Chemical Composition and Use of Momordica charantia L. and Hyptis spicigera Lam. Extracts as Mosquito Larvicides and Insect Growth Regulators against Malarial Vector, Anopheles gambiae Giles

Background: Mosquitoes are responsible of numerous vector-borne diseases and among these diseases is malaria which takes away lives of thousands of people, especially children of under five, particularly in Africa. To reduce the mortality and economic burdens of this deadly disease, synthetic insecticide has been of use to control its main vector, Anopheles gambiae. Due to adverse effects caused by these conventional products on non-target organisms and the environment, plants have been of first choice as they proved their effectiveness against mosquitoes and are said to be eco-friendly and relatively safer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals and determine the larvicidal and adult emergence exhibitory activities of Momordica charantia and Hyptis spicigera leaves extracts against Anopheles gambiae larvae. Methods: The WHO standard protocol for larvicidal activity and IGRs was followed up and concentrations from 500 - 2000 ppm for larvicidal and 500 - 1500 ppm for IGRs were set up. Results: There was the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, steroids, terpenoids and oils in Momordica charantia against alkaloids, taponins, tannins, phenols, steroids, terpenoids and oils in Hyptis spicigera. Methanol crude extract registered the lowest LC50 value of 270.6 ppm followed by ethyl acetate and hexane fractions recorded the LC50 of 742.1 and 756 ppm, respectively for larvicidal activity of Momordica charantia against LC50 of 760 and 867.5 ppm for hexane fraction and methanol crude extract, respectively for Hyptis spicigera. Methanol crude extract and hexane fraction of both plants as well as the ethyl acetate fraction of M. charantia registered greater emergence inhibition with IE50 values of 590.2, 842.3 and 982 ppm for methanol crude extract, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of M. charantia, respectively against 901.7 and 873.2 for methanol crude extract and hexane fraction of H. spicigera, respectively. Conclusion: The toxicity and adult emergence inhibition may be associated with constituents in both plants that interfere with the normal neuronal, respiratory and endocrine systems functions.

And-hyperglycemic activity of leaves extract of Hyptis suavcolens L.Poit in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Objective:To evaluate the antihyperglycemic activity of leaves of Hyptis suaveolens using streptozotocin model.Mothods:Hyptis suaveolens extract(HSE) 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight was administered orally to streptozotocin induced diabetes,once daily for 21 days.Results:A significant reduction in blood glucose was observed in diabetic animals treated with HSE at different doses when compared with diabetic rats.Levels of triglyceride,total cholesterol,low density lipoprolein.very low density lipoprotein were decreased while administering HSE at different doses,compared with their control values in diabetic animals.Conclusions:Our results show that HSE possesses significant antihyperglycemic activity which might be attributed to stimulating effects on glucose utilization and antioxidant enzyme.

Hepatoprotective and cytoprotective properties of Hyptis suaveolens against oxidative stress-induced damage by CCl_4 and H_2O_2

Objective:To investigate capacity of Hyptis suaveolens(H.suaveolens) methanol extract as an antioxidant to protect against carbon tetrachloride(CCl_4)-indueed oxidative stress,hepatotoxicitv in Albino Wistar rats and cytoprotective effect of hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) induced cell death in HepG_2 cell line.Methods:Two different doses of methanol extract of H.suaveolens were evaluated for the hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride(CCl_4) induced hepatotoxicitv in rats.Animals in GroupⅠ:served as control,groupⅡ:H.suaveolens(100 mL/ kg b.w),groupⅢ:H.suaveolens(50 mL/kg b.w) + CCl_4(1 mg/kg),groupⅣ:H.suaveolens(100 mL/kg b.w) + CCl_4(1 ml/kg)and groupⅤ:CCl_4(1 mL/kg).Histopathologic changes of liver were also evaluated.Cytotoxicity was also determined by 3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay.Results:Oral sigle dose treatment of CCl_4 produced a marked elevation in the serum levels of aspartate transaminase(AST),alanine transaminase(ALT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH).Histopathological analysis of the liver of CCl_4-induced rats revealed marked liver cell necrosis with inflammatory collections that were conformed to increase in the levels of SOD,GSH,GST,GR and LPO.Treatment with H_2O_2 significantly induced death of HepG_2 cell.Pretreatment with H.suaveolens methanol extract inhibited or attenuated H_2O_2 induced cytotoxicity.Conclusions:This study shows that H.suaveolens methanol extract can be proposed to protect the liver against CCl_4-induced oxidative damage in rats and protect the cells against H_2O_2-induced oxidative damage in HepG_2 cells.The hepatoprotective and cytoprotective effects might be correlated with its antioxidant and free radical scavenger effects.

