The structural characteristics of dietary fibers from Tremella fuciformis and their hypolipidemic effects in mice

In this study,Tremella fuciformis residues as raw material,dietary fibers from tremella were prepared by multiple enzymes.The structure of dietary fibers from tremella was studied by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).We analyzed their lipidlowering properties in vitro(water holding,oil holding swelling cholesterol and sodium cholate binding capacitises)and the hypolipidemic effects in mice.The results showed that tremella dietary fibers presented the infrared absorption spectrum characteristics of polysaccharides and the characteristic diffraction peaks of cellulose type I.SEM results indicated that the surface of insoluble dietary fiber(IDF)was porous,while the soluble dietary fiber(SDF)was relatively compact and spongy.IDF exhibited significantly higher water holding,oil holding,and swelling binding capacities than the corresponding SDF.However,SDF exhibited significantly higher viscosity than IDF.The results showed tremella dietary fibers were significant in swelling,water holding and oil holding,cholesterol and bile acids.In vivo experiment results in mice indicated that SDF has the best effect on hyperlipidemia mice than IDF and total dietary fiber(TDF).SDF showed that the total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG)and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)contents dropped by 28.33%,18.65%,and 48.97%,respectively,while high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)content increased by 43.80%.Compared with the high-fat control(HCM)group,the arteriosclerosis index(AI)and liver index(LI)of the SDF group mice showed significant differences,indicating that SDF has a good auxiliary effect of lowering blood lipids.The administration of tremella fibers improved the lipid metabolism disorderly situation of hyperlipidemia mice.These results provide a reference for further research and rational development of T.fuciformis.

Investigation of hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata bark in diabetic rats

Objective:To investigate the hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata bark(AETPB) in streptozotocin(STZ)-mduced diabetic rats.Methods:Acute toxicity was studied in rats after the oral administration of AETPB to determine the dose to assess hypoglycemic activity.In rats,diabetes was induced by injection of STZ(60 mg/kg,i.p.) and diabetes was confirmed 72 h after induction,and then allowed for 14 days to stabilize blood glucose level.In diabetic rats,AETPB was orally given for 28 days and its effect on blood glucose and body weight was determined on a weekly basis.At the end of the experimental day,fasting blood sample was collected to estimate the haemoglobin(Hb),glycosylated haemoglobin(HbA1c),serum creatinine,urea,serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase(SGPT),serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase(SGOT) and insulin levels. The liver and kidney were collected to determine antioxidants levels in diabetic rats.Results: Oral administration of AETPB did not exhibit toxicity and death at a dose of 2000 mg/kg.AETPB treated diabetic rats significantly(P<0.001,P<0.01 and P<0.05) reduced elevated blood glucose, HbAlc,creatinine,urea,SGPT and SGOT levels when compared with diabetic control rats.The body weight,Hb,insulin and total protein levels were significantly(P<0.001,P<0.01 and P<0.05) increased in diabetic rats treated with AETPB compared to diabetic control rats.In diabetic rats, AETPB treatment significantly reversed abnormal status of antioxidants and lipid profile levels towards near normal levels compared to diabetic control rats.Conclusions:Present study results confirm that AETPB possesses significant hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities in diabetic condition.

Antidiabetic,hypolipidemic and histopathological analysis of Dillenia indica (L.) leaves extract on alloxan induced diabetic rats

Objective:To investigate antidiabetic,hypolipidemic histopathological analysis of Dillenia indica(D.indica) methanolic leaves(DIME) extract in alloxan induced diabetic rat by administering oral doses(250 and 500 mg/kg body weight).Methods:Blood glucose levels were measured using blood glucose test strips with elegance glucometer on weekly intervals till the end of study(i.e.3 weeks).Other parameters e.g.liver profile,renal profile and total lipid levels were determined in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats after oral administration of the extract for 21 days.Histopathological changes in diabetic rat organs(pancreas,liver and kidney) were also observed after extract treatment Results:Daily oral administration DIME(250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) and glibenclamide(10 mg/kg) showed beneficial effects on blood glucose level (P【0.001) as well as improving kidney,liver functions and hyperlipidaemia due to diabetes. The extract treatment also showed to enhanced serum insulin level and body weight of diabetic rats as compared to diabetic control group.Furthermore,the extract has a favorable effect on the histopathological changes of the pancreas,liver and kidney in alloxan induced diabetes. Conclusions:D.indica possess antidiabetic property as well improve body weight,liver profile, renal profile and total lipid levels.DIME has also favorable effect to inhibit the histopathological changes of the pancreas and kidney in alloxan induced diabetes.

