Olfactory receptors in neural regeneration in the central nervous system

Olfactory receptors are crucial for detecting odors and play a vital role in our sense of smell,influencing behaviors from food choices to emotional memories.These receptors also contribute to our perception of flavor and have potential applications in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.The ability of the olfactory system to regenerate its sensory neurons provides a unique model to study neural regeneration,a phenomenon largely absent in the central nervous system.Insights gained from how olfactory neurons continuously replace themselves and reestablish functional connections can provide strategies to promote similar regenerative processes in the central nervous system,where damage often results in permanent deficits.Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning olfactory neuron regeneration could pave the way for developing therapeutic approaches to treat spinal co rd injuries and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease.Olfa ctory receptors are found in almost any cell of eve ry orga n/tissue of the mammalian body.This ectopic expression provides insights into the chemical structures that can activate olfactory receptors.In addition to odors,olfactory receptors in ectopic expression may respond to endogenous compounds and molecules produced by mucosal colonizing microbiota.The analysis of the function of olfactory receptors in ectopic expression provides valuable information on the signaling pathway engaged upon receptor activation and the receptor's role in proliferation and cell differentiation mechanisms.This review explo res the ectopic expression of olfa ctory receptors and the role they may play in neural regeneration within the central nervous system,with particular attention to compounds that can activate these receptors to initiate regenerative processes.Evidence suggests that olfactory receptors could serve as potential therapeutic targets for enhancing neural repair and recovery following central nervous system injuries.

P2Y1 receptor in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is the most frequent form of dementia characterized by the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau.Targeting amyloid-beta plaques has been a primary direction for developing Alzheimer’s disease treatments in the last decades.However,existing drugs targeting amyloid-beta plaques have not fully yielded the expected results in the clinic,necessitating the exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies.Increasing evidence unravels that astrocyte morphology and function alter in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease patients,with dysregulated astrocytic purinergic receptors,particularly the P2Y1 receptor,all of which constitute the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease.These receptors are not only crucial for maintaining normal astrocyte function but are also highly implicated in neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease.This review delves into recent insights into the association between P2Y1 receptor and Alzheimer’s disease to underscore the potential neuroprotective role of P2Y1 receptor in Alzheimer’s disease by mitigating neuroinflammation,thus offering promising avenues for developing drugs for Alzheimer’s disease and potentially contributing to the development of more effective treatments.

C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 pathway as a therapeutic target and regulatory mechanism for spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury involves non-reversible damage to the central nervous system that is characterized by limited regenerative capacity and secondary inflammatory damage.The expression of the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis exhibits significant differences before and after injury.Recent studies have revealed that the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis is closely associated with secondary inflammatory responses and the recruitment of immune cells following spinal cord injury,suggesting that this axis is a novel target and regulatory control point for treatment.This review comprehensively examines the therapeutic strategies targeting the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis,along with the regenerative and repair mechanisms linking the axis to spinal cord injury.Additionally,we summarize the upstream and downstream inflammatory signaling pathways associated with spinal cord injury and the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis.This review primarily elaborates on therapeutic strategies that target the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis and the latest progress of research on antagonistic drugs,along with the approaches used to exploit new therapeutic targets within the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis and the development of targeted drugs.Nevertheless,there are presently no clinical studies relating to spinal cord injury that are focusing on the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 axis.This review aims to provide new ideas and therapeutic strategies for the future treatment of spinal cord injury.

Hypidone hydrochloride(YL-0919)ameliorates functional deficits after traumatic brain injury in mice by activating the sigma-1 receptor for antioxidation

Traumatic brain injury involves complex pathophysiological mechanisms,among which oxidative stress significantly contributes to the occurrence of secondary injury.In this study,we evaluated hypidone hydrochloride(YL-0919),a self-developed antidepressant with selective sigma-1 receptor agonist properties,and its associated mechanisms and targets in traumatic brain injury.Behavioral experiments to assess functional deficits were followed by assessment of neuronal damage through histological analyses and examination of blood-brain barrier permeability and brain edema.Next,we investigated the antioxidative effects of YL-0919 by assessing the levels of traditional markers of oxidative stress in vivo in mice and in vitro in HT22 cells.Finally,the targeted action of YL-0919 was verified by employing a sigma-1 receptor antagonist(BD-1047).Our findings demonstrated that YL-0919 markedly improved deficits in motor function and spatial cognition on day 3 post traumatic brain injury,while also decreasing neuronal mortality and reversing blood-brain barrier disruption and brain edema.Furthermore,YL-0919 effectively combated oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro.The protective effects of YL-0919 were partially inhibited by BD-1047.These results indicated that YL-0919 relieved impairments in motor and spatial cognition by restraining oxidative stress,a neuroprotective effect that was partially reversed by the sigma-1 receptor antagonist BD-1047.YL-0919 may have potential as a new treatment for traumatic brain injury.

