Block size and shape depend on the state of fracturing of the rock mass and,consequently,on the geometrical features of the discontinuity sets(mainly orientation,spacing,and persistence).The development of non-contact...Block size and shape depend on the state of fracturing of the rock mass and,consequently,on the geometrical features of the discontinuity sets(mainly orientation,spacing,and persistence).The development of non-contact surveying techniques applied to rock mass characterization offers significant advantages in terms of data numerosity,precision,and accuracy,allowing for performing a rigorous statistical analysis of the database.This fact is particularly evident when dealing with rockfall phenomena:uncertainties in spacing and orientation data could significantly amplify the uncertainties connected with in situ block size distribution(IBSD),which represents a relation between each possible value of the volume and its probability of not being exceeded.In addition to volume,block shape can be considered as a derived parameter that suffers from uncertainties.Many attempts to model the possible trajectories of blocks considering their actual shape have been proposed,aiming to reproduce the effect on motion.The authors proposed analytical equations for calculating the expected value and variance of volume distributions,based on the geometrically correct equation for block volume in the case of three discontinuity sets.They quantify and discuss the effect of both volume and shape variability through a synthetic case study.Firstly,a fictitious rock mass with three discontinuity sets is assumed as the source of rockfall.The IBSDs obtained considering different spacing datasets are quantitatively compared,and the overall uncertainty effect is assessed,proving the correctness of the proposed equations.Then,block shape distributions are obtained and compared,confirming the variability of shapes within the same IBSD.Finally,a comparison between trajectory simulations on the synthetic slope is reported,aiming to highlight the effects of the propagation of uncertainties to block volume and shape estimation.The benefits of an approach that can quantify the uncertainties are discussed from the perspective of improving the reliability of simulations.展开更多
Objective： To explore the short and long-term efficacy of combining electroacupuncture（EA） and Qibei mixture in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome（IBSD）.Methods： Six hundred and forty-four patients with c...Objective： To explore the short and long-term efficacy of combining electroacupuncture（EA） and Qibei mixture in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome（IBSD）.Methods： Six hundred and forty-four patients with confirmed IBSD from the Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University in China, recruited from July 2012 to June 2016, were randomly divided into four groups, the EA group, Qibei mixture group, combination group and medication group with 161 patients in each group. The patients in the EA group were treated with EA at zúsānlǐ（足三里ST36）. Gān shù（肝俞BL18）, Pǐshù（脾俞BL20）. Tàichōng（太冲LR36） and Qízhōngsìbiān（脐中四边）once daily for 4 weeks, while the patients in the Qibei mixture group were treated with 50 mL of Qibei mixture twice daily, the combination group with the above-mentioned EA and Qibei mixture, and the medication group with 1 tablet compound diphenoxylate twice, 3 g montmorillonite powder three times and 25 mg amitriptyline twice daily. The defecation frequencies, stool properties, accompanying symptom score, life quality score and adverse reactions were recorded pre-treatment,at the end of treatment and 6 weeks post-treatment for the four groups.Results： Compared with pre-treatment, the defecation frequencies, stool property score and accompanying symptom score were all decreased significantly at the end of treatment in each group（all P〈0.01）,while the scores of nine dimensions of quality of life were all increased significantly（all P〈0.01）. The above-mentioned indices were better in the combination group than in the other groups（all P〈0.05）.Compared with the end of treatment, no significant recurrences of the above-mentioned indices had occurred in the combination group or the EA group at 6 weeks post-treatment（both P〉0.05）, but these indices all recurred significantly in the group given Qibei mixture and the medication group（P〈0.05）.The short-and long-term total effective rates in the combination group both showed significant differences from those in the other groups（P〈0.05, P〈0.01）. No serious adverse reactions occurred in the four groups.Conclusion： EA and Qibei mixture can decrease defecation frequencies, improve stool properties, and alleviate accompanying symptoms to increase life quality, but the therapeutic effect of combination therapy is greater, with better reliability and long-term efficacy.展开更多
文摘Block size and shape depend on the state of fracturing of the rock mass and,consequently,on the geometrical features of the discontinuity sets(mainly orientation,spacing,and persistence).The development of non-contact surveying techniques applied to rock mass characterization offers significant advantages in terms of data numerosity,precision,and accuracy,allowing for performing a rigorous statistical analysis of the database.This fact is particularly evident when dealing with rockfall phenomena:uncertainties in spacing and orientation data could significantly amplify the uncertainties connected with in situ block size distribution(IBSD),which represents a relation between each possible value of the volume and its probability of not being exceeded.In addition to volume,block shape can be considered as a derived parameter that suffers from uncertainties.Many attempts to model the possible trajectories of blocks considering their actual shape have been proposed,aiming to reproduce the effect on motion.The authors proposed analytical equations for calculating the expected value and variance of volume distributions,based on the geometrically correct equation for block volume in the case of three discontinuity sets.They quantify and discuss the effect of both volume and shape variability through a synthetic case study.Firstly,a fictitious rock mass with three discontinuity sets is assumed as the source of rockfall.The IBSDs obtained considering different spacing datasets are quantitatively compared,and the overall uncertainty effect is assessed,proving the correctness of the proposed equations.Then,block shape distributions are obtained and compared,confirming the variability of shapes within the same IBSD.Finally,a comparison between trajectory simulations on the synthetic slope is reported,aiming to highlight the effects of the propagation of uncertainties to block volume and shape estimation.The benefits of an approach that can quantify the uncertainties are discussed from the perspective of improving the reliability of simulations.
文摘Objective： To explore the short and long-term efficacy of combining electroacupuncture（EA） and Qibei mixture in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome（IBSD）.Methods： Six hundred and forty-four patients with confirmed IBSD from the Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University in China, recruited from July 2012 to June 2016, were randomly divided into four groups, the EA group, Qibei mixture group, combination group and medication group with 161 patients in each group. The patients in the EA group were treated with EA at zúsānlǐ（足三里ST36）. Gān shù（肝俞BL18）, Pǐshù（脾俞BL20）. Tàichōng（太冲LR36） and Qízhōngsìbiān（脐中四边）once daily for 4 weeks, while the patients in the Qibei mixture group were treated with 50 mL of Qibei mixture twice daily, the combination group with the above-mentioned EA and Qibei mixture, and the medication group with 1 tablet compound diphenoxylate twice, 3 g montmorillonite powder three times and 25 mg amitriptyline twice daily. The defecation frequencies, stool properties, accompanying symptom score, life quality score and adverse reactions were recorded pre-treatment,at the end of treatment and 6 weeks post-treatment for the four groups.Results： Compared with pre-treatment, the defecation frequencies, stool property score and accompanying symptom score were all decreased significantly at the end of treatment in each group（all P〈0.01）,while the scores of nine dimensions of quality of life were all increased significantly（all P〈0.01）. The above-mentioned indices were better in the combination group than in the other groups（all P〈0.05）.Compared with the end of treatment, no significant recurrences of the above-mentioned indices had occurred in the combination group or the EA group at 6 weeks post-treatment（both P〉0.05）, but these indices all recurred significantly in the group given Qibei mixture and the medication group（P〈0.05）.The short-and long-term total effective rates in the combination group both showed significant differences from those in the other groups（P〈0.05, P〈0.01）. No serious adverse reactions occurred in the four groups.Conclusion： EA and Qibei mixture can decrease defecation frequencies, improve stool properties, and alleviate accompanying symptoms to increase life quality, but the therapeutic effect of combination therapy is greater, with better reliability and long-term efficacy.