Hypolipidemic,antioxidant and anti-atherosclerogenic effects of aqueous extract of Zanthoxylum heitzii stem bark in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats

Objective:To evaluate anti-dyslipidemic,antioxidant and anti-atherosclerogenic properties of this extract in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rat.a model of metabolic syndrome-induced atherosclerosis and associated cardiovascular diseases.Methods:Normocholeslerolemic(NC) male rats were divided into six groups(n=10) and fed a high-cholesterol(HC) diet for 30 days(5 groups),or normal rat chow(normal control group).Rats given a HC diet also received distilled water(disease control),the potent hypocholcsterolcmic agent with antiatherosclerotic activity atorvastatin(2 mg/kg,positive control),or one of the three doses of Zanthoxylum heitzii stem bark aqueous extract tested(225,300 and 375 mg/kg) concomitantly for four months.Signs of general toxicity,body temperature and weight,and water and food intake were monitored in live animals.After sacrifice,lipid profiles and oxidative stress markers were assessed in the blood and liver,aorta,and feces,and histopathological analysis of aorta was performed.Results:Plant extract prevented the elevation of aortic total cholesterol and triglycerides,and hepatic low density lipoprotein,very low density lipoprotein,and total cholesterol.Lipid peroxidation(TBARS) was decreased and aortic atherosclerotic plaque formation prevented.Conclusions:These observations strongly suggest that stem bark aqueous extract of Zanthoxylum heitzii has anti-atherosclerogenic properties,at least partly mediated by antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects.

The antioxidant activity and hypolipidemic activity of the total flavonoids from the fruit of Rosa laevigata Michx

In the present work, the antioxidant activity in vitro and hypolipidemic activity of the total fla-vonoids (TFs) from the Rosa laevigata Michx fruit was evaluated, and the antioxidant effect in vivo was also discussed. The TFs exhibited a high scavenging effect on 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (?DPPH) with IC50 values 0.01 mg/mL, and a stong reduce power in the test. Hyperli-pemic mice were intragastric administrated with TFs (25, 50 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks, and fenofi-brate was used as the positive reference sub-stance. After the experiment, the levels of TC (total cholesterol), TG (triglyceride), LDL- C (low density lipoprotein-cholesterol) of the mice ad-ministrated with high-dose of TFs were mark-edly declined by 45.02%, 33.86% and 73.68%, re-spectively, while HDL-C (high density lipopro-tein-cholesterol) was significantly increased com-pared with model group. To investigate the hepatoprotective effect, histopathological assay, ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransefrase) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) were also studied, and the results showed that TFs exhibited a favorable effect on liver protec-tion, of which the levels of ALT, AST and ALP were elevated by 55.85%, 29.15% and 25.68%, respectively. Furthermore, the TFs could sig-nificantly decrease the MDA (malondialdehyde) level and improve the levels of CAT (Catalas), SOD (superoxide dismutase), GSH (reduced glutathione), and GPX (glutathione peroxidase) compared with hyperlipemia mice. Our results suggested that TFs has a high antioxidant ac-tivity and hypolipidemic activity, which can be used as a potential medicine for cardiovascular diseases.

