Dietary sodium acetate and sodium butyrate improve high-carbohydrate diet utilization by regulating gut microbiota, liver lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation in largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)

Background Adequate level of carbohydrates in aquafeeds help to conserve protein and reduce cost. However, studies have indicated that high-carbohydrate(HC) diet disrupt the homeostasis of the gut–liver axis in largemouth bass, resulting in decreased intestinal acetate and butyrate level.Method Herein, we had concepted a set of feeding experiment to assess the effects of dietary sodium acetate(SA) and sodium butyrate(SB) on liver health and the intestinal microbiota in largemouth bass fed an HC diet. The experimental design comprised 5 isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets, including LC(9% starch), HC(18% starch), HCSA(18% starch;2 g/kg SA), HCSB(18% starch;2 g/kg SB), and HCSASB(18% starch;1 g/kg SA + 1 g/kg SB). Juvenile largemouth bass with an initial body weight of 7.00 ± 0.20 g were fed on these diets for 56 d.Results We found that dietary SA and SB reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation by activating autophagy(ATG101, LC3B and TFEB), promoting lipolysis(CPT1α, HSL and AMPKα), and inhibiting adipogenesis(FAS, ACCA, SCD1 and PPARγ). In addition, SA and SB decreased oxidative stress in the liver(CAT, GPX1α and SOD1) by activating the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Meanwhile, SA and SB alleviated HC-induced inflammation by downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors(IL-1β, COX2 and Hepcidin1) through the NF-κB pathway. Importantly, SA and SB increased the abundance of bacteria that produced acetic acid and butyrate(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1). Combined with the KEGG analysis, the results showed that SA and SB enriched carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism pathways, thereby improving the utilization of carbohydrates. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that growth performance was closely related to hepatic lipid deposition, autophagy, antioxidant capacity, inflammation, and intestinal microbial composition.Conclusions In conclusion, dietary SA and SB can reduce hepatic lipid deposition;and alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in largemouth bass fed on HC diet. These beneficial effects may be due to the altered composition of the gut microbiota caused by SA and SB. The improvement effects of SB were stronger than those associated with SA.

Response to strict and liberalized specific carbohydrate dietin pediatric Crohn's disease

AIM: To investigate the specific carbohydrate diet(SCD) as nutritional therapy for maintenance of remission in pediatric Crohn's disease(CD). METHODS: Retrospective chart review was conducted in 11 pediatric patients with CD who initiated the SCD as therapy at time of diagnosis or flare. Two groups defined as SCD simple(diet alone, antibiotics or 5-ASA) or SCD with immunomodulators(corticosteroids and/or stable thiopurine dosing) were followed for one year and compared on disease characteristics, laboratory values and anthropometrics.RESULTS: The mean age at start of the SCD was 11.8 ± 3.0 years(range 6.6-17.6 years) with five patients starting the SCD within 5 wk of diagnosis. Three patients maintained a strict SCD diet for the study period and the mean time for liberalization was 7.7 ± 4.0 mo(range 1-12) for the remaining patients. In both groups, hematocrit, albumin and ESR values improved while on strict SCD and appeared stable after liberalization(P-value 0.006, 0.002, 0.002 respectively). The majority of children gained in weight and height percentile while on strict SCD, with small loss in weight percentile documented with liberalization. CONCLUSION: Disease control may be attainable with the SCD in pediatric CD. Further studies are needed to assess adherence, impact on mucosal healing and growth.

Association between High Fat-low Carbohydrate Diet Score and Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Population

Objective To study the association between high fat-low carbohydrate diet score and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Chinese population. Methods Data about 20 717 subjects aged 45-59 years from the cross-sectional 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were analyzed. High fat-low carbohydrate diet was scored according to the energy of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Results Of the 20 717 subjects, 1 332 were diagnosed with hyperglycemia and 662 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Multivariate adjusted analysis showed that the highest score of type 2 diabetes patients was 2.75 （95% CI： 2.09-3.61）. The score of type 2 diabetes patients was 1.87 （95% CI： 1.35-2.58） after further adjustment for their socioeconomic status and physical activity. No significant difference was found in the odds ratio after further adjustment for BMI, blood pressure, lipid level, and energy intake. No evidence was observed for the relation between high fat-low carbohydrate-diet score in type 2 diabetes patients due to high family income, less education, physical activity, overweight, hypertension, high TG, or low HDL level. Conclusion High fat-low carbohydrate diets, far different from traditional Chinese diets, are associated with the high incidence of type 2 diabetes in Chinese population.

