Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Dialysis Patients: Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Conservative Parathyroidectomy

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is frequent in dialysis patients. Parathyroidectomy (PTX) is indicated for patients who failed medical therapy. We reviewed the data from 184 dialysis patients who underwent PTX between January 2015 and January 2023. We aimed to evaluate the short and long term outcomes of PTX in dialysis patients, comparing the conservative 3/4 versus 7/8 techniques in this population.166 dialysis patients with secondary HPT were included. A conservative subtotal PTX (sPTX) 7/8 was performed in 72% of patients and sPTX 3/4 in 28% of them. Severe postoperative hypocalcaemiaocurred in 45 patients (27%). Hypocalcaemia was significantly more frequent in the sPTX 7/8 group (p = 0.012). One case of persistent HPT (0.6%) and 20 cases of recurrence (12%) were diagnosed. Recurrence was more frequent in the sPTX 3/4 group (15%). No deaths were reported during the perioperative period.

Surgical Treatment of Hyperparathyroidism Secondary to Chronic Renal Failure: Our Experience with the 7/8 Subtotal Parathyroidectomy Technique

Introduction: Surgical management takes place, after a certain period of evolution, on particularly severe forms of secondary hyperparathyroidism, resistant to medical treatment. Subtotal parathyroidectomy is an effective technique in the treatment of these disorders. Method: Our study is retrospective of 33 cases of hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure in dialysis patients operated by the 7/8 technique. Identified over a period of 10 years (January 2010 to December 2019), in the ENT department of the Fann University Hospital. Results: Out of 33 cases of secondary hyperparathyroidism, the average age of our patients was 51.24 years with a sex ratio of 0.43. Causal nephropathy was dominated by nephro-angiosclerosis, which was found in 27.27% of cases. Bone pain found in 23 patients or 69.69% was the predominant clinical sign. The average calcemia was 92.7 mg/l. Parathormone was dosed in all our patients and the average was 1611.05 ng/l. The consequences were clinically marked by recurrent paresis in one patient. No case of hematoma or postoperative infection was found. On the biological level 10 patients or 30.30% had a transient hypocalcaemia. The results were marked by a drop in PTH in 23 patients or 78.78% of cases. Conclusion: Subtotal parathyroidectomy remains an effective and beneficial therapeutic method for kidney failure patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Surgical Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Surgery B of Chu of Point G

Purpose: To describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of secondary hyperparathyroidism inrenal failure chronic. Patients and methods: We collected 11 cases of hyperparathyroidism secondary to renal failure terminal operated in the Service of surgery B of the Central Hospital University of Point G between December 2016 and November 2018. Results: The sex ratio was 0.22 in favor of women. The average age of the patients was 43 or 27 years with extremes of 63 and 25 years. Secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal failure chronic represented 1.9% of interventions to cold in the Service of surgery B. 100% of patients (11/11) were haemodialysis. 100% of the patients had clinical and biological signs. 45.5% (5/11) had radiological signs. The average rate of parathyroid hormone was 2413.51 pg/ml with extremes of 1264 pg/ml and 3616 pg/ml. The reference value was 15 - 65 pg/ml. The surgical technique of choice was the 7/8th parathyroidectomy in 100% of cases. The postoperative were simple in 81.8%, and complicated in 18.2%. There were no death. The average duration of postoperative follow-up was 6 months. After surgery, 50% of patients (5/10) had normal levels of parathyroid hormone and 50% (5/10) made a persistent hyperparathyroidism. Conclusion: Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a frequent complication in renal insufficient chronic in hemodialysis. Surgery is indicated in the resistant cases of medical treatment. The 7/8th parathyroidectomy is the surgical technique of choice. The rate of post operative complications is higher in our context.

