Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Musa sp.leaf extracts against multidrug resistant clinical pathogens causing nosocomial infection

Objective:To investigate different Musa sp.leave extracts of hexane,ethyl acetate and methanol were evaluated for antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant pathogens causing nosocomial infection by agar well diffusion method and also antioxidant activities.Methods:The four different Musa species leaves were extracted with hexane,ethyl acetate and methanol.Antibacterial susceptibility test,minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum inhibitory bacterial concentration were determined by agar well diffusion method.Total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity was determined.Results:All the Musa sp.extracts showed moderate antibacterial activities expect Musa paradisiaca with the inhibition zone ranging from 8.0 to 18.6 mm.Among four species ethyl acetate extracts of Musa paradisiaca showed highest activity against tested pathogens particularly E.coli,P.aeruginosa and Citrobacter sp.The minimum inhibitory concentrations were within the value of 15.63-250μg/ml.and minimum bactericidal concentrations were ranging from 31.25-250μg/mL.Antioxidant activity of Musa acuminate exhibited maximum activity among other three Musa species.Conclusions:The present study concluded that among the different Musa species,Musa paradisiaca displayed efficient antibacterial activity followed by Musa acuminata against multidrug resistant nosocomial infection causing pathogens.Further,an extensive study is needed to identify the bioactive compounds,mode of action and toxic effect in.vivo of Musa sp.

Multi-Drug Resistance Pattern of Lactose Non-Fermenting <i>Escherichia coli</i>as Causative Agent of Urine Tract Infections in Luanda, Angola

This prospective study was carried out to assess the sensitivity and resistance pattern of lactose non-fermenting Escherichia coli from July 2018 to December 2018 in the Laboratory of Microbiology at Luanda Medical Center, Angola. Out of 1170 patient, a total of 120 urine specimens infected with Escherichia coli (>105 CFU/ml) were collected according to the routine protocol of urinalysis. Among these 120 isolates, 25 (21%) isolates were determined as “atypical”, lactose non-fermenting E. colis trains. The twenty-five lactose non-fermenting Escherichia coli strains isolated from urine samples in Luanda Medical Center were declared as Multiple Drugs-Resistant strains with high resistance to Cefalexine (100%), Cefuroxime (100%), Ceftriaxone (92%), Gentamycin (92%), Ciprofloxacin (72%) and Amoxiciclin/Clavulanic (80%). The alarming resistance level to the first-choice drugs for the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by non-fermentative lactose E. coli was observed.

Analysis of Influencing Factors and Predictive Models of Multidrug-resistant Bacterial Infection in Severe Patients

Objective:To investigate the influencing factors of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections in patients with severe disease and establish a predictive model.Methods:207 infected patients in our hospital from 2018 to May 2020 were selected for the study,of which 73 carried drug-resistant bacteria.Results:The risk factor network of people infected with multidrug resistant bacteria is higher than that of people infected with non-multidrug resistant bacteria,and the interaction between risk factors of the former is stronger.Conclusion:Antibiotics must be used appropriately after surgery.When the elderly was abnormal in indicators such as fever and procalcitonin in the ward,they should be considered as high-risk groups of MDRO infection.They need special care and preventive measures.

Multidrug resistant organism infections in patients with COVID-19:risk factors and outcomes

Background:Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has now spread to most countries and regions of the world.Risk factors associated with multi-drug resistant organism(MDRO)infections in patients with COVID-19 have not been well studied yet.In the present study,we aimed to identify the risk factors associated with the MDRO infections and their impact on in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients.Methods:This retrospective cohort study was conducted between December 2019 and April 2020 at two tertiary hospitals in Wuhan,China.Data of cases were collected through electronic medical records system.This study was focused on cases with bacterial culture records.Risk factors and outcomes associated with MDRO infections were analyzed using logistic regression model.Results:Of the 2891 patients,370 patients have bacterial culture results,and MDROs were isolated in 38 patients.Respiratory tract infections(67.3%)were the most common hospital acquired infections.Variables independently associated with MDRO infections were dyspnea at admission(odds ratio(OR)4.74;95%confidence interval(CI)2.06-10.88;P<0.001),intensive care unit(ICU)admission(OR 5.02;95%CI 1.99-12.63;P<0.01),and invasive mechanical ventilation(OR 5.13;95%CI 2.15-12.27;P<0.001),adjusted for age and gender.MDROs infection was also a significant risk factor of death for the patients,adjusted for age,gender,severity of illness,ICU admission and mechanical ventilation(OR 1.12,95%CI:0.43-2.96,P=0.817).Conclusion:In our study,dyspnea at admission,ICU admission and invasive mechanical ventilation were associated with the presence of MDRO infections,and clinicians should be alert in MDRO infections in COVID-19 hospitalized patients.