Compliance of a Small Convenience Sample and Efficacy of Short Term Modified Carbohydrate Diet on Weight Loss in Overweight College Students: A Pilot Study

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine overweight students’ compliance on low and moderate carbohydrate diets and its influence on weight loss. The 28 day study was divided into two experimental periods of 14 days each. For the first 14 days, Group 1 (n = 6) received LC diet (30 grams carbohydrate/day with ad libitum intake of protein and fat), and group 2 (n = 8) received MC diet (60 grams carbohydrate/day with ad libitum intake of protein and fat). After 14 days, there was a crossover of the diets. Two random 24-hour diet records, urinary ketones, and daily emotional and physical well-being journals evaluated participants’ dietary compliance. Height, weight, body mass index, and urine ketones were assessed at baseline, days 14 and 28. A 2 × 2 ANOVA was conducted to examine the difference between groups and to determine if a difference existed from baseline to the end of the diet period. During the study period, ir- respective of carbohydrate levels, a vast majority of participants had above or below the recommended intake of carbo- hydrates, indicating non-compliance due to various reasons. During each experimental period, although weight loss differences between groups over time did not exist, there was a significant weight loss within subjects over time (p < 0.01). Presence of urinary ketones during the dietary interventions were not statistically significant. In conclusion, mod-ified carbohydrate diets were effective with weight loss;however participants were non-compliant with their de- fined dietary protocols.

Apoptosis induced by a low-carbohydrate and high-protein diet in rat livers

AIM: To determine whether high-protein, high-fat, and low-carbohydrate diets can cause lesions in rat livers.METHODS: We randomly divided 20 female Wistar rats into a control diet group and an experimental diet group. Animals in the control group received an AIN-93 M diet, and animals in the experimental group received an Atkins-based diet(59.46% protein, 31.77% fat, and 8.77% carbohydrate). After 8 wk, the rats were anesthetized and exsanguinated for transaminases analysis, and their livers were removed for flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and light microscopy studies. We expressed the data as mean ± standard deviation(sd) assuming unpaired and parametric data; we analyzed differences using the student's t-test. statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.RESULTS: We found that plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. According to flow cytometry, the percentages of nonviable cells were 11.67% ± 1.12% for early apoptosis, 12.07% ± 1.11% for late apoptosis, and 7.11% ± 0.44% for non-apoptotic death in the experimental diet group and 3.73% ± 0.50% for early apoptosis, 5.67% ± 0.72% for late apoptosis, and 3.82% ± 0.28% for non-apoptotic death in the control diet group. The mean percentage of early apoptosis was higher in the experimental diet group than in the control diet group. Immunohistochemistry for autophagy was negative in both groups. sinusoidal dilation around the central vein and small hepatocytes was only observed in the experimental diet group, and fibrosis was not identified by hematoxylin-eosin or Trichrome Masson staining in either group.CONCLUSION: Eight weeks of an experimental diet resulted in cellular and histopathological lesions in rat livers. Apoptosis was our principal finding; elevated plasma transaminases demonstrate hepatic lesions.

Idiopathic Reactive Hypoglycemia: Mechanisms of Onset and Remission with High Protein Low Carbohydrate Diet

Objective: Idiopathic reactive hypoglycemia is defined as early postprandial hypoglycemia occurring on ingestion of high carbohydrate containing meal. Remission ensues with high protein low carbohydrate diet. This study assessed roles of insulin and glucagon in its onset and remission. Methods: Plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon were determined after an overnight fast and repeatedly until 180 minutes on ingestion of 3 meals;100 g glucose;100 g pure protein liquid and mixture of 50 g each at 14 days’ interval. Five adults with IRH and 6 age matched healthy volunteers participated. Results: In IRH, glucose ingestion induced prompt rise in glucose (5.1 ± 0.8 to10.5 ± 1.2 mM/L) followed later by hypoglycemia (2.6 ± 0.4 mM/L). Insulin rose from 7 ± 2 to 90 ± 18 mU/L. Glucagon rose initially (10% ± 2%) from elevated basal concentration (373 ± 57 mU/L) followed by later decline (-43% ± 12%). On protein ingestion, glucose declined followed by a restoration to basal level while both insulin and glucagon rose (28 ± 6 mU/L;148% ± 38%, p < 0.01). However, insulin response was lower and glucagon rise was greater when compared to responses on glucose ingestion (p < 0.01). With mixed meal, glucose (8.2 ± 0.6 mM/L), insulin (65 ± 12 mU/L) and glucagon (48% ± 7%) responses were lesser than rises following glucose ingestion (p < 0.05) and hypoglycemia did not occur. Conclusion: In IRH, initial hyperglycemia on glucose ingestion may be exacerbated by paradoxical glucagon rise and hypoglycemia may be induced by increased insulin and declining glucagon responses. Resolution of hypoglycemia with high protein low carbohydrate diet may be attributed to blunting of insulin response and concurrent glucagon rise.