Antioxidant,Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Sambucus williamsii Seed Oil

[Objectives] To explore the antioxidant activity of Sambucus williamsii seed oil. [Methods]DPPH scavenging method and Prussian blue method( total reducing power) were used. S. williamsii seed oil has antioxidant activity. In the DPPH scavenging free radical experiment,S. williamsii oil showed the ability to scavenge free radicals,and its scavenging ability had linear relationship with oil concentration( R =0. 999 6). Besides,the IC_(50) value of S. williamsii seed oil scavenging DPPH free radicals was 61. 30 ± 0. 88 mg/mL. In the total reducing power measurement experiment,the S. williamsii seed oil has a reducing ability,and its reducing ability is proportional to the oil concentration,and has the concentration dependence. Through studying the inhibitory effect of S. williamsii seed oil on α-glucosidase,the hypoglycemic activity of S. williamsii seed oil was determined. The ability of samples to inhibit α-glucosidase was judged through measuring the absorbance at 400 nm of the reaction system. [Results]In the concentration range of 1. 56-25. 00 mg/mL,the S. williamsii seed oil can effectively inhibit α-glucosidase,and the inhibition rate was 62. 66%-85. 22%. The animal in vivo experiment was used to determine the hypolipidemic activity of the S. williamsii seed oil. First,a high fat modelwas established,S. williamsii seed oil was given through intragastric administration. Then,total cholesterol( TC),triglyceride( TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol( HDL-C),and low density lipoprotein cholesterol( LDL-C) were measured. Through comparison of high,medium and low dose groups of S. williamsii seed oil with the high fat modelcontrol group,it was found that the TC,TG,LDL-C levels were significantly decreased( P < 0. 01) and the HDL-C levels were significantly increased( P < 0. 05),indicating that S. williamsii seed oil can effectively reduce the levels of TC,TG,LDL-C in the serum of hyperlipidemic mice,and effectively inhibit the decrease of HDL-C level,thus S. williamsii seed oil can reduce blood lipids in mice,namely,has hypolipidemic effects. In addition,the greater the dose of S. williamsii seed oil,the more obvious the effect of blood lipid levels in mice,indicating that the hypolipidemic effect of S. williamsii seed oil was dose dependent. [Conclusions] S. williamsii seed oil has reducing ability,and there is a significant dose-effect relationship in the concentration range of 2-10 mg/mL. As natural plant oil,S. williamsii seed oil has the advantages of good stability,small toxic and side effects,and strong effect,and has high value of developing new antioxidants.

Comparative study between the effect of <i>Momordica charantia</i>(wild and hybrid variety) on hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of alloxan induced type 2 diabetic long-evans rats

This study was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Momordica charantia (wild and hybrid variety) powder on alloxan induced type 2 diabetic male Long-Evans rats. Oral feeding of the M. charantia powder slightly decreased serum total cholesterol, triglyceride levels and LDL-cholesterol compared with wild, hybrid and standard drug. M. charantia wild variety showed more significant (p M. charantia did not show any significant effect on HDL-cholesterol and liver glycogen. Thus, results of the study prove that the wild variety of M. charantia fruit have potent antidiabetic and antilipidemic property.

Hypolipidemic effect of coffee silver skin in rats fed a high-fat diet

The present study was conducted to evaluate the hypolipidemic effects of coffee silver skin(CSS)supplementation in rats fed a highfat diet(HFD).A total of 40 albino rats were used in the present study.The groups were as follows:Rats fed a normal diet,N group;high fat diet,HFD group;high fat diet+10%CSS,HFD 10;HFD+15%CSS,HFD 15;HFD+20%CSS,HFD 20;the diets were followed for 8 weeks.Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment.At the time of sacrifice,the weights of heart,liver,kidneys,epididymal fat and retroperitoneal fat of the experimental rats with respect to body weight were recorded.The lipid parameter of the serum was recorded and liver and kidney function tests were conducted.Finally,a histopathological assay was performed on the liver and kidney tissues of the rats fed the tested diets.The weight gain of the rats fed a HFD supplemented with 10,15 and 20%CSS was∼1.05,1.08 and 1.12 times lower than that of those rats fed HFD,respectively.The incorporation of CSS at a level of 20%reduced the increase in liver,kidney,epididymal fat and retroperitoneal fat weight by 17.84,19.38,47.23 and 18.00%,respectively,compared with HFD alone.HFD administration induced considerable increases in alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities compared with the control group.The results also indicated that the HFD-fed rats exhibited increased levels of urea,uric acid and creatinine,by∼26.38,8.40 and 6.75%,respectively,compared with the control rats.With the exception of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,all lipid fractions increased significantly in rats fed a HFD.The administration of a HFD induced marked pathological changes in the liver and kidneys of the rats.However,the incorporation of various levels of CSS in to a HFD reduced these changes.The results of the present study illustrate that the incorporation of CSS into HFDs reduces the hyperlipidemia effect of these diets.