Glucocorticoid receptor signaling in the brain and its involvement in cognitive function

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates the secretion of glucoco rticoids in response to environmental challenges.In the brain,a nuclear receptor transcription fa ctor,the glucocorticoid recepto r,is an important component of the hypothalamicpituitary-a d renal axis's negative feedback loop and plays a key role in regulating cognitive equilibrium and neuroplasticity.The glucoco rticoid receptor influences cognitive processes,including glutamate neurotransmission,calcium signaling,and the activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated pathways,through a combination of genomic and non-genomic mechanisms.Protein interactions within the central nervous system can alter the expression and activity of the glucocorticoid receptor,there by affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-a d renal axis and stress-related cognitive functions.An appropriate level of glucocorticoid receptor expression can improve cognitive function,while excessive glucocorticoid receptors or long-term exposure to glucoco rticoids may lead to cognitive impairment.Patients with cognitive impairment-associated diseases,such as Alzheimer's disease,aging,depression,Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease,stroke,and addiction,often present with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and glucocorticoid receptor expression.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the functions of the glucoco rticoid receptor in the hypothalamic-pituitary-a d renal axis and cognitive activities.It emphasizes that appropriate glucocorticoid receptor signaling fa cilitates learning and memory,while its dysregulation can lead to cognitive impairment.This provides clues about how glucocorticoid receptor signaling can be targeted to ove rcome cognitive disability-related disorders.

Overexpression of low-density lipoprotein receptor prevents neurotoxic polarization of astrocytes via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in experimental ischemic stroke

Neurotoxic astrocytes are a promising therapeutic target for the attenuation of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Low-density lipoprotein receptor,a classic cholesterol regulatory receptor,has been found to inhibit NLR family pyrin domain containing protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome activation in neurons following ischemic stroke and to suppress the activation of microglia and astrocytes in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease.However,little is known about the effects of low-density lipoprotein receptor on astrocytic activation in ischemic stroke.To address this issue in the present study,we examined the mechanisms by which low-density lipoprotein receptor regulates astrocytic polarization in ischemic stroke models.First,we examined low-density lipoprotein receptor expression in astrocytes via immunofluorescence staining and western blotting analysis.We observed significant downregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor following middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation.Second,we induced the astrocyte-specific overexpression of low-density lipoprotein receptor using astrocyte-specific adeno-associated virus.Low-density lipoprotein receptor overexpression in astrocytes improved neurological outcomes in middle cerebral artery occlusion mice and reversed neurotoxic astrocytes to create a neuroprotective phenotype.Finally,we found that the overexpression of low-density lipoprotein receptor inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injured astrocytes and that the addition of nigericin,an NLRP3 agonist,restored the neurotoxic astrocyte phenotype.These findings suggest that low-density lipoprotein receptor could inhibit the NLRP3-meidiated neurotoxic polarization of astrocytes and that increasing low-density lipoprotein receptor in astrocytes might represent a novel strategy for treating cerebral ischemic stroke.

Pan-TRK positive uterine sarcoma in immunohistochemistry without neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase gene fusions:A case report

BACKGROUND The classification of uterine sarcomas is based on distinctive morphological and immunophenotypic characteristics,increasingly supported by molecular genetic diagnostics.Data on neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase(NTRK)gene fusionpositive uterine sarcoma,potentially aggressive and morphologically similar to fibrosarcoma,are limited due to its recent recognition.Pan-TRK immunohistochemistry(IHC)analysis serves as an effective screening tool with high sensitivity and specificity for NTRK-fusion malignancies.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a malignant mesenchymal tumor originating from the uterine cervix,which was pan-TRK IHC-positive but lacked NTRK gene fusions,accompanied by a brief literature review.A 55-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain and distension,exhibiting significant ascites and multiple solid pelvic masses.Pelvic examination revealed a tumor encompassing the uterine cervix,extending to the vagina and uterine corpus.A punch biopsy of the cervix indicated NTRK sarcoma with positive immunochemical pan-TRK stain.However,subsequent next generation sequencing revealed no NTRK gene fusion,leading to a diagnosis of poorly differentiated,advanced-stage sarcoma.CONCLUSION The clinical significance of NTRK gene fusion lies in potential treatment with TRK inhibitors for positive sarcomas.Identifying such rare tumors is crucial due to the potential applicability of tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitor treatment.