Low Carbohydrate Diets in Type 2 Diabetes—A Translational Study

Although intensive interventions with low carbohydrate diets compared with higher carbohydrate diets can reduce HbA1c in people with type 2 diabetes, it is not clear if simple advice to make modest reductions in carbohydrate is effective in clinical practice. Forty-three people with type 2 diabetes and poor control (HbA1c > 7.5%) were randomized to receive 2 short education sessions over 6 months with a non-dietitian researcher on how to reduce carbohydrate intake by about 25% or to 2 control sessions in which the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating was provided. Hba1c and fasting glucose and lipids were measured at baseline and 3 months and 6 months. 33 volunteers attended a baseline visit;27 completed 3 months and 24 6 months. HbA1c was reduced by 0.6% - 0.7% in the low carbohydrate diet group compared with the control group (P = 0.1). Fasting glucose was reduced by 2.3 mmol/L compared with the control group at 3 months (P < 0.03) only. Changes in HbA1c at 6 months were related to baseline HbA1c in the intervention group only. Although we have obtained suggestive evidence that a low carbohydrate diet can be successfully implemented in normal practice without professional help, our results are limited by low participant numbers and further studies are required.

低碳水化合物饮食和生活方式干预对瘦型非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者的疗效观察

目的观察低碳水化合物饮食和线上生活方式干预对瘦型非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)患者的疗效。方法本研究选取2019年12月—2021年3月在北京大学深圳医院感染性疾病科、深圳市前海蛇口自贸区医院感染性疾病科就诊的瘦型NAFLD患者53例,予以限制热量摄入的低碳水化合物饮食[总热量摄入根据基础代谢率(BMR)和活动因子(PAL)计算得来,总能量限制在(BMR×95%×PAL-1000)kcal~(BMR×95%×PAL-500)kcal],碳水化合物比例波动在10%~55%和生活方式指导8周,通过线上管理软件进行监督随访并观察患者疗效及安全性。比较患者干预前后的脂肪含量(CAP)及肝硬度(LSM)、人体测量学指标、血生化、尿蛋白和尿酮体等。1年后随访患者体质量和BMI。符合正态分布的计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料采用配对样本的Wilcoxon符号秩和检验。计数资料组间比较采用χ^(2)检验。结果经8周干预后,患者CAP从(304.47±31.91)db/m下降至(242.43±26.74)db/m,LSM从(7.43±2.41)kPa下降至(6.36±1.79)kPa,体质量从(64.29±7.37)kg下降至(60.24±7.08),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为11.25、3.72、14.07,P值均<0.001)。25例患者(47.2%)脂肪肝消失,12例LSM异常者(63.2%)恢复正常。52例患者(98.1%)体质量平均下降(4.05±2.32)kg。CAP下降等级随着体质量下降幅度的增加而增加。经干预后患者BMI、腰围、臀围、ALT、AST、GGT、尿酸、空腹血糖、TG、TC、LDL显著下降,HDL显著升高(t值分别为12.85,13.77,10.28,7.64,6.21,8.35,6.83,6.31,7.4,4.97,5.95,−2.21,P值均<0.05)。ALT、AST、GGT、尿酸、空腹血糖、TG、TC、LDL基线异常者恢复正常的比例分别为75%、100%、81.8%、57.1%、100%、66.7%、73.5%、85.3%。尿素氮、血肌酐、尿蛋白、尿酮体无明显改变(P值均>0.05)。随访1年后患者体质量及BMI无反弹(P值均>0.05)。干预及随访期间患者无胃肠道反应。结论低碳水化合物饮食及生活方式干预,可以改善瘦型NAFLD患者肝脂肪含量及肝功能、血脂指标,且安全性良好。