Phytochemical Study and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Properties of <i>Launaea taraxacifolia</i>Leaves Extracts on Cell Lines HepG2 and PLB985

Launaea taraxacifolia is a leafy vegetable of the family of Asteraceae (Compositae) found in several countries in West Africa including Ghana, Benin and Nigeria. The plant leaves are eaten either fresh as salad or cooked as sauces. They are also consumed as infusion to fight against several diseases including non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Several studies have been conducted in Ghana, Nigeria on the nutritional and medicinal values of this plant but no study has yet been conducted in Benin on the virtues of this plant. In this work we have achieved the phytochemical characterization and evaluated the cytotoxicity as well as hypolipidemic and anti-oxidant effects of the ethanol-aqueous extracts of Launaea taraxacifolia leaves. Cytotoxicity and hypolipidemic activities have been performed on HepG2 cells;the antioxidant effect has been performed on the PLB985 cells. The results showed that the ethanol-aqueous extracts of Launaea taraxacifolia leaves contained the following metabolites: catechic tannin, flavonoids, phenolic acids, mucilage and leucoanthocyanins. Only very high concentrations (>20 mg/ml) of leaves extracts are toxic for HepG2 cells. Launaea taraxacifolia leaves have significant antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities.

Hypolipidemic and Antioxidative Effects of African Star Apple Juice (Chrysophylum albidum) on Rats Fed on Diets High in Cholesterol and Oil

This study investigated the possible hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects of Chrysophylum albidum juice in rats fed on highcholesterol and fatty diets (HFCD). The juice was expressed, pasteurized and frozen until needed. Diets were formulated by mixing at different ratios. Bio-assay of the blends was carried out for a period of 28 days. Twenty five male rats were divided into five groups of five each: a normal diet group, a high-cholesterol diet group, a high Fat/Cholesterol diet with 3 ml of African Star Apple Juice group, a high Fat/Cholesterol diet with 6 ml of African Star Apple Juice group, and a high Fat/Cholesterol diet with 9 ml of African Star Apple Juice group. Blood serum, selected tissues and organs were collected and the serum lipid profile, organ histology and oxidative stress test were carried out at the end of the animal experimentation. The levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and artherogenic index obtained from rats treated with African star apple juice (3 ml, 6 ml and 9 ml) decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05), compared respectively to the HFCD rats. The results also showed that treatment with African star apple (Chrysophylum albidum) positively changed plasma antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid profiles in cholesterol-fed rats, and thus may have potential hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects, and by inference, the antiatherogenic properties in male rats. African star apple (Chrysophylum albidum) juice could protect against oxidative stress linked atherosclerosis and decrease the atherogenic index, thereby supporting the local use of Chrysophylum albidum in the management of atherosclerosis and hypertensive conditions.

A Study on Hypolipidemic Effect of Hawthorn Flavonoids Extract

[Objectives] To research the hypolipidemic effect of hawthorn flavonoids extract. [Methods] The hawthorn flavonoids were extracted by percolation method. The SD rats were used for the experiment,and after the formation of high blood lipids in rats,the low,middle and high doses of hawthorn flavonoids extracts were used for intragastric administration. After 30 d,the changes of blood lipid in rats were detected. [Results] Hawthorn flavonoids significantly reduced total cholesterol and LDL,and adjusted triglycerides and HDL in the blood of SD rats. [Conclusions] Hawthorn flavonoids extract had significant hypolipidemic effect.