失效模式与效应分析预防ICU获得性感染的Meta分析

目的 系统评价失效模式与效应分析(FMEA)在预防重症监护病房(ICU)获得性感染中的有效性。方法 2名研究人员独立检索外文数据库和中文数据库相关文献,检索截止时间为2022年7月15日,根据纳入和排除标准独立筛选文献、提取数据和评估总体质量,并应用RevMan 5.4软件对纳入文献的预防效果进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入了19篇文献。Meta分析结果显示,运用FMEA方法降低了ICU患者呼吸机相关肺炎发病率[OR=0.40,95%CI(0.31~0.51),P<0.01]、导尿管相关尿路感染发病率[OR=0.29,95%CI(0.17~0.51),P<0.01]、中央血管导管相关血流感染发病率[OR=0.28,95%CI(0.18~0.46),P<0.01]、多重耐药菌感染发生率[OR=0.46,95%CI(0.37~0.58),P<0.01]、ICU医院感染发病率[OR=0.46,95%CI(0.37~0.59),P<0.01],提高了ICU患者及家属满意度[OR=2.34,95%CI(1.72~3.17),P<0.01]。结论 FMEA能有效预防ICU获得性感染,提高医院感染管理质量。

国内ICU多重耐药菌感染患者的疾病负担Meta分析

目的了解国内ICU多重耐药菌感染患者的疾病负担,为多重耐药的深入研究提供参考。方法2022年10月系统检索中文数据库中国知网、万方、维普和中国生物医学,以及英文数据库PubMed,Embase,Web of Science和The Cochrane Library中收录的有关中国ICU多重耐药菌感染患者的疾病负担的研究。由2位研究者独立对文献进行筛选以及提取数据后,采用Review Manager 5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入中、英文文献18篇。国内ICU患者发生多重耐药菌感染的死亡风险是未发生多重耐药患者的1.54~3.00倍,多重耐药菌感染患者的平均住院时间比未发生多重耐药菌感染的患者延长4.11~20.17 d,住院费用的研究均显示了国内ICU患者发生多重耐药菌感染会增加住院费用。结论国内ICU患者发生多重耐药菌感染会增加死亡风险以及经济负担。但纳入文献均为回顾性研究,且以单中心研究为主,因此对待研究结果需谨慎。

Unresolved issues in the prophylaxis of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis

Bacterial infections are highly prevalent and a frequent cause of hospitalization and short-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Due to their negative impact on survival, antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial infections in high-risk subgroups of patients with cirrhosis has been the standard of care for decades. Patients with prophylaxis indications include those at risk for a first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis(SBP) due to a low ascitic fluid protein count and impaired liver and kidney function, patients with a prior episode of SBP and those with an episode of gastrointestinal bleeding. Only prophylaxis due to gastrointestinal bleeding has a known and short-time duration. All other indications imply longlasting exposure to antibiotics-once the threshold requirement for initiating prophylaxis is met-without standardized criteria for re-assessing antibiotic interruption. Despite the fact that the benefit of antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing bacterial infections episodes and mortality has been thoroughly reported, the extended use of antibiotics in patients with cirrhosis has also had negative consequences, including the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria.Currently, it is not clear whether restricting the use of broad and fixed antibiotic regimens, tailoring the choice of antibiotics to local bacterial epidemiology or selecting non-antibiotic strategies will be the preferred antibiotic prophylaxis strategy for patients with cirrhosis in the future.

Bacterial infections post-living-donor liver transplantation in Egyptian hepatitis C virus-cirrhotic patients: A singlecenter study

