Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: A Review on Various Hypoglycemics

Diabetes is a cosmopolitan medical issue ramifying a large population regardless of ethnicity.Elevated glycemic condition in a patient is explained as diabetes.It can be mainly categorized into Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus(NIDDM)and Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus(IDDM)or Type 1 or Type 2 respectively.Type 1 or IDDM needs insulin therapy exclusively while Type 2 can be controlled via various hypoglycemic agents.Conventional classes contain glitazones,biguanides,sulfonylurea’s and soon,while newly developed drug classes include gliptins or DPP-4 inhibitors,SGLT-2 receptor inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists.The novelty in the anti-hyperglycemic agents have given promising results as compared to the conventional drugs.Insulin cannot be negated as far as its glycemic control is concerned.Furthermore,development of Insulin analogues like detemir,glargine,Lisprohave been shown to control glucose levels in the plasma more efficiently.

Vitamin D,selenium,and antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with Hashimoto's thyroiditis

BACKGROUND Diabetes and thyroiditis are closely related.They occur in combination and cause significant damage to the body.There is no clear treatment for type-2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)with Hashimoto's thyroiditis(HT).While single symptomatic drug treatment of the two diseases is less effective,combined drug treatment may improve efficacy.AIM To investigate the effect of a combination of vitamin D,selenium,and hypoglycemic agents in T2DM with HT.METHODS This retrospective study included 150 patients with T2DM and HT treated at The Central Hospital of Shaoyang from March 2020 to February 2023.Fifty patients were assigned to the control group,test group A,and test group B according to different treatment methods.The control group received low-iodine diet guidance and hypoglycemic drug treatment.Test group A received the control treatment plus vitamin D treatment.Test group B received the group A treatment plus selenium.Blood levels of markers of thyroid function[free T3(FT3),thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH),free T4(FT4)],autoantibodies[thyroid peroxidase antibody(TPOAB)and thyroid globulin antibody(TGAB)],blood lipid index[low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),total cholesterol(TC),triacylglycerol(TG)],blood glucose index[fasting blood glucose(FBG),and hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)]were measured pre-treatment and 3 and 6 months after treatment.The relationships between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3[25(OH)D3]level and each of these indices were analyzed.RESULTS The levels of 25(OH)D3,FT3,FT4,and LDL-C increased in the order of the control group,test group A,and test group B(all P<0.05).The TPOAB,TGAB,TC,TG,FBG,HbA1c,and TSH levels increased in the order of test groups B,A,and the control group(all P<0.05).All the above indices were compared after 3 and 6 months of treatment.Pre-treatment,there was no divergence in serum 25(OH)D3 level,thyroid function-related indexes,autoantibodies level,blood glucose,and blood lipid index between the control group,test groups A and B(all P>0.05).The 25(OH)D3 levels in test groups A and B were negatively correlated with FT4 and TGAB(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION The combination drug treatment for T2DM with HT significantly improved thyroid function,autoantibody,and blood glucose and lipid levels.

Structural elucidation of mulberry leaf oligosaccharide and its selective promotion of gut microbiota to alleviate type 2 diabetes mellitus

Two oligosaccharide fractions(MLO 2-1 and 2-2)were purified from enzymatic hydrolysate of mulberry leaf polysaccharide.The results of simulated digestion showed that MLO 2-2 was a digestible oligosaccharide,which could be degraded by human digestive juice;while MLO 2-1 possessed the non-digestible property in the upper gastrointestinal tract and performed the function by regulating the gut microbiota.Hence,MLO 2-1 was selected for the further analysis.The structure of MLO 2-1 was elucidated as follow:α-T-Glcp-(1→3)-β-Glcp-(1→5)-α-Araf-(1→5)-α-Araf-1→5)-α-Araf-(1→3)-α-(2-OAc)-Glcp-1.The in vitro fecal fermentation results showed that MLO 2-1 could modulate the composition of gut microbiota.Meanwhile,MLO 2-1 was effectively metabolized by fecal bacteria to produce lactate and short chain fatty acids,especially acetate and butyrate.The specific metabolic pathways of MLO 2-1 by gut microbiota were further illuminated.Gut microbiota analysis revealed that MLO 2-1 selectively promoted the growth of Ligilactobacillus murinus,a commensal bacterium presented a reduced level in T2DM mice.Animal experiments indicated that MLO 2-1 and L.murinus exhibited hypoglycemic activities.These results demonstrated that MLO 2-1 might alleviate T2DM by selectively accelerating the proliferation of L.murinus.