Reduced mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor expression by mutant androgen receptor contributes to neurodegeneration in a model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy pathology

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy is a neurodegenerative disease caused by extended CAG trinucleotide repeats in the androgen receptor gene,which encodes a ligand-dependent transcription facto r.The mutant androgen receptor protein,characterized by polyglutamine expansion,is prone to misfolding and forms aggregates in both the nucleus and cytoplasm in the brain in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy patients.These aggregates alter protein-protein interactions and compromise transcriptional activity.In this study,we reported that in both cultured N2a cells and mouse brain,mutant androgen receptor with polyglutamine expansion causes reduced expression of mesencephalic astrocyte-de rived neurotrophic factor.Overexpressio n of mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor amelio rated the neurotoxicity of mutant androgen receptor through the inhibition of mutant androgen receptor aggregation.Conversely.knocking down endogenous mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor in the mouse brain exacerbated neuronal damage and mutant androgen receptor aggregation.Our findings suggest that inhibition of mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor expression by mutant androgen receptor is a potential mechanism underlying neurodegeneration in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.

Cortico-striatal gamma oscillations are modulated by dopamine D3 receptors in dyskinetic rats

Long-term levodopa administration can lead to the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Gamma oscillations are a widely recognized hallmark of abnormal neural electrical activity in levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Currently,studies have reported increased oscillation power in cases of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.However,little is known about how the other electrophysiological parameters of gamma oscillations are altered in levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Furthermore,the role of the dopamine D3 receptor,which is implicated in levodopa-induced dyskinesia,in movement disorder-related changes in neural oscillations is unclear.We found that the cortico-striatal functional connectivity of beta oscillations was enhanced in a model of Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore,levodopa application enhanced cortical gamma oscillations in cortico-striatal projections and cortical gamma aperiodic components,as well as bidirectional primary motor cortex(M1)↔dorsolateral striatum gamma flow.Administration of PD128907(a selective dopamine D3 receptor agonist)induced dyskinesia and excessive gamma oscillations with a bidirectional M1↔dorsolateral striatum flow.However,administration of PG01037(a selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist)attenuated dyskinesia,suppressed gamma oscillations and cortical gamma aperiodic components,and decreased gamma causality in the M1→dorsolateral striatum direction.These findings suggest that the dopamine D3 receptor plays a role in dyskinesia-related oscillatory activity,and that it has potential as a therapeutic target for levodopa-induced dyskinesia.

IFN-β通过STAT1诱导SARI表达抑制AML细胞增殖并促进凋亡

目的:探讨IFN-β诱导SARI表达对急性粒细胞性白血病(AML)细胞增殖、凋亡的作用,并筛选其潜在的调控分子。方法:qPCR、Western blot筛选SARI低表达的AML细胞作为实验细胞株;不同浓度IFN-β干预AML细胞,于不同时间采用qPCR、Western blot检测SARI表达,选取IFN-β作用的适当浓度和时间;采用RNA-Seq转录组测序及KEGG富集分析初步筛选IFN-β诱导AML细胞SARI表达的潜在调控分子;通过相应分子抑制剂联合IFN-β处理AML细胞,MTS法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;明确该分子参与IFN-β诱导SARI表达对AML细胞增殖及凋亡的作用。结果:HL60和NB4细胞SARI表达相对较低,选为实验细胞株;1 ng/ml IFN-β作用12 h后AML细胞SARI表达升高且细胞增殖被抑制,凋亡增多;筛选STAT1为IFN-β诱导SARI表达的潜在调控分子;抑制STAT1后,IFN-β对AML细胞SARI表达、增殖抑制、凋亡促进的作用被明显逆转。结论:IFN-β可通过STAT1诱导AML细胞SARI表达,抑制细胞增殖,促进细胞凋亡。