术中及围手术期血清iPTH监测对501例继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者手术效果的精准诊断研究——“Diagnostic Accuracy Study of Intraoperative and Perioperative Serum Intact PTH Level for Successful Parathyroidectomy in 501 Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Patients”的二

目的甲状旁腺切除术(parathyroidectomy,PTX)是继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)的有效治疗方式,然而由于甲状旁腺位置和数目异常的存在,部分患者术后SHPT仍持续存在。本研究探讨PTX患者术中及围手术期血清全段甲状旁腺激素(intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH)监测对手术效果精准诊断的意义。方法记录501例行甲状旁腺全切+自体前臂移植术(不伴胸腺切除)的慢性肾脏病患者的术中及围手术期血清iPTH值。术后一周内患者血清iPTH≤50 pg/ml为手术成功;若>50 pg/ml则在6月内进行随访,随访血清iPTH<300 pg/mL即为手术成功,否则为SHPT持续存在。结果 433例(86.4%)患者手术成功,49例(9.8%)患者SHPT持续存在,19例(3.8%)患者缺乏有效随访归为手术效果未知组。肝炎(n=204)与非肝炎(n=297)患者比较,基线血清iPTH水平及术中血清iPTH下降百分比无显著统计学差异(P>0.05)。受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线结果表明术后20分钟血清iPTH下降≥88.9%提示手术成功(曲线下面积0.909,敏感度78.6%,特异度88.5%)。术后4天血清iPTH≥147.4 pg/ml提示SHPT持续存在(曲线下面积0.998,敏感度100%,特异度99.5%)。结论甲状旁腺切除术中血清iPTH监测能提示甲状旁腺切除是否彻底,避免对患者不必要的探查,降低手术并发症的发生率。围手术期血清iPTH监测提示SHPT是否持续存在,对此类患者需密切随访、及时开始药物治疗或必要时再次手术。

Paricalcitol in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism and its potential benefits

BACKGROUND Secondary hyperparathyroidism(SHPT)is a common complication in patients with end-stage renal disease and it is also common in hemodialysis patients.SHPT can increase bone fragility and calcification of blood vessels and soft tissues,which greatly increases the risk of death.AIM To discuss the outcome,safety and other potential benefits of paricalcitol injection in hemodialysis patients with SHPT.METHODS We recruited 40 patients who received hemodialysis at our hospital for chronic renal failure with SHPT between March and December 2019.They received paricalcitol injection for 24 wk(starting dose,0.06–0.08μg/kg),three times per week.They were followed up at the baseline(week 0),week 4,week 12 and week 24.The primary outcome indicator was the percentage of patients with a>30%decrease in intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH)levels at week 24 compared with the baseline.The secondary outcome indicators included percentage decrease in iPTH levels at week 24,standard-reaching rate of iPTH(percentage of patients with iPTH down to 130–585 pg/mL),changes in serum levels of calcium(Ca),phosphate(P),Ca×P product,alkaline phosphatase(ALP),creatinine(Cre),hemoglobin(Hb),and C-reactive protein(CRP),and incidence of adverse events(AEs).RESULTS After 24 wk of treatment,iPTH levels decreased significantly(598.88±381.29 pg/mL vs 888.84±376.88 pg/mL,P<0.05).More than 30%decrease of iPTH was found in 21 of 36(58.33%)patients.The average decrease in iPTH levels was 32.16±4.33%;the standard-reaching rate of iPTH levels was 66.67%(24/36);and ALP levels decreased significantly compared with the baseline(113.72±41.73 IU/L vs 133.45±56.86 IU/L)(t=2.798,P<0.05).There were no significant differences in the serum levels of calcium,Hb,Cre and CRP compared with the baseline(P>0.05).After 24 wk of treatment,serum P levels decreased compared with the baseline(1.91±0.40 mmol/L vs 2.16±0.66 mmol/L)(t=2.830,P<0.05).Ca×P product decreased significantly compared with the baseline(56.38±13.22 mg2/dL2 vs 63.97±20.30 mg2/dL2)(t=2.717,P<0.05).No serious adverse events occurred.CONCLUSION Paricalcitol was a safe and effective treatment for hemodialysis patients with SHPT.It decreased serum levels of iPTH,ALP and P and maintained stability of serum Ca levels.