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Boscia senegalensis on Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia and Oxidative Stress Induced in Rats

Boscia aqueous extract. senegalensis on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress induced in rats. The aqueous extract was prepared from B. senegalensis seed powders under the extraction conditions: time (10 min), temperature (55˚C) and the ratio of mass of flour/volume of water (3/10 g/mL). Male wistar rats aged 6 to 8 weeks were acclimated and divided into 8 groups of 5 rats each: two normal control groups which received a normal standard diet (3810 kcal/kg), and six test groups which were subjected to a hyperlipidemic diet (5310 Kcal/kg). All groups of animals were fed in this manner for 8 weeks to induce hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress. After induction the animals were treated either with distilled water for the normal and negative control groups or with atorvastatin for the positive control group or with the extract of B. senegalensis. (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) for the test groups. Fasting blood glucose was taken every 7 days during induction. After sacrifice, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters were measured. The aqueous extract of B. senegalensis significantly decreased (p B. senegalensis at a dose of 500 mg/kg has the capacity to reduce blood sugar, improve the quality of the lipid profile and reduce oxidative stress. Thus, the results reveal that the aqueous extract of B. senegalensis has powerful hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties.

Effects of Radix Puerariae, Radix Rehmanniae and Their Compatibility on Blood Glucose and Blood Lipids in Mice

[Objectives]To explore the effects of the compatibility of Radix Puerariae and Radix Rehmanniae on blood glucose and blood lipids in diabetic mouses.[Methods]Diabetic mouse model was established.The body weight and fasting blood glucose of mice were measured after 7 and 14 d of administration,and the biochemical indicators of blood lipids(TC,HDL-C,and LDL-C)were detected after 14 d of administration.[Results]Compared with the Radix Puerariae group and Radix Rehmanniae group,the compatibility group(1:2)had the best hypoglycemic effect(P<0.05),and TC and LDL-C in the compatibility group(2:1)significantly decreased(P<0.05),while HDL-C in the compatibility group(1:1)significantly increased(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Radix Puerariae,Radix Rehmanniae and their combination can reduce the blood glucose of diabetic mice.The compatibility group(1:2)had a significant hypoglycemic effect(P<0.05),and LDL-C in the compatibility group(2:1)significantly declined,while HDL-C in the compatibility group(1:1)rose significantly.

Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Ability of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf Parts

[Objectives]To study the antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects of different parts of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf.[Methods]The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity,DPPH radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity of ABTS of 75%ethanol extract of A.gigantifolia Stapf and the petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,n-butanol,chloroform and aqueous extract were measured with Vc as positive control.At the same time,acarbose was used as reference substance to determine the inhibitory effect of each polar site onα-glucosidase.[Results]All parts of A.gigantifolia Stapf had antioxidant activity,among which ethyl acetate had the strongest antioxidant activity,and the scavenging rate of hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical was higher than that of positive control.The results showed that petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and chloroform had a good inhibitory effect onα-glucosidase(better than acarbose).[Conclusions]The ethyl acetate part of A.gigantifolia Stapf had the best antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect onα-glucosidase.It provides a basis for further research and development of A.gigantifolia Stapf.