表达IFN-α的重组猪繁殖与呼吸综合病毒的构建及生物学特性分析

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)是危害我国生猪业的重要疫病之一,其病原是猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV),是一种免疫抑制性病毒。干扰素(IFN)是一类具有免疫调节功能和抗病毒作用的细胞因子。IFN-α除更直接的抗病毒作用外,还可以调节宿主的先天性和适应性免疫。论文构建表达IFN-α的重组PRRSV,分析重组病毒的生物学特性以及IFN-α的生物学活性。通过反向遗传操作方法将IFN-α插入到PRRSV ORF1b和ORF2a之间,重组质粒转染细胞后可以拯救出重组病毒(rGXAM-P-IFN-α)。插入到PRRSV基因组中的IFN-α可遗传稳定9代。重组病毒生长特性分析可发现rGXAM-P-IFN-α复制能力显著低于亲本病毒。rGXAM-P-IFN-α感染猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)可显著上调抗病毒基因(PKR,ISG15和ISG54)mRNA表达水平,为进一步研发新型PRRSV疫苗提供参考。

结核分枝杆菌特异性IFN-γ、IL-2联合检测在肺结核与细菌性肺炎鉴别诊断中的应用

目的评价结核分枝杆菌特异性细胞因子干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)双因子联合检测在肺结核与细菌性肺炎鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法选择阜阳市人民医院2022年1月-2023年10月呼吸科住院患者91例,明确诊断为肺结核患者45例(肺结核组)和细菌性肺炎患者46例(肺炎组),均进行双因子联合检测,比对分析双因子联合检测与C反应蛋白(CRP)对肺结核和细菌性肺炎鉴别诊断的效果。结果使用双因子联合检测对肺结核与细菌性肺炎进行鉴别诊断,灵敏度为86.7%、特异度为84.8%,受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)值为0.928(95%CI:0.870~0.986),与CRP的鉴别诊断效果相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论结核分枝杆菌特异性细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-2联合检测在鉴别肺结核与细菌性肺炎时具有较高的应用价值,能为临床肺结核和细菌性肺炎的鉴别诊断提供依据。

Effect of IFN-γ/IL-10 on IL-10 Receptor Expression of Human Decidual Stromal Cells in Early Pregnancy

Objective To study the role of IFN-γ/IL-10 cytokines protein expression of human decidual stromal cells（DSC） vitro. on IL-10 receptor gene and in human early pregnancy in vitro. Methods Human DSC was isolated and cultured in vitro, and the expression of IL-10R1 and IL-10R2 gene was analyzed after cells had been treated with TH2-type cytokines IL-10 and TH1-type cytokines IFN-γ within 60 rain with semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR, then the influence of IL-10 and IFN-γ on expression of IL-10R protein was examined by first trimester DSC using flow cytometry. In addition, the vitality of DSC was detected by MTT. Results IL-10R1 mRNA levels of DSC treated with IL-10 （10 ng/ml） reached the peak level within 15 rain, and were significantly lower at 30 rain, then were not detected at 45 min. The expression of IL-10R1 were induced to moderate level by IFN-γ（10 ng/ml） within 30 rain, and reduced to undetected levels at 60 min. There was no significant difference of IL-10R2 expression （P〉0.05） between treated and not with the abovementioned cytokines. The IL-10R protein expression and vitality of DSC were significantly enhanced by IL-10 （10 ng/ml） and IFN-γ （10 ng/ml） which treated DSC 48 h （P〈0.05）. Coneclusion IL-10 and IFN-γ may play an important role of biologic function in early pregnancy by influencing IL-10R expression of DSC.

Preassembly and ligand-induced restructuring of the chains of the IFN-γ receptor complex： the roles of Jak kinases, Statl and the receptor chains

We previously demonstrated using noninvasive technologies that the interferon-gamma （IFN-γ） receptor complex is preassembled [ 1 ]. In this report we determined how the receptor complex is preassembled and how the ligand-mediated conformational changes occur. The interaction of Statl with IFN-γR1 results in a conformational change localized to IFN- γR1. Jakl but not Jak2 is required for the two chains of the IFN-γ receptor complex （IFN-γR1 and IFN-γR2） to interact; however, the presence of both Jakl and Jak2 is required to see any ligand-dependant conformational change. Two IFN- γR2 chains interact through species-specific determinants in their extracellular domains. Finally, these determinants also participate in the interaction of IFN-γR2 with IFN-γR1. These results agree with a detailed model of the IFN-γ receptor that requires the receptor chains to be pre-associated constitutively for the receptor to be active.