Effect of calcium supplementation on severe hypocalcemia in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism after total parathyroidectomy

BACKGROUND Severe hypocalcemia(SH)is a dreaded complication of total parathyroidectomy(TPTX)without auto-transplantation.AIM To compare conventional and preventive calcium supplementation(CS)regimens in terms of SH occurrence after TPTX.METHODS This retrospective study included patients who underwent TPTX between January 2015 and May 2018 at the China-Japan Friendship Hospital.From January 2015 to May 2016,conventional CS was performed in patients who underwent TPTX,with calcium amounts adjusted according to postoperative serum calcium levels.From October 2016 to May 2018,preventive CS was performed according to preoperative alkaline phosphatase(ALP)levels.The patients were defined as lowrisk(ALP<500 U/L)and high-risk(ALP>500 U/L)for SH.All preoperative blood samples were collected in the fasting state on the day before surgery.Postoperative blood samples were obtained at 6-7 AM from the first postoperative day.RESULTS A total of 271 patients were included.These patients were 47.7±11.1 years old,and 57.6%were male.Their mean body mass index(BMI)was 22.9±3.8 kg/m^(2).There were no significant differences in sex,age,BMI,preoperative ALP,serum calcium,serum phosphorus,calcium-phosphorus ratio,and intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH)between the two CS groups.Compared with conventional CS,preventive CS led to lower occurrence rates of hypocalcemia within 48 h(46.0%vs 74.5%,P<0.001)and SH(31.7%vs 64.1%,P<0.001).Multivariable analysis showed that preoperative iPTH levelsodds ratio(OR)=1.001,95%confidence interval(CI:1.000-1.001,P=0.009),preoperative ALP amounts(OR=1.002,95%CI:1.001-1.003,P=0.002),preoperative serum phosphorus levels(OR=8.729,95%CI:1.518-50.216,P=0.015)and preventive CS(OR=0.132,95%CI:0.067-0.261,P<0.001)were independently associated with SH.In patients with preoperative ALP≥500 U/L,only preventive CS(OR=0.147,95%CI:0.038-0.562.P=0.005)was independently associated with SH.CONCLUSION This study suggests that preventive CS could reduce the occurrence of SH,indicating its critical value for hypocalcemia after TPTX.

Sagliker syndrome: A case report of a rare manifestation of uncontrolled secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure

BACKGROUND Sagliker syndrome(SS)resulting from uncontrolled secondary hyperparathyroidism(SHPT)in chronic renal failure(CRF)is seldom reported.CASE SUMMARY A 24-year-old woman presented with asymmetric facial deformity and stature shortening.She was diagnosed with SS,SHPT,CRF,and thyroid cancer.The patient underwent a total parathyroidectomy and thyroidectomy with central lymph node dissection.The patient’s condition was stable and was discharged from the hospital.CONCLUSION Undergoing dialysis vintage,presenting high serum phosphate levels,and female gender may be risk factors for SS.Intramembranous ossification in the craniomaxillofacial region is possibly activated in this special pathophysiological condition.What’s more,the choice of surgery mainly depends on the treatment goal and the experience of the individual surgeon.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with multiple brown tumor:a case report

Brown tumour represents a serious complication of hyperparathyroidism.Definitive diagnosis is based on histological examination,clinical,radiological and laboratory data.Here we report a case of multiple brown tumours localised in collarbone,rib and in the distal ulna due to secondary hyperparathyroidism in a 37-year-old women with chronic renal failure.The clinical management of brown tumour aimed primarily to reduce the elevated parathyroid hormone levels by pharmacological treatment.In our experience,clinicians usually consider brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism is caused by giant cell lesions in maintenance hemodialysis recipients,and multiple brown tumours are rarely seen in these patients.

Bone Dysmorphia-Induced Blindness Following a Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: A Case Report