Analysis of the Effect of Outpatient Nursing Intervention on Hypoglycemic Treatment Effect and Psychological Emotions of Diabetic Patients

Objective:To explore the effect of outpatient nursing interventions on the hypoglycemic treatment and psychological emotions of diabetic patients.Methods:148 patients who came to our hospital for outpatient treatment from February 2022 to October 2023 were selected and divided into a control group and an observation group,with 74 cases per group,according to the random number table method.The control group received routine nursing intervention,and the observation group received outpatient nursing intervention based on the control group.The two groups were observed for their effects of hypoglycemic treatment and psychological and emotional improvement before and after outpatient nursing intervention.Results:The health behavior scores of the control group were lower than that of the observation group;the post-intervention fasting blood glucose,2h postprandial blood glucose,anxiety self-rating scale(SAS),and the depression self-rating scale(SDS)of the control group were significantly higher than that of the observation group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).Conclusion:Outpatient nursing intervention encouraged patients to comply with healthy behaviors and helped control blood sugar levels.Patients’anxiety,depression,and other adverse psychological states were also improved hence the outpatient nursing intervention is worthy of further promotion.

Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides in Yam Bulbils and Their Hypoglycemic Effect in Diabetic Mice

The polysaccharides in yam bulbils were extracted, and their antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice were discussed. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides in yam bulbils was signifi- cantly enhanced with the increase of concentration; they showed a strong scaveng- ing ability against DPPH. and .OH, and the scavenging ability was dose dependent to some extent; the scavenging rates reached 91.15% and 89.06% respectively when the dose reached 4.0 mg/ml; the polysaccharides in yam bulbils significantly educed the blood glucose in model rice, and the hypoglycemic effect of large-dose polysaccharides was more obvious. The polysaccharides in yam bulbils has good antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect, which provides a new source for devel- opment of safe and natural food antioxidants and blood sugar-lowering agents.

Effect of Liposome Double-Coated with Chitosan and Chitosan-EDTA Conjugates on Oral Absorption of Insulin

Aim To evaluate the gastrointestinal uptake of the insulin liposomes double-coated with chitosan （Ch） and chitosan-EDTA conjugates （CEC）, and verify their efficiencies. Methods Insulin-liposomes were prepared by reversed-phase evaporation. The hypoglycemic effects of the insulin liposomes coated with Ch or/and CEC were investigated using the glucose oxidase method after oral administration in diabetic rats, normal rats, and beagle dogs. Serum insulin concentrations in beagle dogs were determined by radioimmunoassay and were assessed by Pkanalyst computer program. Results The animals fed the insulin liposomes coated with Ch or/and CEC were able to regulate better the glucose load than the animals receiving PBS or uncoated insulin liposome, and the regulative effects of the insulin liposomes double-coated with Ch and CEC were better than those of the insulin liposomes coated with Ch or CEC alone. After oral administration of the insulin-liposomes double-coated with Ch and CEC to animals, a significant （P 〈 0. 05 ） blood glucose reduction was observed. Their relative pharmacological bioavailability was higher than 9 % in comparison with subcutaneous injection of insulin. In addition, in comparison with subcutaneous injection of insulin, the relative bioavailability was 12. 67 % calculated by area under the curve of serum insulin concentration versus time profile after oral administration of the insulin-liposomes double-coated with Ch and CEC to beagle dogs. Conclusion The insulin-liposomes double-coated with Ch and CEC were conducive to improving oral bioavailability of insulin.

Effect of Chitosan-Cysteine Conjugate on Enzymatic Degradation and Hypoglycemic effect of Insulin

Aim To evaluate the inhibitory effect of chitosan-cysteine conjugate onenzymatic degradation and hypogly-cemic enhancement effect of insulin. Methods Chitosan-cysteineconjugate was synthesized. The protective effect of the conjugate against degradation of insulin byα-chymotrypsin and trypsin was evaluated in vitro. Insulin enteric- microspheres were prepared byusing O_1 /Q_2 emulsion solvent evaporation method. The hypoglycemic enhancement effect of theconjugate was studied by oral administration of insulin solution or enteric-microspheres to rats.Results The thiol group content of the synthesized conjugate was about 200 μmol·g^(-1) polymer,which showed a strong protective effect on insulin from enzymatic degradation in vitro. Almost allthe insulin incubated in a-chymotrypsin solution or trypsin solution without chitosan-cysteineconjugate was degraded entirely within 1 h and 5 h respectively, whereas above 75% of insulinremained in the same content of the enzymatic solution containing 4 mg·mL^(-1) conjugate. The drugloading of insulin enteric-microspheres was about 7% . In vivo experiment, chitosan-cysteineconjugate (85 μg·kg^(-1)) prolonged the hypoglycemic time of insulin solution orenteric-microspheres when administered simultaneously with the absorption enhancer SNAC. ConclusionChitosan-cysteine conjugate has a marked inhibitory effect on the enzymatic degradation of insulinin vitro, and it displays a significant hypoglycemic enhancement effect on insulin oral formulationin vivo.