度拉糖肽注射液配合低碳水化合物早餐饮食疗法对老年糖尿病患者糖脂代谢紊乱的影响

目的:探究度拉糖肽注射液配合低碳水化合物早餐饮食疗法对老年糖尿病患者糖脂代谢紊乱的影响。方法:采用随机数字表法将84例2021年1月—2023年1月来单县中心医院内分泌科就诊的老年糖尿病患者分为对照组(42例)和试验组(42例),两组均予以常规药物治疗,在此基础上,对照组予以低碳水化合物早餐饮食疗法治疗,试验组则在对照组治疗基础上加用度拉糖肽注射液治疗,疗程均为3个月,对比两组治疗前后糖代谢水平、血脂指标水平、体重指数(BMI)、胰岛素水平。结果:经治疗后,两组空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)均较于治疗前明显下降,且试验组均低于对照组(P<0.05);试验组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)均比对照组低(P<0.05),而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)比对照组高(P<0.05);试验组BMI、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、餐后2 h胰岛素均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:采用度拉糖肽注射液配合低碳水化合物早餐饮食疗法对老年糖尿病治疗具有较好的效果,能够有效改善糖脂代谢异常和胰岛素功能,降低血糖与体质量。

Dietary sodium acetate and sodium butyrate attenuate intestinal damage and improve lipid metabolism in juvenile largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)fed a high carbohydrate diet by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress

High-carbohydrate(HC)diets decrease the intestinal levels of sodium acetate(SA)and sodium butyrate(SB)and impair the gut health of largemouth bass;however,SA and SB have been shown to enhance immunity and improve intestinal health in farmed animals.Thus,the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary SA and SB on HC diet-induced intestinal injury and the potential mechanisms in juvenile largemouth bass.The experiment set five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets,including a lowcarbohydrate diet(9%starch)(LC),a high carbohydrate diet(18%starch)(HC),and the HC diet supplemented with 2 g/kg SA(HCSA),2 g/kg SB(HCSB)or a combination of 1 g/kg SA and 1 g/kg SB(HCSASB).The feeding experiment was conducted for 8 weeks.A total of 525 juvenile largemouth bass with an initial body weight of 7.00±0.20 g were used.The results showed that dietary SA and SB improved the weight gain rate and specific growth rate(P<0.05)and ameliorated serum parameters(alkaline phosphatase,acid phosphatase,glutamate transaminase,and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase)(P<0.05).And,importantly,dietary SA and SB repaired the intestinal barrier by increasing the expression levels of zonula occludens-1,occludin,and claudin-7(P<0.05),reduced HC-induced intestinal damage,and alleviated intestinal inflammation and cell apoptosis by attenuating HC-induced intestinal endoplasmic reticulum stress(P<0.05).Further results revealed that dietary SA and SB reduced HC-induced intestinal fat deposition by inhibiting adipogenesis and promoting lipolysis(P<0.05).In summary,this study demonstrated that dietary SA and SB attenuated HC-induced intestinal damage and reduced excessive intestinal fat deposition in largemouth bass.

碳水化合物对心血管疾病风险因素影响的Meta分析

背景心血管疾病作为全球首要死亡原因,严重威胁人类的健康。饮食作为重要的干预手段备受关注,但碳水化合物对心血管疾病的影响尚未知。目的分析碳水化合物摄入对心血管疾病风险因素影响的证据。方法计算机检索万方数据知识服务平台、中国知网、维普信息资源系统、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase数据库,获取发表时间为建库至2023年1月的关于碳水化合物与心血管疾病风险的随机对照研究。由两名研究者分别独立提取文献数据,并进行文献质量评价。使用RevMan 5.3软件进行数据分析。结果共纳入16项随机对照试验,碳水化合物饮食干预能够降低三酰甘油水平,下降了0.17 mmol/L(95%CI=-0.24~-0.10 mmol/L,P<0.00001)。持续6个月以下碳水化合物饮食干预使三酰甘油水平下降了0.25 mmol/L(95%CI=-0.33~-0.17 mmol/L,P<0.00001);12~23个月组三酰甘油降低0.15 mmol/L(95%CI=-0.29~-0.01 mmol/L,P=0.04)。血浆高密度脂蛋白水平升高0.09 mmol/L(95%CI=0.07~0.10 mmol/L,P<0.00001),血浆低密度脂蛋白水平升高0.10 mmol/L(95%CI=0.02~0.17 mmol/L,P=0.01)。结论低碳水化合物饮食对心血管危险因素的总体影响在6个月以下和6~11个月时更加有利,但2年后对心血管危险因素没有显著影响,其长期影响需要进一步研究证实。