HPLC-DAD analysis and antifungal effect of Hyptis martiusii Benth(Lamiaceae) against Candida strains

Objective: To evaluate the anti Candida activity of Hyptis martiusii decoction and its major compound, caffeic acid alone or in the presence of fluconazole, as well as their cytotoxic effect. Methods: The decoction was characterized using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector. For the antifungal activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and the potential effect of the decoction with the fluconazole were evaluated by microdilution method using 96-well microtiter trays. The osmotic fragility test was performed using erythrocytes under saline stress. All tests were performed in triplicate. Results: The chemical characterization of the decoction was performed by high performance liquid chromatography and revealed the presence of seven compounds, including caffeic acid as major constituent. The antifungal tests demonstrated that both decoction(DHm) and caffeic acid obtained from Hyptis martiusii presented MIC and MFC ≥4096 μg/mL against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis strains. However, in the presence of fluconazole, DHm and caffeic acid presented IC_(50) of 2.60 and 2.53 μg/mL respectively, demonstrating significant synergistic effects against Candida strains. The modulator activity of DHm might be due to the presence of caffeic acid. Moreover, DHm and caffeic acid did not cause significant hemolytic effects, indicating that they present low cytotoxicity. Conclusions: These data indicate that DHm potentiates the activity of the fluconazole, without enhancement of the toxicity, encouraging further toxicological, pharmacological and phytochemical studies to provide consistent evidence of the potential of this plant to be used in drug development.

Bio-Control of Fresh and Dried Portion of <i>Hyptis suaveolens</i>Plant on Mosquitoes Population during Raining Season in Nigeria Police Academy, Kano

Comparative study was conducted on fresh and dried portions of Hyptis suaveolens plant, to control mosquito population, and determine which portion has the highest efficacy in killing the vector. The study was conducted in Nigeria Police Academy, Wudil, Kano State Nigeria. The result revealed that both portions of the test plant (Hyptis suaveolens) have toxic effect on mosquitoes. During the study, three (3) experimental units were established and nine (9) sub units were made, three within each of the major units at different locations within the study area. Mosquitoes were reared at all units and various quantities test plant (both fresh and dried portions) were introduced at different quantities and observed at different times of the day (Morning, Afternoon and Evening) within 24 hours in order to test their efficacy on mosquitoes. A total of two hundred and fifty three (253) death rate (DR) with a total % mortality rate (% M.R) of 217.9 mosquitoes were recorded from the three different experimental units with the highest % MR from the cadets hostels. There was a gradual overall mortality rate increase in every experimental unit as the quantity (concentration) of the test plant (Hyptis suaveolens) introduced into the units increased. More so, a resultant highest cumulative death rate of 119 was recorded in the evening. Comparatively, fresh portion of the test plant was more effective for killing the adult mosquitoes during the study. Statistically, it also shows that, there was a strong correlative relationship (r = 0.9832) between the quantity (concentration) of the test plant (H. suaveolens) and the death rate of mosquito vectors.

Inhibitory Effect of the Essential Oil from Hyptis suaveolens （L.） Poit on the Growth and Aflatoxins Synthesis of Aspergillus flavus

H. suaveolens （L.） Poit has been used in folk medicine revealing a wide pharmacological potential. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the essential oil from 11. suaveolens leaves in inhibiting the growth of A. flavus LM257 and synthesis of aflatoxins Bl and B2. The essential oil at 20, 40 and 80 laL/mL strongly reduced the biomass and spore germination ofA. flavus. A 100% inhibition was found at 40 μL/mL and 80μL/mL, while at 20 μL/mL the growth depressed over 50% for both tested parameters. The essential oil at all assayed concentrations totally inhibited the production of aflatoxin B1 and B2. From these results, the essential oil from 11. suaveolens leaves may be considered as an alternative and effective inhibitor ofA. flavus, in addition to offer some protective effect to the production of aflatoxins.