Introduction: Conjunctival-corneal or choroidal calcifications are frequent in SHPT, blindness is however exceptional. We report a case of blindness secondary to compressive ischemic optic neuropathy. Case Report: Mr. B.E.K., 49 years old, has a chronic renal failure secondary to unlabeled glomerular nephropathy for 17 years. He has been on chronic hemodialysis for 12 years and has had SHPT for nine years. He secondarily developed disabling segmental osteoarticular deformities associated with kyphoscoliosis, “drumstick” fingers and facial dysmorphism. Five months before admission he developed eye pain and reduced visual acuity progressing within one month to blindness. Biology noted: serum creatinine at 726 umol/l (60 - 120 umol/L), azotemia at 14.3 mmol/l (2.5 - 7.5 mmol/L), serum calcium at 2.25 (2.25 - 2.55 mmol/L), phosphatemia at 1.13 (0.8 - 1.35 mmol/L), alkaline phosphatases at 2196 (5 - 270 IU/L) and parathyroid hormone level at 2257 (10 - 60 pg/mL). Retinal angiography revealed lesions suggestive of ischemic neuropathy. The orbit CT scan with 3D coronal reconstruction revealed narrowing of the caliber of the optical channels with dystrophic thickening of the skull base and cranial vault. Cranioencephalic and orbital MRI revealed diffuse brown tumors and pre-chiasmatic optic atrophy. Discussion: The most frequent ocular complications of SHPT are conjunctival-corneal or sclero-choroidal calcifications, asymptomatic, associated with hypercalcemia. Compressive manifestations are rarer, represented mainly by an amputation of the visual field, diplopia, ptosis or blindness, as described in our patient. The main cause is osteodystrophy and brown tumors of the skull base (1% - 2%). Conclusion: This case report underlines the importance of early detection of SHPT, in order to avoid its major complications, such as blindness, especially since current preventive and curative measures have proven their effectiveness.

Parathyroid ultrasonography and bone metabolic profile of patients on dialysis with hyperparathyroidism

AIM To evaluate the parathyroid ultrasonography and define parameters that can predict poor response to treatment in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure.METHODS This cohort study evaluated 85 patients with chronic kidney disease stage V with parathyroid hormone levels above 800 pg/mL. All patients underwent ultrasonography of the parathyroids and the following parameters were analyzed: Demographic characteristics(etiology of chronic kidney disease, gender, age, dialysis vintage, vascular access, use of vitamin D), laboratory(calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, bone alkaline phosphatase), and the occurrence of bone changes, cardiovascular events and death. The χ~2 test were used to compare proportions or the Fisher exact test for small sample frequencies. Student t-test was used to detect differences between the two groups regarding continuous variables.RESULTS Fifty-three patients(66.4%) had parathyroid nodules with higher levels of parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphorus. Sixteen patients underwent parathyroidectomy and had higher levels of phosphorus and calcium × phosphorus product(P = 0.03 and P = 0.006, respectively). They also had lower mortality(32% vs 68%, P = 0.01) and lower incidence of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events(27% vs 73%, P = 0.02). Calcium × phosphorus product above 55 mg^2/dL^2 [RR 1.48(1.06, 2.08), P = 0.03], presence of vascular calcification [1.33(1.01, 1.76), P = 0.015] and previous occurrence of vascular events [RR 2.25(1.27, 3.98), P < 0.001] were risk factors for mortality in this population. There was no association between the occurrence of nodules and mortality.CONCLUSION The identification of nodules at ultrasonography strengthens the indication for parathyroidectomy in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure.

A Syndrome of Vitamin D3 Deficiency/Fibromyalgia/Hyperparathyroidism Mimicking Rheumatoid Arthritis, a Clinical Prospective Study

Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis is sometimes misdiagnosed for other diseases, like psoriatic arthritis, erosive OA, viral arthritis, reactive arthritis, IBD arthritis, Lyme’s disease, and palindromic rheumatism. Secondary hyperparathyroidism was not included in the differential diagnosis of RA, though it sometimes presents with joint pains and tenderness, and even arthritis. Fibromyalgia is a psychosomatic disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain and tender areas. Mimicry of some manifestations of these diseases sometimes results in misdiagnosis as RA. Methods: Two hundred patients previously diagnosed as RA from outpatient clinics in Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine, attended as not responding to medical treatment of RA. All patients were subjected to a re-evaluation of disease activity including HAQ, and DAS 28, CDAI, and SDAI. Also, we measured serum vitamin D3, PTH, total and ionized Calcium, Phosphorus, Uric acid, ACPA, and other routine lab. All patients were exposed to various radiological imaging modalities. Results: Cases not responding to RA treatment were reevaluated and were found to have a syndrome of fibromyalgia associated with vitamin D3 deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Conclusions: Fibromyalgia/Hyperparathyroidism syndrome is an underdiagnosed disease, which results from chronic vitamin D3 deficiency. SHPT can cause bone erosions, which are mostly shaggy in appearance and distributed in the radiocarpal, radioulnar, metacarpophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints, in contrast to that which predominate proximal IP joints of rheumatoid arthritis. Radiology of FM/HPT syndrome patients revealed a sign of spur-like excrescences in terminal finger tufts unilaterally or bilaterally, which we think is pathognomonic.