等热量低碳水化合物高蛋白饮食对非酒精性脂肪性肝病血清脂质的影响

目的 研究等热量低碳水化合物高蛋白饮食(CRD)对非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)患者的影响及形成的脂质代谢差异。方法 收集2019年1月—2022年6月在上海市普陀区中心医院消化内科诊断为NAFLD的患者25例与健康志愿者25例,NAFLD患者采用CRD干预。采集受试者基本信息,检测肝功能、血脂等生化指标,使用超高效液相色谱串联高分辨质谱(UPLC-Q-Orbitrap/MS)技术进行血清脂质分析。主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别法(OPLS-DA)用于分析血清脂质代谢标志物。结果 经过4周的饮食干预后,患者的体质量由(77.88±10.76) kg降至(76.62±10.78) kg,(P<0.001)、体质指数(BMI)由25.63(24.40-26.80)kg/m^(2)降低至24.88(24.5-26.34)kg/m^(2)(P<0.01)、腰围无显著性变化(P>0.05)。CRD干预后NAFLD患者AKP水平[(3.12±23.90) U/L]显著低于干预前[(93.36±30.41) U/L],(P<0.01)。GGT、ALT水平分别由干预前的(43.84±27.78) U/L、35.0(25.0-76.5)U/L降低至(35.16±17.51) U/L和28.0(14.5-45.5)U/L(均P<0.05)。患者血清TC水平由4.56(3.82-6.31)mmol/L降低至3.15(1.79-4.32)mmol/L(P<0.001)。CHE、AST、TG、HDL、LDL水平无显著变化(均P>0.05)。脂质组学研究发现,CRD干预后,血清中OAFHA、LPC、MG、LPG、PI、PS、PG、PA和SM的含量发生显著变化(P<0.05)。结论 CRD干预可以减轻NAFLD患者体质量、降低BMI和腰围,改善患者肝功能和血脂异常。脂质组学分析表明,CRD饮食能缓解脂肪肝脂毒性、调控鞘脂代谢进而改善NAFLD的发生、发展。本次研究发现的53个脂质成分亦可作为NAFLD的生物标志物。

低碳水化合物饮食对非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者脂肪肝及肝功能的影响

目的:探讨低碳水化合物饮食干预对非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)患者脂肪肝及肝功能的影响。方法:选取2022年5月—2023年1月在深圳市宝安区中心医院就诊的80例NAFLD患者为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为低碳水化合物饮食组(试验组,55例)和常规饮食组(对照组,25例),试验组男性36例,女性19例,年龄(33.8±1.2)岁,对照组男性20例,女性5例,年龄(33.0±1.3)岁。比较两组饮食干预12周前后体重、血糖、血脂、肝生化功能指标、脂肪肝等变化情况。结果:试验组与对照组在干预前各项指标差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),而干预12周后,试验组体重、体重指数、腰围、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、甘油三酯、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、谷氨酰转肽酶水平低于对照组(均P<0.05),试验组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平高于对照组(P=0.027)。试验组干预后,脂肪肝清除率达47.3%(26/55);对照组干预前后脂肪肝水平未见明显改变(P>0.05)。结论:与常规饮食相比,低碳水化合物饮食可以改善NAFLD患者肝生化功能指标和脂肪肝。