Assessment of the Allelopathic Potential of an Invasive Alien Weed Hyptis suaveolens （L,） Poit. on Germination of Oryza sativa L.

Hyptis suaveolens （L.） Poit. is an invasive alien weed commonly known as ＂Bana tulst＂ in Odisha belonging to the family Lamiaceae and widely distributed in different parts of India. The leaves of the plant have been reported to be used as stimulant, carminative, sudorific and also as a cure for parasitic cutaneous diseases besides the crude leaf extract is reported to be used against colic and stomach-ache. The leaves are the source of different alkaloids, terpenes and volatile oils having allelopathic effect. In view of this the present work was carried out with an aim to investigate the allelopathic effect upon germination of rice （Oryza sativa L.）. The result indicated that the higher concentration of the leaf leachate could decrease the percentage of germination besides identified as a potential bio-herbicide.

Insecticidal Activity of Crude Extracts of Hyptis suaveolens(Bush Mint)on Anopheles Mosquitoes Collected from Lafia,Nasarawa State,Nigeria

Anopheles gambiae is a vector that is responsible for the transmission of malaria parasites which causes high morbidity and mortality in Nigeria and the world at large.Human-vector contact can be reduced by the use of conventional repellents being sold in the market,though some of these repellent are not environmentally friendly and An.gambiae have developed resistance to some of these repellents.To this end,the phytochemical constituents and insecticidal activity of crude extracts of Hyptis suaveolens(bush mint)was determined on adult An.gambiae mosquitoes collected from Lafia,Nasarawa State,Nigeria to evaluate its effect in controlling them.Here,70%ethanolic and diethyl ether fat crude extracts were made from H.suaveolens dried leaves and used to carry out the experiment.The phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids,flavonoid,saponins,tannins,steroids and reducing sugar.Glycoside was not detected in the ethanol extract.Only steroids was detected in diethyl ether extract the rest of the phytochemical tested were absent.An.gambiae larvae were collected from the field and were raised to F1 progeny adults that were used for the study.WHO protocol for carrying out human bait repellency cage test was used.Human hand treated with the extracts was exposed to a cage containing 30 female mosquitoes for each of the extracts respectively.The ethanolic crude extract treatment proved to be more effective in repelling mosquitoes with 0%(0/30)mosquito landing than diethyl ether extract which had 40%(12/30)mosquitoes landing and the control hand(untreated left hand)had the highest landing rate 63.3%(19/30)which showed very high significant difference(χ^(2)=27.2619,df=2,P<0.00001)in relation to the treatments.After 24 hours holding period,the mortality rate of exposed mosquitoes was observed to be highest in the ethanolic treatment 73.3%(22/30).In conclusion,H.suaveolens extracts have repellency potential in controlling adult An.gambiae.

Phytochemical Composition and Insecticidal Property of Native Plants against the Cowpea Weevil Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) for Natural Preservation of Cowpea Seeds

About 80% of cowpea seeds are lost along with 30% of their weight after six months of unprotected storage due to attacks by Callosobruchus maculatus. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of applying bioinsecticides on the biological parameters of C. maculatus to reduce its damage to cowpea stocks. Four treatments including an untreated control and three doses of powdery extracts of C. nigricans, Z. zanthoxyloides and H. suaveolens, were compared in a Fischer block with four completely randomized repetitions. One hundred undamaged cowpea seeds were mixed with doses of each extract in Petri dishes and then fed as food substrates to ten pairs of C. maculatus for eight days. The extracts of H. suaveolens, C. nigricans and Z. zanthoxyloides all contain active ingredients including polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and alkaloids, etc. The extract of Z. zanthoxyloides was found to be more active on adults (100.00% mortality) followed by C. nigricans (98.75% mortality) and H. suaveolens (97.50% mortality) at 80 mg/g. Fecundity per female decreased significantly in the treated batches of 13.82 eggs for H. suaveolens at 10.12 eggs for C. nigricans at a dose of 80 mg/g. Germination rate of seeds was statistically raised to 100% at 60 and 80 mg/g by C. nigricans powder and lowered to 83.00% at 20 mg/g by Z. zanthoxyloides extracts. The application of Z. zanthoxyloides extract would be a less expensive alternative for the sustainable management of C. maculatus in cowpea stocks.