Evaluation of hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of aqueous extract of Cistus ladaniferus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Objective:To evaluate the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Cistus ladaniferus(C.ladaniferus) on glycemic and lipidemic status in diabetic rats.Methods:Overnight fasted rats were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin(45 mg/kg) to induce experimental diabetes.The aqueous extract of the leaves of C.ladaniferus was administered orally at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight to diabetic rats for a period of 28 days.Hypoglycemic effect,body weight,oral glucose tolerance,change in lipid parameters,urea,creatinine,aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels of diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract were evaluated in experimental animals.Results:Administration of 500 mg/kg of C.ladaniferus extract to diabetic rats for 28 days resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of blood glucose,alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,urea and creatinine.Furthermore,the extract of C.ladaniferus improved glucose tolerance in diabetic rats,and its antidiabetic effect was similar to the one obtained with glibenclamide.The hypolipidemic effect was demonstrated by an important decrease in plasma total cholesterol,triglycerides and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels.Conclusions:It is concluded that C.ladaniferus leaf extract showed an antidiabetic activity in experimental diabetes which was similar to the one obtained with glibenclamide.

Evaluation of hypolipidemic activity of Brassica rapa and its mechanism analysis

Objective:This study was designed to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of Brassica rapa and explore its mechanism by network pharmacology approach.Methods:The hypolipidemic activity of Brassica rapa aqueous extract(BRAE)was evaluated by bile salt-binding capacity and oleic acid-induced HepG2 steatosis cell model.The active compounds of Brassica rapa were collected from literature,and targets were predicted from SwissTargetPrediction and SEA Search Server platform.Cytoscape 3.7.2 software was used to construct“compound-target”network.Protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed by String platform.Gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses based on DAVID database.Results:In vitro experiment showed that BRAE exhibited excellent bile salt-binding capacity,and the binding rates of sodium glycylcholate,sodium taurocholate and sodium deoxycholate were 36.01%,28.93%and 78.55%at 7 g.L-1,respectively.BRAE showed a significant hypolipidemic activity on steatosis cells,which can reduce the accumulation of lipid droplets and the levels of triglyceride(TG)and total cholesterol(TC)compared with the model group(P<0.05).21 active components of Brassica rapa and 682 potential targets were obtained,among which 55 targets were associated with hyperlipidemia.The“compound-target”network showed that 6-paradol,6-shogaol,benzyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside,benzyl-alpha-D-fructofuranoside and liquiritigenin were core components.PPI network and KEGG enrichment analysis found that Brassica rapa could treat hyperlipemia by regulated the core targets,such as VEGFA,IL6,EGFR and PPARG,and affected 36 signaling pathways(including starch and sucrose metabolism,galactose metabolism,insulin resistance,HIF-1,PI3K-Akt).Conclusion:This study showed that BRAE had excellent hypolipidemic activity in vitro,and preliminarily revealed the multi-component,multi-target,multi-path mechanism in the treatment of hyperlipidemia by network pharmacology approach,which provides a scientific foundation for further study.

Hypolipidemic Activity of Microwave-Dehydrated Mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i>L.) Powder in Mice Fed a Hypercholesterolemic Diet

The effect of dietary supplementation with mango (Mangifera indica L.) powder obtained by microwave dehydration was studied in normal and hypercholesterolemic mice. The phenolic profiles in methanolic extracts and antioxidant activities were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assays, respectively. The total phenolic content of microwave-dehydrated mango powder was 1451.7 ± 26.7 μggallic acid equivalents/g dry weight. The main phenolic compounds identified were gallic acid, epicatechin, ferulic acid, and catechin. The anti-oxidant activity was 14.6% higher in microwave-dehydrated mango powder than in conventional mango powder. Mice were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (1 g cholesterol/100g over 7 days). The hypercholesterolemic mice whose diets were supplemented with microwave-dehydrated mango powder showed a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in total serum cholesterol compared to the hypercholesterolemic mice and the mice fed with conventional dehydrated mango powder. We observed a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in HDL-c levels in the microwave-dehydrated mango powder group mice (12.4 ± 1.3 mmol/L) compared to the hypercholesterolemic group (8.6 ± 1.4 mmol/L) and the conventional-dehydrated mango powder group (10.9 ± 1.3 mmol/L). The mice provided with microwave-dehydrated mango powder had significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) levels of serum LDL-c (36.0%) and total cholesterol (43.3%) compared to the mice in hypercholesterolemic group. Notably, the atherogenic index was 72% lower in the microwave-dehydrated mango powder group compared to the hypercholesterolemic group. These results suggest that the biocompounds, such as polyphenols and dietary fiber, found in mango pulp might improve the lipid profile in mice fed a hypercholesterolemic diet.

