Pentoxifylline enhances the protective effects of hypertonic saline solution on liver ischemia reperfusion injury through inhibition of oxidative stress

BACKGROUND：Liver ischemia reperfusion（IR）injury triggers a systemic inflammatory response and is the main cause of organ dysfunction and adverse postoperative outcomes after liver surgery.Pentoxifylline（PTX）and hypertonic saline solution（HTS）have been identified to have beneficial effects against IR injury.This study aimed to investigate if the addition of PTX to HTS is superior to HTS alone for the prevention of liver IR injury.METHODS： Male Wistar rats were allocated into three groups. Control rats underwent 60 minutes of partial liver ischemia, HTS rats were treated with 0.4 mL/kg of intravenous 7.5% NaCl 15 minutes before reperfusion, and HPTX group were treated with 7.5% NaC1 plus 25 mg/kg of PTX 15 minutes before reperfusion. Samples were collected after reperfusion for determination of ALT, AST, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, mitochondrial respiration, lipid peroxidation, pulmonary permeability and myeloperoxidase. RESULTS： HPTX significantly decreased TNF-α 30 minutes after reperfusion. HPTX and HTS significantly decreased ALT,AST, IL-6, mitochondrial dysfunction and pulmonary myelo- peroxidase 4 hours after reperfusion. Compared with HTS only, HPTX significantly decreased hepatic oxidative stress 4 hours after reperfusion and pulmonary permeability 4 and 12 hours after reperfusion. CONCLUSION： This study showed that PTX added the beneficial effects of HTS on liver IR injury through decreases of hepatic oxidative stress and pulmonary permeability.

Hypertonic saline:a brief overview of hemodynamic response and anti-inflammatory properties in head injury

Hypertonic saline （HS） has been applied in several med- ical areas such as pneumology （asthma, cystic fibrosis and bronchiolytis）, endocrinology （hyponatremia） and especially in emergency medicine, in traumatic and in- flammatory/infectious disorders. It may be composed of 3% or 7.5% sodium chlorate. By far, 3% solution is the most widely studied and used solution （Pinto et al., 2006, 2015; Dekker et al., 2014; Gantner et al., 2014; Shein et al., 2014）.

Therapeutic effect of taurine with hypertonic saline on rat hemorrhagic shock complicated with hypernatremia

Abstract Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of hypertonic saline (HS) and hypertonic saline with taurine (HST) hemorrhagic shock and hemorrhagic shock with hypernatremia rats. Methods Hypernatremic dehydration and hemorrhagic shock models were produced by Trachtma's and Krausz's methods in Sprague Dawley rats. Hemorrhagic changes of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), ±dp/dtmax and heart rate (HR) were registered on polygraph. Plasma Na +, urea lactate and taurine content were assayed. Results After treatment with HS, the hemodynamic changes of hemorrhagic shock rats were significantly alleviated, and tissue fluid redistributed. When the hemorrhagic shock animals were treated with HS containing taurine (HST), in comparison with HS treatment, the hemodynamic improvement and hemodilution were more obvious. When the hemorrhagic animals complicated with hypernatremia were treated with HS, the symptoms of dehydration and shock further deteriorated, when the hemorrhage with hypernatremia animals were treated with an infusion of HST, the symptoms of dehydration and shock were significantly ameliorated. Conclusion The therapeutic effect of HS with taurine is obviously better than HS alone. So when hemorrhagic shock was complicated with hypernatremia, HS with taurine is recommended in stead of HS alone.

Hypertonic saline resuscitation contributes to early accumulation of circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock

Background Hemorrhagic shock is usually associated with complicated immune and inflammatory responses, which are sometimes crucial for the prognosis. As regulators of the immune and inflammatory system; proliferation, migration, distribution and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells （MDSCs） are intimately linked to the inflammation cascade. Methods In a model of severe hemorrhagic shock, thirty-five rats were randomly divided into control, sham, normal saline resuscitation （NS）, hypertonic saline resuscitation （HTS）, and hydroxyethyl starch resuscitation （HES）, with seven in each group. MDSCs were analyzed by flow cytometric staining of CD11b/c＊Gra~ in peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMC）, spleen cell suspensions, and bone marrow nucleated cells （BMNC）. Simultaneously, the expressions of arginase-1 （ARG-1） and inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） mRNA in MDSCs were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （qRT-PCR）. Results In the early stage after hemorrhagic shock, fluid resuscitation and emergency treatment, the MDSCs in the PBMC of NS, HTS and HES groups markedly increased, and MDSCs in BMNC of these groups decreased accordingly, significantly different to the control group. In hemorrhagic shock rats infused with HTS at the early resuscitation stage, MDSCs in PBMC increased about 2 and 4 folds, and MDSCs in BMNC decreased about 1.3 and 1.6 folds, as compared to the sham group respectively, with statistically significant difference. Furthermore, compared to the NS and HES groups, the MDSCs in PBMC of HTS group increased 1.6 and 1.8 folds with statistically significant differences; the MDSCs decrease in BMNC was not significant. However, there was no statistically significant difference in MDSCs of spleen among the five groups. In addition, compared to the control, sham, NS and HES groups, the ARG-1 and iNOS mRNA of MDSCs in PBMC, spleen and BMNC in the HTS group had the highest level of expression, but no statistically significant differences were noted. Conclusions In this model of rat with severe and controlled hemorrhagic shock, small volume resuscitation with HTS contributes to dramatically early migration and redistribution of MDSCs from bone marrow to peripheral circulation, compared to resuscitation with NS or HES.

