Students＇ Attitude and Their Level of the ICT Use as Learning English Media

This study aims to reveal the students＇ attitude towards the use of Information and Communication Technology （ICT） as learning English Media, to describe the level of their ability to use ICT, and to portray their difficulties to apply Internet at universities. This study used quantitative and qualitative （mixed） method which consisted of two data collection techniques： questionnaire and interview. Respondents total 153 students who responded to the questionnaire and participants interviewed were four students from two private universities in Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The findings show that students have positive attitude towards ICT use as media for learning English. The data analysis strengthens the results which indicate that Intemet as part oflCT functions helps students to elicit useful information. Of the 99.4% participants respond to the questionnaire which stated strongly agree or agree, its mean score is M = 4.69, and its standard deviation is SD = 0.50. The level of students＇ ability to apply ICT is good. Moreover, interview data indicates that students face two difficulties to apply ICT such as Intemet connection problems and ICT illiteracy. The former is regarding the Intemet facility given by the university. The latter deals with the students＇ incompetence in applying ICT because they have no Intemet use experience.

Innovation of Knowledge-based Hyper-multimedia to Promote a Culture of Using ICT Creatively for Adolescents

The purpose of the present research was to develop an innovative knowledge-based hyper-multimedia to promote a culture of using information and communication Technology （ICT） creatively for adolescents. Their learning processes and attitudes toward such innovation in their community were also examined. Thirty juveniles, 13-18 years of age in each Hangdong and Maerim districts, Chiang Mai province were employed in the study. Data collections were made through questionnaires, interview, test, group discussion and brainstorming. Analysis and evaluation were carried out with the applications of sufficient economy philosophy, constructivism theory and Torrance＇s future problem-solving instructional model. Results showed that the learning innovation of hyper-multimedia presented by the use of animation, video, scene and sound with related action script synchronization was considerably effective. With the application of sufficient economy philosophy, the result indicated that performance efficiency （El/E2） was 92.228/9.83 and the adolescents learning processes and attitudes were very good. These included purchasing of moderate ICT equipments, information screening for self-immunity and creative using of internet and ICT morally and ethically according to the computer laws. This independent learning system was properly designed for the juveniles with the right to retrieve the data or stop using at anytime. By using Torrance＇s approach and constructivism theory emphasizing on brainstorming techniques, it was noted that learning process was very well adopted by the adolescents with high satisfaction. They had good attitudes toward the extension of sufficient ICT cultural using in their community with emphasis on brotherly relationship. Related organizations should educate their parents to instruct the juveniles to use the internet properly and encourage people to be aware of ICT business in order to protect social and cultural problems encountered in the future.

Immigration in Portugal： An Approach to ＂Lusophone＂ Media System

The purpose of this essay is to discuss the ＂Lusophone＇＇l media system, inside the ＂Lusophone＂ migration system, from the perspective of data collected in an empirical work. For this purpose, we discuss the concept of ＂Lusophone＂ and ＂Lusophone＂ migration system, and we present the context of immigration in Portugal. The empirical work involved 14 in-depth interviews2 and started by presenting, in broad strokes, some important aspects relating to the history of ＂Lusophone＂. The analysis of the interviews was sustained in the theories of economic and political ＂world-system＂ developed by Braudel （1949） and Wallerstein （2004） and extended to the concept of migration systems of Kritz and Zlotnik （1992）. Their proposals were further developed by the Portuguese sociologist Baganha （2009） who defended the particularity of a ＂Lusophone＂ migration system. Based on those concepts, we describe the theoretical and empirical research and methodological procedures, stressing the trajectories of migration, social mobility and consumption of media and Information Communication Technologies （ICT）. We analyze the interviews, highlighting the similarities and differences, regarding the uses and consumptions of media and ICTs, between Brazilians and Finally based on the results, we discuss the characteristics the citizens from Portuguese-speaking African Countries of this ＂Lusophone＂ media system.