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Boscia senegalensis on Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia and Oxidative Stress Induced in Rats

Boscia aqueous extract. senegalensis on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress induced in rats. The aqueous extract was prepared from B. senegalensis seed powders under the extraction conditions: time (10 min), temperature (55˚C) and the ratio of mass of flour/volume of water (3/10 g/mL). Male wistar rats aged 6 to 8 weeks were acclimated and divided into 8 groups of 5 rats each: two normal control groups which received a normal standard diet (3810 kcal/kg), and six test groups which were subjected to a hyperlipidemic diet (5310 Kcal/kg). All groups of animals were fed in this manner for 8 weeks to induce hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress. After induction the animals were treated either with distilled water for the normal and negative control groups or with atorvastatin for the positive control group or with the extract of B. senegalensis. (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) for the test groups. Fasting blood glucose was taken every 7 days during induction. After sacrifice, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters were measured. The aqueous extract of B. senegalensis significantly decreased (p B. senegalensis at a dose of 500 mg/kg has the capacity to reduce blood sugar, improve the quality of the lipid profile and reduce oxidative stress. Thus, the results reveal that the aqueous extract of B. senegalensis has powerful hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties.

Hypolipidemic effect of SIPI-7623,a derivative of an extract from oriental wormwood,through farnesoid X receptor antagonism

Farnesoid X receptor(FXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors.As a metabolic regulator,FXR plays key roles in bile acid and cholesterol metabolism and lipid and glucose homeostasis.Therefore,FXR is a potential drug target for several metabolic syndromes,especially those related to lipidemia disorders.In the present study,we identified small molecule SIPI-7623,a derivative of an extract from Oriental wormwood(Artemisia capillaris),and found that it specifically upregulated the expression of cholesterol-7-alpha-hydroxylase(CYP7 A1),downregulated the expression of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 1 c(SREBP-1 c) in the liver,and inhibited the expression of ileal bile acid binding-protein(IBABP) in the ileum of rats.We found that inhibition of FXR by SIPI-7623 decreased the level of cholesterol and triglyceride.SIPI-7623 reduced the levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in in vitro Hep G2 cell models,ameliorated diet-induced atherosclerosis,and decreased the serum lipid content on rats and rabbits model of atherosclerosis in vivo.Furthermore,SIPI-7623 decreased the extent of atherosclerotic lesions.Our resutls demonstrated that antagonism of the FXR pathway can be employed as a therapeutic strategy to treat metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.In conclusion,SIPI-7623 could be a promising lead compound for development of drugs to treat hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.

Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of rutin on hyperglycemic rats

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of rutin on serum glucose and lipid levels in hyperglycemic rats.METHODS:Male Wistar rats were subjected to intraperitoneal streptozotocin injections and a high-sugar,high-fat diet to establish a hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic model.The model was considered to be successfully established in rats with fasting blood sugar(FBS)≥11.1 mmol/L.The study included 6 groups with 10 rats each:a blank control group,a model group,a metformin group,and groups on large,medium and small doses of rutin.The groups received intraperitoneal streptozotocin or normal saline for 21 d.FBS,serum lipids,serum insulin,insulin sensitivity index(ISI),and levels of catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),superoxide dismutase(SOD)and malondialdehyde(MDA)levels were evaluated in all rats.Pancreatic tissue samples were harvested to observe structural changes in islet cells.RESULTS:Large,medium,and small doses of rutin were associated with significantly reduced FBS(P<0.05),and increased levels of ISI,CAT,GSH-Px and SOD,as well as decreased MDA(P<0.05).Rutin administration was also related with reduced total cholesterol,triglycerides and low density lipoprotein chesterol,as well as increased high density lipoprotein chesterol(P<0.05).Histologic evaluation revealed rutin induced repair of damaged islet cells.CONCLUSION:In diabetic rat models,rutin can significantly reduce FBS and blood lipids,improve anti-oxidant activity,increase insulin sensitivity,and induce repair of damaged islet cells.