A Comparative Analysis of the Administration of Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs in Second Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College during 2012-2014

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the application and administration of oral hypoglycemic drugs in Second Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College,aiming at providing guidance and reference for clinical medication for treatment of diabetes.[Method] The main types,dosages and prices of oral hypoglycemic drugs in Second Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College during 2012-2014 were compared and analyzed using the computer network system.[Result] During 2012-2014,sales quantity and sales amount of oral hypoglycemic drugs in Second Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College demonstrated an upward trend.[Conclusion] Integrative medicine can significantly improve symptoms of diabetes complications.Certain achievements have been made in diabetes treatment by Second Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College.

Diabetes mellitus:An overview on its pharmacological aspects and reported medicinal plants having antidiabetic activity

Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but is a group of metabolic disorders affecting a huge numlier of population in the world.It is mainly characterized by chronic hyperglycemia,resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action.It is predicated that the number of diabetes person in the world could reach upto 366 million by the year 2030.Even though the cases of diabetes are increasing day by day,except insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs no other way of treatment has been successfully developed so far.Thus,the objective of the present review is to provide an insight over the pathophysiological and etiological aspects of diabetes mellitus along with the remedies available for this metabolic disorder.The review also contains brief idea about diabetes mellitus and the experimental screening model with their relevant mechanism and significance mainly used nowadays.Alloxan and streptozotocin are mainly used for evaluating the antidiabetic activity of a particular drug.This review contain list of medicinal plants which have been tested for their antidiabetic activity in the alloxan induced diabetic rat model.From the available data in the literature,it was found that plant having antidiabetic activity is mainly due to the presence of the secondary metabolite.Thus,the information provided in this review will help the researchers for the development of an alternative methods rather than insidin and oral hypoglycemic agents for the treatment of diabetes niellitus,which will minimize the complication associated with the diabetes and related disorder.

Modulating Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Lipids and Glucose Metabolism and Expression of Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-α in Golden Hamsters Fed on High Fat Diet

Objective To examine the effects of chlorogenic acid （CGA） on lipid and glucose metabolism under a high dietary fat burden and to explore the possible role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α （PPAR-α） in these effects. Methods Twenty male golden hamsters were randomly divided into CGA treatment group （n=10, given peritoneal injection of CGA solution prepared with PBS, 80 mg CGA/kg body weight daily）, and control group （n=10, given PBS i.p. at the average volume of the treatment group）. Animals in both groups were given 15% high fat diet. Eight weeks after treatment with CGA, the level of biochemical parameters in fasting serum and tissues and the expression of hepatic mRNA and protein PPAR-α were determined. Results Eight weeks after treatment with CGA, the levels of fasting serum triglyceride （TG）, free fatty acid （FFA）, total cholesterol （TC）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）, high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）, glucose （FSG）, and insulin （FSI） were significantly lower in the GGA treatment group than in the control group. CGA also led to higher activity of hepatic lipase （HL） lower contents of TG and FFA in liver, and lower activity of lipoprotein lipase （LPL） in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, CGA significantly elevated significantly elevated the expression level of mRNA and protein expression in hepatic PPAR-α. Conclusion CGA can modify lipids and glucose metabolism, which may be attributed to PPAR-α facilitated lipid clearance in liver and improved insulin sensitivity.