他克莫司联合激素在重症肌无力患者中的效果及对IFN-γIL-4和TGF-β的影响

目的探讨他克莫司联合激素在重症肌无力(MG)患者中的治疗效果及对干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)及转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)的影响。方法选取2022-05—2023-09郑州大学第一附属医院的MG患者96例为对象,信封法分为2组各48例。对照组采用激素治疗,观察组采用他克莫司联合激素治疗,2组患者均完成4周治疗,比较2组重症肌无力日常生活量表(MG-ADL)、重症肌无力定量评分体系(QMGS评分)、生化指标水平及安全性。结果干预后MG-ADL评分观察组(2.95±0.79)低于对照组(4.59±1.12,P<0.05),QMGS评分观察组(8.51±1.69)低于对照组(12.69±2.24,P<0.05),2组干预后日常生活及肌力均得到提高,疲劳耐受性增强,观察组较对照组改善更明显。2组干预后生化指标得到改善,干预后观察组IFN-γ水平(43.96±3.18)低于对照组(52.58±3.63,P<0.05),观察组IL-4水平(36.89±6.39)高于对照组(31.11±6.42,P<0.05),观察组TGF-β水平高于对照组(41.43±3.91,P<0.05)。不良反应发生率观察组(10.42%)较对照组(6.25%)无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论他克莫司联合激素治疗MG患者效果显著,能提高日常生活质量,降低MG-ADL及QMGS评分,改善生化指标水平,且治疗安全性较高。

西藏羊和白-藏杂交羊外周血IFN-α、IgG和IL-2的研究

为了解西藏羊和白萨福克羊与西藏羊的杂交后代羊生长发育中免疫因子的分泌特点和免疫学特征,以西藏羊和白-藏杂交羊为研究对象,应用ELISA方法检测0.5、1和1.5岁外周血中干扰素(IFN-α)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)的质量浓度,分析其变化规律。结果表明:随年龄的增长,藏公羊IL-2呈逐渐降低的趋势,而藏母羊呈逐渐升高的趋势(P<0.05);藏杂交公羊和藏母羊IgG含量都呈逐渐降低趋势,藏公羊下降较明显(P<0.05);藏公羊IFN-α的含量逐渐降低,0.5岁与1岁之间下降趋势明显(P<0.05),而藏母羊变化不大。随年龄的增长,白-藏杂交羊公羊和母羊IL-2含量先降低再升高;白-藏杂交羊公羊IgG含量变化不大,母羊则是先升高后下降趋势,且1岁和1.5岁之间下降明显(P<0.05);白-藏杂交羊公羊IFN-α的含量逐渐降低,而母羊是先升高后下降。

Interferon beta(IFN-β) treatment exerts potential neuroprotective effects through neurotrophic factors and novel neurotensin/neurotensin high affinity receptor 1 pathway

Multiple sclerosis（MS）is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system（CNS）characterized by coexisting processes of inflammation,demyelination,axonal neurodegeneration,and gliosis.It is the most common disabling neurological disease in young adulthood.

血清RAGE、HMGB1水平与重症肺炎急性呼吸窘迫综合征发病及IFN-γ/IL-4变化的关系

目的探究血清晚期糖基化终产物受体(RAGE)、高迁移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group protein B1,HMGB1)水平与重症肺炎(SP)急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)发病及γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)/白细胞介素4(IL-4)变化的关系。方法前瞻性选取2020年3月至2022年2月我院收治的100例SP患儿为研究对象,根据患儿是否发生继发性ARDS将患儿分为ARDS组(n=56)和对照组(n=44),收集患儿一般资料,采集外周血以酶联免疫吸附法进行RAGE、HMGB1、IFN-γ和IL-4表达水平检测,采用多因素logistic回归分析SP患儿继发ARDS的影响因素,采用Pearson相关性分析其与IFN-γ/IL-4的相关性,并采用受试者工作曲线(ROC)分析RAGE、HMGB1表达对SP患儿继发ARDS的预测价值。结果两组SP患儿性别、年龄、体温以及发病季节之间无显著差异,ARDS组致病菌种类多于对照组,PaO_(2)/FiO_(2)和APS评分、血清RAGE、HMGB1、IFN-γ和IL-4表达水平以及IFN-γ/IL-4比值均高于对照组(P<0.05)。经多因素logistic回归分析可知,致病菌种类、PaO_(2)/FiO_(2)、RAGE、HMGB1表达、IFN-γ、IL-4和IFN-γ/IL-4均为SP患儿继发ARDS的影响因素。经Pearson相关检验,SP患儿血清RAGE、HMGB1表达水平与IFN-γ、IL-4和IFN-γ/IL-4均呈正相关(P<0.05)。经ROC曲线分析可得,血清RAGE、HMGB1水平预测SP患儿发生ARDS的AUC分别为0.707和0.750,灵敏度分别为73.2%、64.3%,特异度分别为68.2%、77.3%,两者联合预测的AUC为0.848,灵敏度和特异度分别为80.4%和81.8%。结论SP继发ARDS患儿血清中RAGE、HMGB1表达水平较高,与IFN-γ/IL-4呈正相关,监测患儿血清RAGE、HMGB1表达对SP患儿继发ARDS的风险有一定的预测价值。