Study on the hypolipidemic properties of garlic polysaccharide in vitro and in normal mice as well as its dyslipidemia amelioration in type2 diabetes mice

In the present work,garlic polysaccharide(GP)in lowering lipid based on in vitro and in vivo approaches were investigated.The in vitro studies revealed significant effects of GP on cholesterol,sodium cholate,oil binding,and lipase inhibition.Meanwhile,the liver index in the medium and high dose GP group was significantly lower than the control group in normal mice which relatively corresponded to the modulated effect of intestinal flora.A high dose of GP has markedly reduced the ratio of intestinal Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and increased the abundance of gut probiotics Akkermansia.Furthermore,the high dose of GP also significantly reduced the levels of triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of diabetic mice indicating that GP could not only prevent hyperlipidemia of metabolic syndrome but also further ameliorate dyslipidemia of diabetes mellitus.This study provides new prospects for garlic polysaccharide as a hypolipidemic nutraceutical for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.

Flavanols from the Camellia sinensis var.assamica and their hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities

α-Glucosidase and lipase inhibitors play important roles in the treatment of hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia. To identify novel naturally occurring inhibitors, a bioactivity-guided phytochemical research was performed on the pu-erh tea. One new flavanol, named(–)-epicatechin-3-O-(Z)-coumarate(1), and 16 known analogs(2–17) were isolated from the aqueous extract of the pu-erh tea. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Furthermore, the water extract of pu-erh tea and its fractions exhibited inhibitory activities against α-glucosidases and lipases in vitro;compound 15 showed moderate inhibitory effect against sucrase with an IC_(50) value of 32.5 μmol/L and significant inhibitory effect against maltase with an IC_(50) value of 1.3 μmol/L. Compounds 8, 10, 11 and15 displayed moderate activity against a lipase with IC_(50) values of 16.0, 13.6, 19.8, and 13.3 μmol/L,respectively.

Hypolipidemic effect of chromium-modified enzymatic product of sulfated rhamnose polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera in type 2 diabetic mice

Sulfated rhamnose polysaccharide(SRP)derived from Enteromorpha prolifera is a metal-ion chelating agent that could potentially be used to treat diabetes.The aim of our study was to determine the effect of a variant of SRP on DIABETES.First,we synthesized and characterized SRPE-3 chromium(III)[SRPE-3-Cr(III)]complex using an enzymatic method.The maximum chelation rate was 18.2%under optimal chelating conditions of pH 6.0,time 4 h,and temperature 60°C.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed important sites for Cr(III)-binding were O–H and C=O groups.We then studied the hypolipidemic effects of SRPE-3-Cr(III)on type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)induced by a high-fat,high-sucrose diet(HFSD).Decreased blood glucose content,body fat ratio,serum TG,TC,LDL-C,and increased serum HDL-C were observed after treatment with SRPE-3-Cr(III).In addition,SRPE-3-Cr(III)significantly reduced leptin,resistin,and TNF-αlevels,and increased adiponectin contents relative to T2DM.Histopathology results also showed that SRPE-3-Cr(III)could alleviate the HFSD-lesioned tissues.SRPE-3-Cr(III)also improved lipid metabolism via a reduction in aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,fatty acid synthase,and acetyl-CoA carboxylase activities in the liver.SRPE-3-Cr(III)at low doses exhibited better lipid-lowering activities,hence,could be considered to be a novel compound to treat hyperlipidemia and also act as an anti-diabetic agent.