Total parathyroidectomy combined with partial autotransplantation for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Background Drug treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by chronic renal failure may be available at the early stage of the disease, but it is not as effective for serious patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of total parathyroidectomy combined with forearm autotransplantation in the uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.Methods From September 1999 through September 2006, parathroidectomy and autotransplantaUon was performed in 20 patients. The coherence between the results of preoperative parathyroid ultrasonography and surgical exploration were compared. The serum calcium concentration and intact parathyroid hormone （iPTH） were monitored preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively.Results A total of 71 hyperplastic parathyroid glands were resected in the 20 patients. The accordance rate of parathyroid localization between B-ultrasonography and intraoperaUve exploration was 94.4%. The average iPTH value was （110.90±67.42） ng/L, （433.80±243.72） ng/L, （48.80±42.69） ng/L, （229.04±172.68） ng/L and （232.39±224.05） ng/L at day 1, 2, 3, 7, 30 after operation respectively. The clinical symptoms were ameliorated and the levels of serum calcium concentration were controlled within the normal range after operation. Recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism had happened in 1 case, 4 years postoperatively because of the development of autograft hyperplasia, and in another case 2 years postoperatively due to remnant of neck parathyroid glands. The clinical symptoms were all alleviated after re-operation. No surgical complication had occurred in any of the patients.Conclusions The total parathyroidectomy with forearm autotransplantation is feasible, safe, and effective for patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism in the short term. The long-term effects should be further investigated.

Radioactive probe-guided parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism

Background The value of gamma probes in the surgical treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism （sHPT） was determined.The aim of this study was to enhance the rate of successful total parathyroidectomy in patients with sHPT using intraoperative gamma probe investigations.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 48 sHPT patients between May 2007 and September 2011.Preoperative 99Tcm-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile （MIBI） scintigraphy and high-frequency ultrasonography were used for parathyroid localization.Thirty-five patients （group Ⅰ） underwent conventional neck exploration and open parathyroidectomy.Thirteen patients （group Ⅱ） underwent gamma probe-guided total parathyroidectomy and parathyroid transplantation.The two groups were compared in terms of the number of parathyroid resections,operative time,and postoperative changes in the blood levels of parathyroid hormone （PTH）,calcium,and phosphate.Results The clinical manifestations,PTH and calcium levels,age distribution,and clinical characteristics did not differ between the two groups.The accuracy of preoperative 99Tcm-MIBI scintigraphy （89.74％） for the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism did not differ from that of ultrasonography （81.25％）.However,the accuracy of 99TcmMIBI scintigraphy （66.67％） for localizing hyperfunctioning parathyroids was significantly lower than that of ultrasonography （76.86％）.The operation time was significantly longer in group Ⅰ （（120±25） minutes） than in group Ⅱ （（90±30） minutes）.The accuracy of parathyroid identification was significantly higher in group Ⅱ （92.59％） than in group Ⅰ （80.39％）.On average,significantly fewer parathyroid specimens were obtained in group Ⅰ （2.5±0.5） than in group Ⅱ （3.5±0.5）.Compared with group Ⅰ,group Ⅱ showed a significant increase （15.4％） in the number of parathyroid resections.The PTH,calcium,and phosphate levels significantly decreased postoperatively in all patients.Conclusions Intraoperative gamma probe examination confirmed that the excised specimen was parathyroid tissue and improved the accuracy of parathyroid resection.The parathyroidectomy rate was increased by 15.4％ due to the use of these probes.However,the probes did not detect all ectopic parathyroids,and further research is required to clarify the underlying reasons.