高糖饲料对黄颡鱼生长及肠道菌群结构的影响

研究以淀粉为主要糖源制备高糖饲料对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)生长和肠道菌群结构的影响。选用初始体重(4.13±0.11)g的黄颡鱼180尾,随机分为2组,每组设3个重复,每个重复30尾,对照组(CG)投喂糖水平23.25%的基础饲料;高糖组(HG)投喂糖水平31.11%的高糖饲料,两组实验料等氮等能(粗蛋白36.5%,能量16.1 kJ/g)。56 d的养殖实验表明:HG特定生长率和增重率显著低于CG(P<0.05);HG饲料系数高于CG,但与CG相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。HG肠道菌群系统发育多样性指数显著高于CG(P<0.05);OUT数量和Chao1指数低于CG,但差异不显著(P>0.05);Shannon和Simpson指数未体现显著差异(P>0.05)。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为黄颡鱼的肠道优势菌门,HG肠道厚壁菌门相对丰度低于CG,拟杆菌门相对丰度高于CG,螺旋体门(Spirochaetes)相对丰度显著高于CG(P<0.05);HG梭菌属(Clostridium)和分节丝状菌属(Candidatus Arthromitus)菌群相对丰度显著低于CG(P<0.05),HG别样棒菌属(Allo-baculum)、普雷沃菌属(Prevotella)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)和密螺旋体属(Treponema)菌群相对丰度高于CG(P<0.05)。因此,长期摄入高糖饲料抑制了黄颡鱼生长,降低了饲料利用,同时改变了肠道菌群组成和结构,增加易感染疾病风险。

Cancer metabolism and dietary interventions

Metabolic remodeling is a key feature of cancer development.Knowledge of cancer metabolism has greatly expanded since the first observation of abnormal metabolism in cancer cells,the so-called Warburg effect.Malignant cells tend to modify cellular metabolism to favor specialized fermentation over the aerobic respiration usually used by most normal cells.Thus,targeted cancer therapies based on reprogramming nutrient or metabolite metabolism have received substantial attention both conceptually and in clinical practice.In particular,the management of nutrient availability is becoming more attractive in cancer treatment.In this review,we discuss recent findings on tumor metabolism and potential dietary interventions based on the specific characteristics of tumor metabolism.First,we present a comprehensive overview of changes in macronutrient metabolism.Carbohydrates,amino acids,and lipids,are rewired in the cancer microenvironment individually or systematically.Second,we summarize recent progress in cancer interventions applying different types of diets and specific nutrient restrictions in pre-clinical research or clinical trials.

Restricting carbohydrates to fight head and neck cancer——is this realistic?

Head and neck cancers(HNCs) are aggressive tumors that typically demonstrate a high glycolytic rate, which results in resistance to cytotoxic therapy and poor prognosis. Due to their location these tumors specifically impair food intake and quality of life, so that prevention of weight loss through nutrition support becomes an important treatment goal. Dietary restriction of carbohydrates(CHOs) and their replacement with fat, mostly in form of a ketogenic diet(KD), have been suggested to accommodate for both the altered tumor cell metabolism and cancer-associated weight loss. In this review, I present three specific rationales for CHO restriction and nutritional ketosis as supportive treatment options for the HNC patient. These are(1) targeting the origin and specific aspects of tumor glycolysis;(2) protecting normal tissue from but sensitizing tumor tissue to radiation- and chemotherapy induced cell kill;(3) supporting body and muscle mass maintenance. While most of these benefits of CHO restriction apply to cancer in general, specific aspects of implementation are discussed in relation to HNC patients. While CHO restriction seems feasible in HNC patients the available evidence indicates that its role may extend beyond fighting malnutrition to fighting HNC itself.

Dietary Lectin exclusion: The next big food trend?

Until recently,with the exception of coeliac disease,gastroenterologists have not been particularly interested in the role of diet in the management of gastrointestinal disorders.However,patients have always felt that diet must play a part in their symptoms and,in the absence of any medical interest,have turned to alternative dietary practitioners for help,which can often have no evidence base.Fortunately,with the advent of the FODMAP diet(fermentable oligosaccharides,disaccharides,monosaccharides,and polyols)and the realisation that diet can have a profound effect on the microbiome,medical opinion is now changing.Nevertheless,research on the various diets that are now available is often completely lacking.Lectins are carbohydrate binding proteins which are widely distributed in nature and are found in a whole variety of commonly consumed foods.It seems likely that the exclusion of lectins from the diet could become the next“food fashion”for alternative practitioners to promote,especially as there is some evidence to suggest that certain lectins may be harmful to health.It is,therefore,the purpose of this viewpoint to try and stimulate research on the dietary effects of lectins,which is currently minimal,so that we can pre-empt a situation where we are unable to give patients or the public evidence based advice on this topic.

