Safety performance functions(SPFs),or crash-prediction models,have played an important role in identifying the factors contributing to crashes,predicting crash counts and identifying hotspots.Since a great deal of tim...Safety performance functions(SPFs),or crash-prediction models,have played an important role in identifying the factors contributing to crashes,predicting crash counts and identifying hotspots.Since a great deal of time and effort is needed to estimate an SPF,previous studies have sought to determine the transferability of particular SPFs;that is,the extent to which they can be applied to data from other regions.Although many efforts have been made to examine micro-level SPF transferability,few studies have focused on macro-level SPF transferability.There has been little transferability analysis of macro-level SPFs in the international context,especially between western countries.This study therefore evaluates the transferability of SPFs for several states in the USA(Illinois,Florida and Colorado)and for Italy.The SPFs were developed using data from counties in the United States and provincias in Italy,and the results revealed multiple common significant variables between the two countries.Transferability indexes were then calculated between the SPFs.These showed that the Italy SPFs for total crashes and bicycle crashes were transferable to US data after calibration factors were applied,whereas the US SPFs for total and bicycle crashes,with the exception of the Colorado SPF,could not be transferred to the Italian data.On the other hand,none of the pedestrian SPFs developed was transferable to other countries.This paper provides insights into the applicability of macro-level SPFs between the USA and Italy,and shows a good potential for international SPF transferability.Nevertheless,further investigation is needed of SPF transferability between a wider range of countries.展开更多
目的:评价国产枸橼酸西地那非(金戈)治疗男性勃起功能障碍(ED)的安全性、有效性和耐受性。方法:采用多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究方法,在国内5家医院泌尿外科或男科门诊纳入222例ED患者,随机分为西地那非组(111例)和安慰剂组(111...目的:评价国产枸橼酸西地那非(金戈)治疗男性勃起功能障碍(ED)的安全性、有效性和耐受性。方法:采用多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究方法,在国内5家医院泌尿外科或男科门诊纳入222例ED患者,随机分为西地那非组(111例)和安慰剂组(111例),进行为期8周的临床治疗观察。以国际勃起功能问卷(IIEF)评分、性交成功率作为有效性评价指标,以不良事件发生率作为安全性评价指标。结果:西地那非组和安慰剂组患者年龄分别为(47.20±11.32)岁和(46.67±13.08)岁(P>0.05),ED病因分别为心理性(27.93% vs 23.42%)、器质性(21.62% vs 29.73%)和混合性ED(50.45% vs 46.85%)(P均>0.05),其他流行病学数据如身高、体重、民族、吸烟、饮酒、药物过敏史等一般情况也均无统计学差异。对主要疗效指标的分析结果显示,西地那非组与安慰剂组对勃起功能显著有效率分别为78.90%和29.91%(P<0.01);西地那非组性交成功率和总体疗效分别为63.87%和77.98%,均明显高于安慰剂组的29.16%和34.58%(P均<0.01)。在对于不同种类ED的治疗上,西地那非对心理性、器质性和混合性ED的有效率分别为64.52%、83.33%和82.14%,明显高于安慰剂组的46.15%、21.21%和25.00%(P均<0.01)。安全性评价结果显示,共有45例(20.27%)受试者出现了各种不良事件(西地那非组有32例,安慰剂组有13例),所出现的不良事件大多数为轻度、一过性的。结论:国产枸橼酸西地那非是一种可治疗各种病因导致ED的安全有效的药物,且患者耐受性较好。展开更多
文摘Safety performance functions(SPFs),or crash-prediction models,have played an important role in identifying the factors contributing to crashes,predicting crash counts and identifying hotspots.Since a great deal of time and effort is needed to estimate an SPF,previous studies have sought to determine the transferability of particular SPFs;that is,the extent to which they can be applied to data from other regions.Although many efforts have been made to examine micro-level SPF transferability,few studies have focused on macro-level SPF transferability.There has been little transferability analysis of macro-level SPFs in the international context,especially between western countries.This study therefore evaluates the transferability of SPFs for several states in the USA(Illinois,Florida and Colorado)and for Italy.The SPFs were developed using data from counties in the United States and provincias in Italy,and the results revealed multiple common significant variables between the two countries.Transferability indexes were then calculated between the SPFs.These showed that the Italy SPFs for total crashes and bicycle crashes were transferable to US data after calibration factors were applied,whereas the US SPFs for total and bicycle crashes,with the exception of the Colorado SPF,could not be transferred to the Italian data.On the other hand,none of the pedestrian SPFs developed was transferable to other countries.This paper provides insights into the applicability of macro-level SPFs between the USA and Italy,and shows a good potential for international SPF transferability.Nevertheless,further investigation is needed of SPF transferability between a wider range of countries.
文摘目的:评价国产枸橼酸西地那非(金戈)治疗男性勃起功能障碍(ED)的安全性、有效性和耐受性。方法:采用多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究方法,在国内5家医院泌尿外科或男科门诊纳入222例ED患者,随机分为西地那非组(111例)和安慰剂组(111例),进行为期8周的临床治疗观察。以国际勃起功能问卷(IIEF)评分、性交成功率作为有效性评价指标,以不良事件发生率作为安全性评价指标。结果:西地那非组和安慰剂组患者年龄分别为(47.20±11.32)岁和(46.67±13.08)岁(P>0.05),ED病因分别为心理性(27.93% vs 23.42%)、器质性(21.62% vs 29.73%)和混合性ED(50.45% vs 46.85%)(P均>0.05),其他流行病学数据如身高、体重、民族、吸烟、饮酒、药物过敏史等一般情况也均无统计学差异。对主要疗效指标的分析结果显示,西地那非组与安慰剂组对勃起功能显著有效率分别为78.90%和29.91%(P<0.01);西地那非组性交成功率和总体疗效分别为63.87%和77.98%,均明显高于安慰剂组的29.16%和34.58%(P均<0.01)。在对于不同种类ED的治疗上,西地那非对心理性、器质性和混合性ED的有效率分别为64.52%、83.33%和82.14%,明显高于安慰剂组的46.15%、21.21%和25.00%(P均<0.01)。安全性评价结果显示,共有45例(20.27%)受试者出现了各种不良事件(西地那非组有32例,安慰剂组有13例),所出现的不良事件大多数为轻度、一过性的。结论:国产枸橼酸西地那非是一种可治疗各种病因导致ED的安全有效的药物,且患者耐受性较好。