Thyrotoxicosis Occurring in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Patients Undergoing Dialysis after Total Parathyroidectomy with Autotransplantation

Secondary hyperparathyroidism （SHPT） is a common complication in chronic kidney disease （CKD） that is characterized by excessive synthesis of parathyroid hormone （PTH） and parathyroid hyperplasia.The prevalence of CKD is estimated to be 5-10%, and the burden of CKD-associated diseases is alarmingly high.Despite advances in medical therapy for SHPT, surgical parathyroidectomy remains the definitive therapy for refractory SHPT, which drastically decreases PTH levels and ameliorates symptoms related to severe SHPT.

Overexpression of parathyroid pituitary-specific transcription factor （Pit）-I in hyperphosphatemia-induced hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure rats

Background Hyperphosphatemia in renal failure has been identified as a major role in the pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism that is independent of changes in serum calcium and 1,25（OH）203. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of parathyroid Pit-1 in hyperphosphatemia-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism （SHPT） of chronic renal failure （CRF） rats. Methods Wistar rats with CRF induced by 5/6 nephrectomy were ramdomly fed with diet containing 1.2% inorganic phosphate （Pi, high phosphate （HP） group, n=-9） or 0.2% Pi （low phosphate （LP） group, n=9） for 10 weeks starting from the fourth week after the surgery. Another 7 nephrectomy rats with HP diet were intraperitoneally injected with phosphonoformic acid （PFA, the specific inhibitor of Pit-l, HP＋PFA group） 0.15 g/kg every other day for 10 weeks starting from HP diet. Another 6 HP rats injected with the same amount of normal saline as the control of the HP＋PFA group （HP＋saline group）. At the same time, 9 rats with sham surgery received HP diet as the controls. At the 4th week and 14th week, blood was taken for measurement of serum creatinine （SCr）, serum calcium （SCa）, serum phosphorus （SPi）, 1,25（OH）2D3 and intact parathyroid hormone （iPTH）. At the 14th week, two parathroid glands （PTGs） of each rat were removed by microsurgery, one gland for immunohistochemistry analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA）, the other one for detection of Pit-1 by Western blotting, and for the measurement of Pit-1 mRNA and PTH mRNA by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results In nephrectomy rats, high dierary phosphate induced a marked increase in serum phosphate, iPTH, PTH mRNA and PCNA parathyroid cells, accompanying Pit-1 and its mRNA in parathyroid gland increased significantly. However, serum Ca and 1,25（OH）2D3 remained unchanged. PFA decreased Pit-1 and its mRNA levels to reduce intact PTH, PTH mRNA and PCNA-positive parathyroid cells. Conclusions Expression of parathyroid Pit-1 in hyperphosphatemia-induced SHPT of CRF rats was upregulated. Pit-1 may mediate the stimulation to parathyroid gland by hyperphosphatemia.

Hyperphosphatemia-induced hyperparathyroidism in 5/6 nephrectomized rats： development of a new animal model

Background We require a stable model to understand the molecular mechanism by which isolated hyperphosphatemia induces hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure. The present study established a rat model of hyperphosphatemia-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. Methods Twenty-nine rats with 5/6 nephrectomy （Nx） were divided into three groups and were fed for 10 weeks on a high phosphate diet （1.2% phosphate） starting from three different post-Nx time points. Parathyroid hormone mRNA in parathyroid gland was measured by real-time PCR and parathyroid cell hyperplasia was tested by proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA） assay. Results The 10 rats fed a high phosphate diet starting from the fourth week post-Nx had isolated hyperphosphatemia and excess synthesis/secretion of parathyroid hormone, and hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands were induced （r=0.86-0.97, P 〈0.001）, but the levels of serum calcium and 1,25（OH）2D3 did not change. Conclusion A rat model of hyperphosphatemia-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure was established by 5/6 Nx and 10 weeks-high phosphate diet starting from the fourth week post-Nx.