Dietary intakes of Karen hill triber children aged 1-6 years in northern Thailand

Malnutrition results from insufficient intakes of food including micronutrients such as vitamin A,iron,iodine, zinc,and folic acid.This paper reported the results from a study of dietary intakes of Karen hill tribe children aged 1-6 years in the north of Thailand.All children aged 1-6 years(n=158;83 boys,75 girls)from the three Karen villages(Mae Hae Tai,Mae Yot,Mae Raek) of Mae Chaem district in the north of Thailand were studied.All children were examined by a qualified medical doctor and were assessed for their nutrient intakes using 24 hours dietary recall.All families had income lower than the Thailand poverty line(US $1000/ year).For children aged 1-3 years,the nutrients generally consumed were much less than the Thai RDA. Compared with the Thai RDA,all children consumed much less energy(28%-40.5%RDA)than protein (55.8%-96.1%RDA).Interestingly,all boys and only girls from Mae Raek village consumed vitamin A more than the Thai RDA but girls from Mae Hae Tai village and Mae Yot village consumed vitamin A less than the Thai RDA.For children aged 4-6 years,boys from Mae Raek village consumed protein(128.4%RDA) and vitamin C(143.1%RDA)above the Thai RDA.Girls from Mae Yot village also consumed vitamin C (132.9%RDA)above the Thai RDA.Both boys and girls from Mae Raek village and also girls from Mae Yot village consumed vitamin A more than the Thai RDA.Other nutrients were consumed much less than the Thai RDA by all children.All children consumed protein more than 10%of the total energy consumption per day. Most of the energy consumed by children came from carbohydrate.Nearly all children consumed carbohydrate more than 50%of the total energy consumption per day except boys aged 1-3 years from Mae Raek village (consumed 45%).All children from Mae Hae Tai village and boys aged 4-6 years from Mae Yot village(consumed 27%)consumed fat less than 30%of the total energy consumption per day.It appeared that the priority recommendations for improving nutrition in Karen villages in Mae Chaem would be increase energy consumption such as fat and oil.More general work is needed on how children’s diets might be improved in a culturally acceptable manner,so as to bring consumption patterns closer to recommended allowance levels.

The Effect of Ketogenic-Diet on Health

In recent years, the ketogenic diet is the most popular diet around the world. Therefore, keto diet, short for ketogenic, involves eating a high amount of fat, a moderate amount of protein and very few carbs. This research paper aims to know about the effect of a ketogenic diet on our body, to know about the mechanism of the ketogenic diet in treating neurodegenerative disorders and to know about the mechanism of the ketogenic diet in reducing the weight of our body. Also, the objective was to investigate the ketogenic diet stimulates ketogenesis which treats certain neurodegenerative disorders. Although this is high fats containing food it is beneficial for our body in certain conditions. It is also useful in the conditions in which the brain requires a low level of glucose so the brain starts utilizing ketone bodies. As the intake of carbohydrates is lowered so it is also used to reduce the weight of the body. In this research, the qualitative methodology has been adopted which refers to secondary sources of data. In this project, I used a variety of research that has also been undertaken by numerous researchers including dietitians who tend to support the positive benefits of using ketogenic diets to manage losing weight as well as other health problems that could result from overweight. Also, we used a table to show the difference between studies. Finally, it is important to note that the ketogenic-diet has created debate, partially although traditional dietary education has, for years, illustrated the adverse effects of high overall including trans-fat intake.

The Effect of High Carbohydrate Consumption on Glucose Levels and Antibody Production in Nonobese Diabetic Mice

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic treatment with diets rich in carbohydrates on the IgM and IgG antibody production and the seric glucose concentration in diabetes. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice received, ad libitum, by oral route, the diet consisting of an aqueous extract (20 mg/mL) of the following flours: babassu mesocarp, manioc, corn or rice, during 120 days. The diet intake was monitored throughout this period. At the end, the weight variation, blood glucose, serum IgG and IgM antibody and IgM anti-insulin titers, were determined. The babassu and manioc flour extracts altered Purina chow intake and these animals also presented a significant increase in body weight. In contrast, treatment with rice flour resulted in a significant weight loss. Moderate to severe hyperglycemia was observed in the groups receiving rice and manioc, whereas treatment with babassu mesocarp flour and cornmeal resulted in hypoglycemia. The extracts did not alter the IgG concentration. On the other hand, the cornmeal extract caused a marked reduction in both total IgM and anti-insulin IgM antibody production. Although babassu mesocarp flour, cornmeal and manioc flour caused important variations in the parameters studied, only treatment with the rice flour extract anticipated the onset of diabetes in male mice genetically predisposed to the disease.