AIM To determine risk factors, causative organisms and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial infections following living-donor liver transplantation(LDLT) in cirrhotic patients.METHODS This prospective study included 45 patients with hepatitis C virus-related end-stage liver disease who underwent LDLT at Ain Shams Center for Organ Transplant, Cairo, Egypt from January 2014 to November 2015. Patients were followed-up for the first 3 mo after LDLT for detection of bacterial infections. All patients were examined for the possible risk factors suggestive of acquiring infection pre-, intra-and post-operatively. Positive cultures based on clinical suspicion and patterns of antimicrobial resistance were identified. RESULTS Thirty-three patients(73.3%) suffered from bacterial infections; 21 of them had a single infection episode, and 12 had repeated infection episodes. Bile was the most common site for both single and repeated episodes of infection(28.6% and 27.8%, respectively). The most common isolated organisms were gramnegative bacteria. Acinetobacter baumannii was the most common organism isolated from both single and repeated infection episodes(19% and 33.3%, respectively), followed by Escherichia coli for repeated infections(11.1%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for single infections(19%). Levofloxacin showed high sensitivity against repeated infection episodes(P = 0.03). Klebsiella, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas were multi-drug resistant(MDR). Pre-transplant hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and duration of drain insertion(in days) were independent risk factors for the occurrence of repeated infection episodes(P = 0.024).CONCLUSION MDR gram-negative bacterial infections are common post-LDLT. Pre-transplant HCC and duration of drain insertion were independent risk factors for the occurrence of repeated infection episodes.

预隔离管理在ICU多重耐药菌感染防控中的效果

目的探讨预隔离管理在降低重症监护病房多重耐药菌感染中的应用效果。方法采用便利抽样法,选择南充市某医院2020年1月—2023年12月新入住ICU的患者1118例,其中554例患者为对照组,564例患者为观察组。对照组采用常规管理,观察组在常规管理的基础上采取预隔离管理。观察两组患者多重耐药菌感染发生率和三管相关感染发生率。结果观察组院内多重耐药菌感染发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论预隔离管理能早期隔离多重耐药菌带菌者,减少院内交叉感染,有效降低ICU多重耐药菌院内感染发生率。

Infection-responsive polysaccharide-based drug-loaded nano-assembly for dual-modal treatment against drug-resistant bacterial lung infection

The escalating issue of lung infections induced by multi-drug resistant(MDR)bacteria is threatening human health.Thus,the development of efficient drug delivery systems is essential to eliminate MDR bacterial lung infections effectively.Herein,we designed inhalable drug-loaded nano-assemblies by the electrostatic interaction between negatively charged sodium alginate and a positively charged antibacterial polymer,quaternized polyethyleneimine(QPEI-C_(6)),as well as a kind of typical antibiotic for therapy of lung infection,azithromycin(AZT).By adjusting the feed ratios,we optimized the size of the nano-assembly to approximately 200 nm(STQ_(12)),which was beneficial for penetration through the mucus layer and biofilm.In the slightly acidic environment of the infected site,the nano-assembly could dissemble responsively and release AZT and QPEI-C_(6).Because of the combined bactericidal effect,STQ_(12)exhibited high bactericidal efficiency against MDR bacteria.In animal experiments,STQ_(12)showed notable efficacy against MDR bacterial lung infection.Gene transcriptomic results showed that the main effects of STQ_(12)against bacteria were through influencing the bacterial cell components and metabolic processes,and affecting their growth and reproduction.This work provides a promising strategy to treat MDR bacterium-induced lower respiratory tract infections.

ICU呼吸道感染菌药敏与耐药感染危险因素及护理对策分析

目的 探究ICU呼吸道感染菌药敏与耐药感染危险因素,并分析其护理措施。方法 选取2022年1月至2023年12月我院ICU收治的87例患者,对所有患者进行药敏试验,观察ICU呼吸道感染病原菌及其耐药情况,分析耐药感染的危险因素以及对应护理措施。结果 ICU患者中感染患者21例(4.14%),共检出病原菌198株,以革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌以及革兰阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌为主。分析主要致病菌药敏情况,革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希菌对头孢唑林钠耐药性最高,肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对阿莫西林/克拉维素具有较高耐药性,同时鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢唑林钠、氨曲南均有较高耐药性。革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌主要对替考拉宁、青霉素、头孢唑林钠具有较高耐药性。单因素分析显示,年龄≥60岁、糖尿病、机械通气、入ICU前使用3种以上抗菌药物、入住ICU时长≥2周、APACHE-Ⅱ≥24分增加患者耐药感染风险(P <0.05)。结论 ICU呼吸道感染菌同时存在多株致病菌,风险因素较多,临床护理中需予以重视,严格按要求和规范护理,降低风险。

