidemia by affecting the gut microbial composition.Changes in the abundance of pro-inflammatory and pathogenic bacteria,and those that influence energy intake and obesity,may be important mediators of this.

Protective effects of polar lipids and redox-active compounds from marine organisms at modeling of hyperlipidemia and diabetes

Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus are leading causes of mortality in modern society. The search for a novel effective remedy represents an important task for modern medicine. A total mixture of phospho- and glycolipids from sea macrophytes Sargassum pallidum, Ulva fenestrata, Zostera marina was separated and the fatty acid composition was determined. The biological activity of the mixtures of polar lipids and natural redox-active compounds (echinochrome A from the flat sea urchin Scaphechinus mirabilis and a polyphenolic complex from the sea grass Zostera marina) was studied under conditions of impairments of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Doses and compositions of mixtures of pola lipids and redox-active compounds possessing high corrective activity were optimized in mice with the experimental model of hyperlipidemia and diabetes. Based on these results possible mechanisms of the effects of polar lipids containing various polyunsaturated fatty acids and the investigated redox-active compounds (echinochrome A, rosmarinic acid, luteolin and its sulphate conjugates) have been proposed. The developed compositions may be used for creation of new biologically active additives and remedies.

Dietary Restriction Reduces Blood Lipids and Ameliorates Liver Function of Mice with Hyperlipidemia

Dietary restriction（DR） can delay senescence, prolong lifespan of mammals and improve their learning-memory activity. The purpose of the study was to explore the effects of DR on hypolipidemic action and liver function of mice with hyperlipidemia. To investigate these effects, hyperlipidemia mouse models were established with high-fat diet（HFD）（34% of energy）, then randomly divided into HFD group, DR30% group and DR50% group. Mice in DR30% and DR50% group were respectively supplied with HFD as much as about 70% and 50% of the consumption of HFD in the mice of HFD group. Rats in control group were fed routinely. After DR for 5 weeks, the average body weight, liver weight, liver index, serum lipids and glucose levels in both DR groups decreased significantly as compared with the HFD group（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）, so did alanine aminotransferase（ALT）, aspartate aminotransferase（AST）, lactate dehydrogenase（LDH） levels and the ratio of LDL-C/HDL-C in the DR50% group（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Histopathology examination of liver tissues further proved ameliorative effect of DR on liver function. Western blotting showed that DR significantly increased the expression of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1（SIRT1） in liver and adipose, while notably decreased the expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors-gamma（PPARγ） in adipose（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. The increase of SIRT1 and decrease of PPARγ may be a mechanism by which DR reduces blood lipids and ameliorates liver function.

Effects of Solanum torvum fruit water extract on hyperlipidemia and sex hormones in high-fat fed male rats

Objective:To study the effect of water extract of Solanum torvum(S.torvum) on blood lipid and sex hormone levels in high-fat diet(HFD) fed male rats.Methods:Male Wistar rats were maintained on a standard diet or HFD for 10 weeks.During the last 4 weeks,the standard diet groups received distilled water or S.torvum(400 mg/kg) and the HFD groups received distilled water or S.torvum(100,200 and400 mg/kg).Body weight,lipid profiles,sex hormone,internal organs weight and liver histopathology were all measured.Moreover,kidney function was evaluated using blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels,and liver function by the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase.Results:The result showed that rats in the HFD control group had increased body weight and hyperlipidemia,but had decreased levels of both testosterone and estradiol.When receiving the S.torvum extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg,treated rats had significantly increased sex hormone levels of both types,and decreased total cholesterol levels,and at a dose of 200 mg/kg,treated rats had significantly decreased levels of triglyceride.Long term administration of the S.torvum did not produce any toxic signs in livers and kidneys.Pathological examinations of livers showed lipid accumulation in the HFD group,but the treatment of S.torvum slightly reduced lipid deposition in liver tissue.Conclusions:S.torvum extract can reverse the level of sex hormones to their normal level and reduce serum cholesterol in HFD-induced obese male rats.Furthermore,the long term oral administration of S.torvum extract is harmless.