依特卡肽治疗糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效观察

目的:探究依特卡肽治疗糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析(MHD)继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)的疗效。方法:根据治疗药物不同将92例糖尿病肾病MHD引起的SHPT患者分为研究组和对照组,每组各46例。研究组给予依特卡肽治疗;对照组给予西那卡塞治疗,两组均持续治疗3个月。比较治疗前后的两组患者的甲状旁腺指标、生化指标、成纤维细胞生长因子23(FGF23)水平、骨代谢指标差异;记录并比较两组患者不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,两组患者甲状旁腺指标、生化指标、FGF23水平、骨代谢指标均降低(P<0.05),且研究组低于对照组(P<0.05);研究组患者不良反应发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:依特卡肽治疗糖尿病肾病MHD继发SHPT患者可有效改善患者甲状旁腺功能。

维持性血液透析患者甲状旁腺切除术后早期骨饥饿综合征风险预测模型的构建与验证

目的:甲状旁腺切除术(parathyroidectomy,PTX)是治疗难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)的有效方法,但PTX后极易出现骨饥饿综合征(hungry bone syndrome,HBS),严重威胁维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者的生命健康。目前已有研究分析PTX后并发HBS的风险因素,但风险预测模型的预测性能和临床适用性仍待进一步验证。本研究旨在构建MHD伴SHPT患者PTX后并发HBS的风险预测模型,并验证其预测效果。方法:回顾性收集2020年1月至2021年12月在长沙捷奥肾病医院行PTX的MHD伴SHPT的368例患者为训练集,按照是否发生HBS分为HBS组和non-HBS组,对2组的一般资料、手术相关信息、生化指标等进行比较,应用多因素logistic回归筛选HBS的影响因素,建立风险预测模型。采用受试者操作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲线、决策曲线、校准曲线对模型进行评价。收集2022年1至12月在中南大学湘雅三医院行PTX的MHD伴SHPT的170例患者为验证集进行外部验证。结果:MHD伴SHPT患者PTX后HBS发生率为60.60%,logistic回归分析结果显示:术前骨骼受累(OR=3.908,95%CI 2.179~7.171)、术前血钙(OR=7.174,95%CI 2.291~24.015)、术前全段甲状旁腺激素(intact parathyroid hormone,i PTH)(OR=1.001,95%CI 1.001~1.001)、术前碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)(OR=1.001,95%CI 1.000~1.001)、术后第1天血钙(OR=0.006,95%CI0.001~0.038)是MHD患者伴SHPT行PTX后并发HBS的独立危险因素(均P<0.01)。构建的风险预测模型在内部训练集和外部验证集中均表现出良好的预测结果,内部验证集的准确度为0.821,灵敏度为0.890,特异度为0.776,约登指数为0.666,曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)为0.882(95%CI 0.845~0.919);外部验证集的准确度为0.800,灵敏度为0.806,特异度为0.799,约登指数为0.605,AUC为0.863(95%CI 0.795~0.932)。结论:术前骨骼受累、术前血钙、术前iPTH、术前ALP、术后第1天血钙水平是MHD伴SHPT患者行PTX后并发HBS的影响因素,基于上述因素构建的风险预测模型可靠。

快速康复方案在继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者中的应用效果

目的探讨快速康复方案在继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者中的应用效果。方法选取2020年1月至2023年6月于河北医科大学第三医院行甲状旁腺切除术治疗的200例继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为观察组与对照组,各100例。观察组给予快速康复策略,对照组给予常规护理。比较两组手术时间、住院时间、术后卧床时间、住院费用。比较两组不同时间点C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、转化生长因子-β_(1)(TGF-β_(1))、血钙、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、医学研究理事会评估表(MRC)评分、体重指数。结果两组手术时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组住院时间、术后卧床时间短于对照组,住院费用低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后1、3、5 d CRP、IL-1、TGF-β_(1)水平均高于术前,术后3、5 d CRP、IL-1、TGF-β_(1)水平低于术1 d,术后5 d CRP、IL-1、TGF-β_(1)水平低于术后3 d,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组术后3、5 d CRP、IL-1、TGF-β_(1)水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后1、3、5 d血钙水平均低于术前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组术后1、3、5 d血钙水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后3、5 d VAS评分均低于术后1 d(P<0.05);观察组术后1、3、5 d VAS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术前与术后,两组MRC评分、体重指数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组总并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论快速康复策略在继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者中有利于控制炎症和降低并发症发生率,对促进早期康复具有重要意义。