主动全覆盖筛查与预先接触隔离联用于ICU多重耐药菌防控中的效果观察

目的研究主动全覆盖筛查与预先接触隔离联用于ICU多重耐药菌感染防控中的效果。方法选取2021年8月至2022年7月所有入住ICU医疗单元的患者400例为对照组,2022年8月至2023年6月所有入住ICU医疗单元的患者400例为试验组,对照组执行常规多重耐药菌筛查与接触隔离程序,试验组执行主动全覆盖筛查与预先接触隔离联用管理模式,对2组干预后的各观察指标进行比较。结果试验组ICU医护人员多重耐药菌感染防控知信行评分高于对照组,多重耐药菌感染发生率低于对照组,CRE感染占比率高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),主动全覆盖筛查的多重耐药菌敏感度为93.33%、特异度为99.00%。结论主动全覆盖筛查在多重耐药菌携带者早期识别领域应用价值较高,主动全覆盖筛查与预先接触隔离联用模式利于提升ICU医护人员的多重耐药菌感染防控知信行水平,可减低ICU住院患者多重耐药菌感染发生概率。

ICU病人多重耐药菌感染危险因素的Meta分析

目的:系统评价重症监护室(ICU)病人发生多重耐药菌(MDRO)感染的危险因素。方法:计算机检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed、EMbase、the Cochrane Library、Web of Science、CIHANL公开发表的ICU病人MDRO感染危险因素的研究。提取纳入文献的资料,采用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表(NOS)进行质量评价,采用RevMan 5.4.1软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入30篇文献,涉及18 302例病人。Meta分析结果显示,急性生理与慢性健康评分、抗生素治疗、糖尿病、慢性肺部疾病、机械通气、ICU住院时间、留置导尿时间、中心静脉置管等均为ICU病人MDRO感染的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:现有证据表明,ICU病人感染MDRO的危险因素较多,应根据病人的不同情况,采取有针对性的预防和控制措施,减少MDRO感染的发生。

ICU多药耐药鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染暴发的危险因素分析

目的调查某院ICU病房下呼吸道多药耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染暴发的危险因素。方法对ICU病房7例病人2008年1月4～18日发生下呼吸道多药耐药鲍曼不动杆菌院内感染进行流行病学调查分析。结果2008年1月在ICU病房15d内陆续出现7例病人发生下呼吸道多药耐药鲍曼不动杆菌院内感染,其中5例好转,2例死亡。结论流行病学调查表明基础疾病严重、侵入性操作过多,使用抗菌药物,医务人员手及医疗环境污染等是造成此次流行的主要原因。

我院ICU脑干出血患者医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的:为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法:收集2014年1月-2015年12月我院重症医学科(ICU)283例脑干出血患者的病原学资料,回顾性分析其医院感染病原菌的分布特征及耐药情况。结果:283例患者中,确诊为医院感染的患者共205例,感染率为72.44%;共送检临床标本765份,以痰液(60.00%)、血液(14.38%)和胆汁(9.54%)等标本为主;共检出病原菌765株,包括以肺炎克雷伯菌为主的革兰氏阴性菌496株(64.84%),以金黄色葡萄球菌为主的革兰氏阳性菌238株(31.11%)和以白色假丝酵母菌为主的真菌31株(4.05%);共检出产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌89株、产ESBLs大肠埃希菌23株、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌87株。肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类药物敏感(耐药率<5%);金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和产色葡萄球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率均较高,但对万古霉素敏感(耐药率均为0)。结论:我院ICU脑干出血患者医院感染的主要病原菌为革兰氏阴性菌,其耐药情况及产酶情况不容乐观;对主要病原菌敏感性较高的药物包括碳青霉烯类药物和万古霉素等。临床应加强监测病原菌的耐药特征,有针对性地选用抗菌药物。

FMEA风险评估法在ICU多重耐药菌医院感染防控中的应用

目的采用失效模式与效应分析法(FMEA)筛选出重症监护病房(ICU)多重耐药菌高风险因素,为防控提供参考依据。方法FMEA风险评估法筛选出ICU多重耐药菌医院感染的高风险因素,提出改进措施并落实,比较干预前后的效果。结果筛选出的高风险事件为患者过多需加床,清洁工隔离意识薄弱,实习生和轮科生隔离意识薄弱。干预前多重耐药菌医院感染发生率为4.78%(89/1 861),干预后为2.08%(34/1 636),干预前后比较,差异有统计学(χ^2=18.76,P<0.05)。干预后耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染发生率为0.31%,低于干预前的1.40%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌、产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌、耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌的医院感染发生率干预前后比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论FMEA可指导医院感染管理科和ICU发现多重耐药菌感染防控中的薄弱环节,有的放矢地进行预防和控制。