Insulin resistance and chronic liver disease

Increased insulin resistance is frequently associated with chronic liver disease and is a pathophysiological feature of hepatogenous diabetes.Distinctive factors including hepatic parenchymal cell damage,portalsystemic shunting and hepatitis C virus are responsible for the development of hepatogenous insulin resistance/diabetes.Although it remains unclear whether insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells is impaired as it is in type 2 diabetes,retinopathic and cardiovascular risk is low and major causes of death in cirrhotic patients with diabetes are liver failure,hepatocellular carcinoma and gastrointestinal hemorrhage.Hemoglobin A1c is an inaccurate marker for the assessment and management of hepatogenous diabetes.Moreover,exogenous insulin or sulfonylureas may be harmful because these agents may promote hepatocarcinogenesis.Thus,pathogenesis,cause of death,assessment and therapeutic strategy for hepatogenous insulin resistance/diabetes differ from those for lifestyle-related type 2 diabetes.In this article,we review features of insulin resistance in relationship to chronic liver disease.We also discuss the impact of anti-diabetic agents on interferon treatment and hepatocarcinogenesis.

Evaluation of the anti-diabetic properties of Mucuna pruriens seed extract

Objective:To explore the antidiabetic properties of Mucuna pruriens(M.pruriens).Methods: Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by single intravenous injection of 120 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate and different doses of the extract were administered to diabetic rats.The blood glucose level was determined using a glucometer and results were compared with normal and untreated diabetic rats.The acute toxicity was also determined in albino mice.Results:Results showed that the administration of 5,10,20,30,40,50,and 100 mg/kg of the crude ethanolic extract of M.pruriens seeds to alloxan-induced diabetic rats(plasma glucose 】 450 mg/dL) resulted in 18.6%,24.9%,30.8%,41.4%,49.7%,53.1%and 55.4%reduction,respectively in blood glucose level of the diabetic rats after 8h of treatment while the administration of glibenclamide (5 mg/kg/day) resulted in 59.7%reduction.Chronic administration of the extract resulted in a significant dose dependent reduction in the blood glucose level(P【0.001).It also showed that the antidiabetic activity of M.pruriens seeds resides in the methanolic and ethanolic fractions of the extract.Acute toxicity studies indicated that the extract was relatively safe at low doses,although some adverse reactions were observed at higher doses(8-32 mg/kg body weight),no death was recorded.Furthermore,oral administration of M.pruriens seed extract also significandy reduced the weight loss associated with diabetes.Conclusions:The study clearly supports the traditional use of M.pruriens for the treatment of diabetes and indicates that the plant could be a good source of potent antidiabetic drug.

Hypoglycemic effect of Brassica juncea(seeds) on streptozotocin induced diabetic male albino rat

Objective:To evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of Brassica juncea(seeds) on streptozotocin induced diabetic male albino rats.Methods:Hypoglycemic activity of Brassica juncea(seeds)aqueous extract at a dose of 250,350 and 450 mg/kg body weight was evaluated.Adult male Swiss albino rats of six numbers in each group was undertaken for study and evaluated.Results:The serum insulin levels were recorded a significant depletion in all groups,short term as well as long term diabetic animals,when compared to that of normal animals.A significant dosage dependent augmenting effect of the seed extract on the serum insulin was recorded in both short term as well as long term groups.Conclusions:The aqueous seed extract of Brassica juncea has potent hypoglycemic activity in male albino rat.

Investigation of hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata bark in diabetic rats

Objective:To investigate the hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata bark(AETPB) in streptozotocin(STZ)-mduced diabetic rats.Methods:Acute toxicity was studied in rats after the oral administration of AETPB to determine the dose to assess hypoglycemic activity.In rats,diabetes was induced by injection of STZ(60 mg/kg,i.p.) and diabetes was confirmed 72 h after induction,and then allowed for 14 days to stabilize blood glucose level.In diabetic rats,AETPB was orally given for 28 days and its effect on blood glucose and body weight was determined on a weekly basis.At the end of the experimental day,fasting blood sample was collected to estimate the haemoglobin(Hb),glycosylated haemoglobin(HbA1c),serum creatinine,urea,serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase(SGPT),serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase(SGOT) and insulin levels. The liver and kidney were collected to determine antioxidants levels in diabetic rats.Results: Oral administration of AETPB did not exhibit toxicity and death at a dose of 2000 mg/kg.AETPB treated diabetic rats significantly(P<0.001,P<0.01 and P<0.05) reduced elevated blood glucose, HbAlc,creatinine,urea,SGPT and SGOT levels when compared with diabetic control rats.The body weight,Hb,insulin and total protein levels were significantly(P<0.001,P<0.01 and P<0.05) increased in diabetic rats treated with AETPB compared to diabetic control rats.In diabetic rats, AETPB treatment significantly reversed abnormal status of antioxidants and lipid profile levels towards near normal levels compared to diabetic control rats.Conclusions:Present study results confirm that AETPB possesses significant hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities in diabetic condition.