Are TrkB receptor agonists the right tool to fulfill the promises for a therapeutic value of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor?

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling via its receptor tro pomyosin receptor kinase B regulates several crucial physiological processes.It has been shown to act in the brain,promoting neuronal survival,growth,and plasticity as well as in the rest of the body where it is involved in regulating for instance aspects of the metabolism.Due to its crucial and very pleiotro pic activity,reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and alterations in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling have been found to be associated with a wide spectrum of neurological diseases.Howeve r,because of its poor bioavailability and pharmacological properties,brain-derived neurotrophic factor itself has a very low therapeutic value.Moreover,the concomitant binding of exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor to the p75 neurotrophin receptor has the potential to elicit several unwanted and deleterious side effects.Therefo re,developing tools and approaches to specifically promote tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling has become an important goal of translational research.Among the newly developed tools are different categories of tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor agonist molecules.In this review,we give a comprehensive description of the diffe rent tro pomyosin receptor kinase B receptor agonist drugs developed so far and of the res ults of their application in animal models of several neurological diseases.Moreover,we discuss the main benefits of tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor agonists,concentrating especially on the new tropomyosin receptor kinase B agonist antibodies.The benefits observed both in vitro and in vivo upon application of tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor agonist drugs seem to predominantly depend on their general neuroprotective activity and their ability to promote neuronal plasticity.Moreover,tro pomyosin receptor kinase B agonist antibodies have been shown to specifically bind the tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor and not p75 neurotrophin receptor.Therefore,while,based on the current knowledge,the tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor agonists do not seem to have the potential to reve rse the disease pathology per se,promoting brainderived neurotrophic factor/tro pomyosin receptor kinase B signaling still has a very high therapeutic relevance.

IFN-γ联合IL-6在菌阴性肺结核诊断中的应用分析

目的探讨IFN-γ联合IL-6在菌阴性肺结核临床诊断中的应用及其临床意义。方法收集2021年10月21日至2023年4月27日期间在苏州大学附属传染病医院病例266例。依据肺结核诊断标准(WS288-2017),肺结核患者196例,其中男性130例,女性66例,平均年龄58.4±17.1岁;病灶双侧患者141例,病灶单侧患者55例;菌阳患者92例,菌阴患者104例。职业性尘肺病患者70例,其中男性69例,女性1例,平均年龄62.7±8.9岁。健康对照组20例,其中男性10例,女性10例,平均年龄58.6±6.3岁。采用流式细胞术检测血浆中细胞因子IFN-γ、IFN-α、IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、IL-10、IL-12P70、IL-1β、IL-17的表达水平,比较不同组别中这12项炎症细胞因子的差异。结果(1)活动性肺结核患者组血浆IFN-γ、IL-6水平显著高于健康对照组以及职业性尘肺病患者组(非结核性肺部疾病对照组)。(2)活动性肺结核患者中,双侧病灶肺结核患者组的血浆IL-6、IL-8水平显著高于单侧病灶肺结核患者组。(3)活动性肺结核患者中,菌阳性肺结核患者组血浆IL-6水平显著高于菌阴性肺结核患者组。(4)活动性肺结核患者中,γ-干扰素释放试验阴性患者组IFN-γ、IL-6水平显著高于健康对照组。(5)菌阴性肺结核患者中,γ-干扰素释放试验阴性患者组IFN-γ、IL-6水平显著高于健康对照组。结论IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-8可反映结核患者的炎症情况、疾病严重程度及细菌负荷,并且IFN-γ联合IL-6可以作为无病原学证据、免疫学检查结果为阴性且具有肺部影像学依据患者诊断的辅助指标,临床医师可以通过IFN-γ、IL-6的表达水平联合肺部影像学证据来为该类患者进行辅助诊断,并评估患者免疫状态,提高患者免疫力,为患者的个性化治疗提供依据。