综合ICU多重耐药菌医院感染的风险模型构建

目的：构建重症监护病房（ICU）多重耐药菌医院感染的风险模型。方法对2012年10月—2015年9月入住 ICU＞48 h 的836例患者进行回顾性分析，构建医院感染 logistic 回归模型，对模型进行拟和优度检验、ROC 曲线下面积（AUC）分析。结果3年入住 ICU ＞48 h 的患者共836例，多重耐药菌医院感染发病率为14．23％（119例）。15个单因素分析有意义的自变量纳入 logistic 多 因 素分析，结果显示，ICU 住院时间（OR ＝2．493；95％CI ：1．816～3．494）、基础疾病种类（OR ＝1．536；95％CI ：1．243～1．898）、低蛋白血症（OR ＝87．211；95％CI ：36．165～210．304）、呼吸机插管日数（OR ＝1．723；95％CI ＝1．399～2．121）、发热（OR ＝20．639；95％CI ：3．462～123．043）、原发肺部感染（OR＝0．295；95％CI ：0．133～0．664）变量进入 logistic 回归方程。评价模型效果：灵敏度95％，特异度87．9％，模型 ROC 的 AUC 为0．973。结论 logistic 回归模型对 ICU 患者医院感染预测风险拟合度较好。

ICU血流真菌感染的菌群分布及耐药性分析

目的:监测我院ICU血流真菌感染的菌种分布和耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法:收集我院ICU2010年1月至2012年12月送检病原学标本,其中包括全血和导管血标本。所有标本先用BDBACTEC9120/9240全自动血培养仪进行培养,出现阳性报警后接种血平板、麦康凯、巧克力板、沙保弱培养基对病原菌进行分离,其中真菌鉴定采用科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基及VITEK2-compact鉴定仪的YST卡进行菌种的鉴定,药敏试验采用纸片琼脂扩散法(K-B法)。结果:22653份血培养共分离出真菌60株,分离率0.26%,其中白念珠菌20株(33.33%),近平滑念珠菌12株(20.00%),热带念珠菌10株(16.67%),光滑念珠菌6株(10.00%),对氟康唑的耐药率分别为:3.1%、2.3%、8.7%和56.8%,对两性霉素B和伏立康唑均较敏感。结论:ICU血流真菌感染的病原菌以白念珠菌为主,光滑念珠菌对氟康唑的敏感率较低,尚未发现对两性霉素B和伏立康唑耐药的菌株。

ICU院内感染流行菌株及耐药情况

目的 了解ICU院内感染的流行菌株及菌株耐药 ,为临床防治提供依据。方法 对温州医学院附属第一医院ICU2 0 0 2年 7月～ 2 0 0 3年 6月所有分离的细菌菌株、真菌菌株及菌株耐药性进行回顾性调查。结果 共检出菌株 170例 ,其中G-菌 95例 (占 5 5 9% ) ,以铜绿假单胞菌、洋葱假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌为主 ,主要见于呼吸道感染 ;G+ 菌 36例 (占 2 1 2 % ) ,以肠球菌和葡萄球菌为主 ,前者主要见于泌尿道和消化道感染 ,后者均见于呼吸道 ;真菌 38例 (占 2 2 4 % ) ,以白色念球菌为主 ,主要见于泌尿道感染。其细菌对常用抗菌药耐药严重 ,呈多重耐药 ,真菌耐药率尚低。结论 加强室内外环境和空气监控 ,防止交叉感染 ,侵入性操作要严格无菌操作 ,在积极治疗原发病的基础上加强支持疗法 ,增强机体免疫能力 ,严格掌握抗生素使用原则 ,根据药敏选用抗生素 ,避免长期大量联合用药 ,减少抗生素使用率 。

综合ICU多重耐药菌感染的分析与护理干预

目的对综合ICU多重耐药菌进行分析,探讨预防和控制多重耐药菌感染的护理干预措施。方法将2011年我院综合ICU 302例住院病人2 141份病原培养标本的相关信息导入数据库进行分析,找出培养阳性的病原体,再按国际标准化定义筛选出多重耐药菌并分析多重耐药菌种类、数量、来源部位及医院感染情况。结果2 141份标本中共培养出病原体782株,其中多重耐药菌537株,前三位细菌依次为鲍曼氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌;分布部位前三位依次为呼吸道、血液、器官/腔隙;属于医院感染的多重耐药菌有367株,占68.34%。结论多重耐药菌已成为医院感染的主要病原菌。采取有效的护理干预措施对预防和控制多重耐药菌的产生和传播起到重要作用。