Fabrication of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel microneedles for transdermal delivery of metformin in diabetic rats

Injection therapy for diabetes has poor patient compliance,and the pain occurring at the site of subcutaneous injections causes significant inconvenience to diabetic patients.In this work,to demonstrate the benefits of an alternative drug delivery technique that overcomes these issues,methacrylated gelatin hydrogel-forming microneedles integrated with metformin were developed to adjust blood glucose levels in diabetic rats.Gelatin methacryloyl microneedles(GelMA-MNs)with different degrees of substitution were successfully prepared by a micro-molding method.The resultant GelMA-MNs exhibited excellent mechanical properties and moisture resistance.Metformin,an anti-diabetic drug,was further encapsulated into the GelMA-MNs,and its release rate could be controlled by the three-dimensional cross-linked network of microneedles,thereby exhibiting sustained drug release behaviors in vitro and implying a better therapeutic effect compared with that of subcutaneous injection in diabetic rats.The drug release period could be significantly prolonged by improving the cross-link density of GelMA-MNs.The results of hypoglycemic effect evaluation show that the application of GelMA-MNs for transdermal delivery in diabetic rats has promising benefits for diabetes treatment.

Are proton pump inhibitors a new antidiabetic drug? A cross sectional study

AIM: To investigate the effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on glycemic control (HbA1c) in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: A crosssectional study of consecutive in-patients admitted to hospital in any department during the fi rst semester of the year 2010 who had a recent HbA1c measurement. The study excluded those with a diagnosis of hyperglycemic decompensation, diabetic onset or pregnancy. It compared HbA1c levels of those taking PPIs and those not. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients were recruited. The average HbA1C level was 7.0% ± 1.2%. Overall PPI consumption was 55.7%. HbA1c was signif icantly lower in individuals who took PPIs: -0.6%, 95% CI: -0.12 to-0.83. People who used PPIs with some type of insulin therapy had a HbA1c reduction by -0.8%, 95% CI: -0.12 to -1.48. For the rest of subgroup analysis based on the antidiabetic drug used, PPI consumption always exhibited lower HbA1c levels. CONCLUSION: PPIs seems to be consistently associated with better glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. HbA1c reduction observed is similar to incretin-based therapies.

In vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity and in vivo hypoglycemic effect of methanol extract of Citrus macroptera Montr.fruit

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effects of methanol extract of Citrus macroptera Montr,fruit inα-amylase inhibitory activity(in vitro)and hypoglycemic activity in normal and glucose induced hyperglycemic rats(in vivo).Methods:Fruits of Citrus macroptera without rind was extracted with pure methanol following cold extraction and tested for presence of phytochemical constituents,α-amylase inhibitory activity,and hypoglycemic effect in normal rats and glucose induced hyperglycemic rats.Results:Presence of saponin,steroid and terpenoid were identified in the extract.The results showed that fruit extract had moderateα-amylase inhibitory activity[IC_(50)value=(3.638±0.190)mg/mL]as compared to acarbose.Moreover at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg doses fruit extract significantly(P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively)reduced fasting blood glucose level in normal rats as compared to glibenclamide(5 mg/kg).In oral glucose tolerance test,500 mg/kg dose significantly reduced blood glucose level(P<0.05)at 2 h but 1000 mg/kg dose significantly reduced blood glucose level at 2 h and 3 h(P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively)whereas glibenclamide(5 mg/kg)significantly reduced glucose level at every hour after administration.Overall time effect is also considered extremely significant with F value=23.83 and P value=0.0001 in oral glucose tolerance test.Conclusion:These findings suggest that the plant may be a potential source for the development of new oral hypoglycemic agent.