一个适用于地球系统模式（CAS-ESM）的在线气溶胶与大气化学分量模式（IAP-AACM）的发展与评估

地球系统模式是研究全球气候与生态环境变化问题的重要工具,气溶胶与大气化学模式负责为其中的大气环流模式提供与气候效应有关的气态化学物质和气溶胶成分。本文在全球嵌套网格空气质量预报模式系统的基础上发展了一个适用于中国科学院地球系统模式(CAS-ESM)耦合计算的气溶胶与大气化学分量模式(IAPAACM),采用简化的气相化学机制,不仅考虑了人为气溶胶,同时考虑了海盐、沙尘和二甲基硫等自然气溶胶及其前体物的在线排放。评估结果表明,IAP-AACM氧化剂插值计算可靠,采用简化机制和碳键机制(CBM-Z)模拟的差异较小。和观测的对比表明,得益于CAS-ESM的气溶胶双向反馈作用,简化版能够较好地抓住气溶胶及其前体物的空间分布,为IAP-AGCM提供可靠的气溶胶模拟。另外,简化版能大幅提升计算效率,满足CASESM耦合长期积分的需求。为了在全球气候变化的研究中提供更完善的气溶胶模拟,未来考虑在IAP-AACM中增加氮化学和臭氧平流层化学机制。

Contrast in Secondary Organic Aerosols between the Present Day and the Preindustrial Period:The Importance of Nontraditional Sources and the Changed Atmospheric Oxidation Capability

Quantifying differences in secondary organic aerosols(SOAs)between the preindustrial period and the present day is crucial to assess climate forcing and environmental effects resulting from anthropogenic activities.The lack of vegetation information for the preindustrial period and the uncertainties in describing SOA formation are two leading factors preventing simulation of SOA.This study calculated the online emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in the Aerosol and Atmospheric Chemistry Model of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP-AACM)by coupling the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature(MEGAN),where the input vegetation parameters were simulated by the IAP Dynamic Global Vegetation Model(IAP-DGVM).The volatility basis set(VBS)approach was adopted to simulate SOA formation from the nontraditional pathways,i.e.,the oxidation of intermediate VOCs and aging of primary organic aerosol.Although biogenic SOAs(BSOAs)were dominant in SOAs globally in the preindustrial period,the contribution of nontraditional anthropogenic SOAs(ASOAs)to the total SOAs was up to 35.7%.In the present day,the contribution of ASOAs was 2.8 times larger than that in the preindustrial period.The contribution of nontraditional sources of SOAs to SOA was as high as 53.1%.The influence of increased anthropogenic emissions in the present day on BSOA concentrations was greater than that of increased biogenic emission changes.The response of BSOA concentrations to anthropogenic emission changes in the present day was more sensitive than that in the preindustrial period.The nontraditional sources and the atmospheric oxidation capability greatly affect the global SOA change.

春季沙尘对关中地区PM2.5浓度影响的多尺度模拟研究

“一带一路”建设让古代丝绸之路的起点——西安成为世界焦点,西安的空气质量也是政府和公众关注的焦点。以2017年5月我国北方的一次强沙尘过程为例,首次利用中国科学院大气物理研究所气溶胶和大气化学模式系统IAP-AACM(Aerosol and Atmospheric Chemistry Model of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics)模拟关中地区细颗粒物(PM2.5)的时空分布,并结合地面逐小时PM2.5观测数据对沙尘气溶胶和PM2.5模拟的关系进行深入探究。结果表明:加入沙尘组分对模拟关中地区PM2.5时空变化特征作用显著,相关性可提升0.4~0.6,并且可以很好地再现强沙尘时段PM2.5浓度骤增的过程;在强沙尘时段和一般时段,沙尘组分对PM2.5的贡献分别为60%~80%和10%~30%;0.11°×0.11°高分辨率模拟有助于提升模式捕捉污染物时空变化的能力。

内蒙古呼包鄂区域冬季大气细颗粒物污染成因解析

利用气象模式WRF和中科院大气所自主发展的大气气溶胶与大气化学模式IAP-AACM对2016年冬季内蒙古中部呼包鄂地区大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)的典型污染过程进行了模拟分析。结果表明,呼包鄂地区的空气质量变化主要受大范围天气形势影响。污染累积阶段,500 hPa高度上该区域受阻塞高压或弱高压脊前平直的偏西气流控制,地面为弱高压或均压场,风速较小,边界层高度低,污染物不易扩散,且气温和相对湿度较高,利于二次颗粒物生成;污染消散阶段,天气形势发生明显变化,550 hPa高度以下有强冷平流,地面易形成大风天气,利于污染物消散,伴随着冷空气的南下,下游地区的污染物也得到清除。呼包鄂区域PM2.5主要来源于本地排放,鄂尔多斯本地排放贡献大于60%,呼和浩特本地排放贡献大于80%,包头本地排放贡献达到90%,该区域空气质量的变化可以反映区域大气污染气象条件的变化。交叉相关分析发现,呼包鄂区域的PM2.5浓度与其下游的山西、河北、河南地区的PM2.5浓度具有高度的时间相关性,相位差在6~24小时。呼包鄂区域PM2.5污染的改善有赖于本地污染源的管控,该区域冬季空气质量变化可作为下游地区空气质量变化的前兆因子,有助于下游地区空气质量的预报预警。