Effect of invasion by Hyptis suaveolens on plant diversity and selected soil properties of a constructed tropical grassland

Aims Hyptis suaveolens(L.)Poit is an important invader of the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.In our study,it has been inves-tigated that how does the H.suaveolens invasion regulate plant spe-cies diversity across the seasons in the dry tropical grassland.We hypothesized that a shift in soil inorganic-N availability is caused by invasion,and this shift is integral to access the invasion effect on plant diversity.Methods The study was performed in experimental plots at the Botanical Garden of the Banaras Hindu University(25°16′3.3″N and 82°59′22.7″E),Varanasi,Uttar Pradesh,India.Five replicates(each,2×2m)of non-invaded grassland plots(NIG)and five grassland plots invaded with H.suaveolens(IG)were established.These plots were constructed by transplanting indigenous grassland patches from an adjacent native grassland.In the invaded plots,20 indi-viduals of H.suaveolens were transplanted per plot.After 1 year of establishment,diversity attributes and soil properties were recorded from these plots in three seasons as per standard protocol.Important Findings The results indicated that Hyptis invasion negatively affects plant diversity,with relatively higher impact in rainy season as compared to the winter season.IG exhibited lower soil mois-ture content and temperature than NIG in rainy season,whereas soil ammonium-N,nitrate-N,total inorganic-N,N mineralization registered higher values for IG than NIG in both rainy and win-ter season.Diversity indices were negatively correlated with soil inorganic-N pool and N mineralization.However,these indices were positively correlated with microbial biomass carbon(MBC),and the correlation coefficient for this relationship was higher for rainy season as compared to winter.Species richness(r=0.65)and Shannon diversity(r=0.757)were significantly correlated with the ratio of ammonium-N to nitrate-N.The negative effect of invasion by H.suaveolens on the plant diversity is possibly mediated by the effect of invasion on N mineralization processes(mainly nitrification)and the availability of soil inorganic-N pools.The study indicates that Hyptis invasion has an enormous poten-tial to change the structure and composition of plant communities in the dry tropical grasslands.

GC-MS and FT-IR analysis of a coastal medicinal plant-Hyptis suaveolens(L.)Poit

Objective:To investigate the bioactive components of a coastal medicinal plant,Hyptis suaveolens(L.)Poit.(H.suaveolens)leaves using fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS).Methods:The chemical compositions of the ethanol extract of whole plant of H.suaveolens was investigated using PerkinElmer GC-MS,while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standard and Technology library.Results:The results of fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of secondary alcohols,phenols,alkanes,alkynes,aromatics,nitro compounds and aliphatic compounds.GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extract revealed the existence of 30 phytochemical compounds.5,5-Dimethylimidazolidin-2,4-diamine(20.35%)was found to be the major compound.Conclusions:The results of this study offer a platform to use H.suaveolens leaves as herbal alternative for various diseases.

Insect Pests Control of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) by Using Plant Aqueous Extracts in Korhogo Area (Northern Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa)

In this study,we monitored for the impact of three aqueous extracts of plants(Azadirachta indica,Hyptis suaveolens and Solanum lycopersicum)on insect pests abundance in okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)crop,compared to a synthetic chemical«SAUVEUR 62 EC»,having as active ingredients,acetamiprid 32g/l and Lambda-cyhalothrin 30g/l.Foliar applications by these extracts were done using manual sprayers.After treatment,the insects were caught using two methods(pitfall traps and colored bowls traps).A total of 6505 insects belonging to nine orders were recorded in four plots.The plot 1(9 orders)was the most diverse,followed by the plot 3(8 orders),the plot 2 and 4(7 orders respectively).Coleoptera,Lepidoptera,Diptera,Orthoptera and Hemiptera were the most frequents.The chemical treatment has impacted significantly the number of orders(p<0.05)but,the insect abundance was impacted significantly by the different biological treatments(p<0.05).This study showed that the aqueous extract of Solanum lycopercicum was more effective on the abundance of pests belonging to Hemiptera,while the aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica and Hyptis suaveolens were effectives on the abundance of pests belonging to Coleoptera.The chemical treatment was effective on the pests belonging to both orders.