Effect of hypertonic saline resuscitation on heme oxygenase-1 mRNA expression and apoptosis of the intestinal mucosa in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock

Background Massive blood loss due to trauma is the leading cause of death in trauma patients and military combatants. The fluid category of resuscitation for hypotensive trauma patients is open to debate. This study was conducted to investigate the early effects of hypertonic and isotonic saline solutions on heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1） mRNA expression and apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa of rats with hemorrhagic shock. Methods A model of severe hemorrhagic shock was established in 21 Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly divided into sham, normal saline resuscitation （NS）, and hypertonic saline resuscitation （HTS） groups, with 7 in each group. We assessed and compared the HO-1 mRNA expression and apoptosis in the small intestinal mucosa of rats after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation using the SYBR Green I fluorescence quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, fluorescein-iso-thiocyanate-annexin V/propidium iodide double staining, and flow cytometry. Results In the early stage of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation, marked apoptosis occurred in the small intestinal mucosa from both the NS and HTS groups. The apoptotic rate in the NS group was higher than that in the HTS group （P 〈0.01）. Among the three groups, HO-1 mRNA mucosa from the HTS group had the highest level of expression; however, the differences were not significant. There was a significant negative correlation between HO-1 mRNA expression and apoptosis in the small intestinal mucosa from the NS and HTS groups after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Conclusions In this rat model of severe hemorrhagic shock, HTS resuscitation with a small volume is more effective than NS resuscitation in reducing apoptosis of the intestinal mucosa. Further, HO-1 mRNA over-expression in the intestinal mucosa may be one of the molecular mechanisms of HTS in the resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock.

Effect of Hypertonic Versus Isotonic Saline Resuscitation on Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Visceral Organs Following Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats

To compare the early effects of hypertonic and isotonic saline resuscitation on heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1） expression in organs of rats with hemorrhagic shock. Rats were randomly divided into hypertonic saline resuscitation （HTS）, normal saline resuscitation （NS） and sham groups. HO-1 mRNA, protein expression and apoptosis were evaluated in organs. In the HTS group, significant difference was noted in HO-1 protein in small intestinal mucosa and liver compared with the NS and sham groups, and in HO-1 mRNA in liver and kidney compared with the sham group. The apoptosis of small intestinal mucosa, liver, heart, and lung was significantly lower in the HTS group than that in the NS group. In this study, small volume resuscitation with HTS can efficiently up-regulate the expression level of HO-1 in small intestinal mucosa and liver, which may be one of the mechanisms alleviating organ damage.

Resting-state connectivity in the default mode network and insula during experimental low back pain

Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown that the insular cortex has a signif- icant role in pain identification and information integration, while the default mode network is associated with cognitive and memory-related aspects of pain perception. However, changes in the functional connectivity between the defauk mode network and insula during pain remain unclear. This study used 3.0 T functional magnetic resonance imaging scans in 12 healthy sub- jects aged 24.8 ± 3.3 years to compare the differences in the functional activity and connectivity of the insula and default mode network between the baseline and pain condition induced by intramuscular injection of hypertonic saline. Compared with the baseline, the insula was more functionally connected with the medial prefrontal and lateral temporal cortices, whereas there was lower connectivity with the posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and inferior parietal lobule in the pain condition. In addition, compared with baseline, the anterior cingulate cortex exhibited greater connectivity with the posterior insula, but lower connectivity with the anterior insula, during the pain condition. These data indicate that experimental low back pain led to dysfunction in the connectivity between the insula and default mode network resulting from an impairment of the regions of the brain related to cognition and emotion, suggesting the impor- tance of the interaction between these regions in pain processing.

Variations of p38 MAPK and slCAM-1 with therapeutic effect of different resuscitation fluids on severe traumatic patients

Objective: To investigate the dynamic variation and action mechanism of sICAM-1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signal transduction in human severe trauma and resuscitation, as well as the effect of lactated Ringer's solution ( LR), 7.5% sodium chloride solution ( HS ) and 20% albumin injection ( ALB ) on the incidence and mortality of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).Methods: Seventy-two severe trauma patients (ISS score 16-43) were divided into ISS≤25 and ISS＞25 groups (each group was subdivided into LR, HS and ALB groups). ELISA was used to measure the concentration of sICAM-1. Western blot was used to measure the expression of p38 MAPK.Results: Compared with LR group, the transfusion volume needed for maintaining systolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg was significantly decreased in HS and ALB groups (P＜0.05). Compared with the control group, the concentration of blood sICAM-1 and the expression of p38 MAPK was elevated from 4 to 48 hours after trauma in all experimental groups (P ＜ 0.05 -0.01 ). At 4, 12, and 24 hours, there was significant correlation between the expression of p38 MAPK and sICAM-1 (P ＜ 0. 01).Compared with LR group, sICAM-1 and p38 MAPK in HS and ALB groups were decreased (P ＜ 0.05). sICAM-1 and p38 MAPK were significantly higher in the group of ISS ＞25 than that of ISS ≤ 25 (P ＜ 0.05 ). MODS incidence and mortality were significantly higher in the group of ISS ＞ 25 than that of ISS ≤ 25 ( P ＜ 0.05 ). MODS incidence and mortality were lower in HS and ALB groups than LR group (P＜0.05).Conclusions: The up-regulation of polymorphonuclear neutrophil-endotheliocytes (PMN-EC) adhesion may be due to the increased sICAM-1 expression during severe trauma. The up-regulation of sICAM-1 expression is correlated with the activation of p38 MAPK. During severe trauma, the levels of sICAM-1 and p38 MAPK, as well as the incidence and mortality of MODS are lower when HS and ALB are used than single lactated LR solution is used.