基于IKKβ/NF-κB通路探讨温胆汤对睡眠障碍小鼠的神经保护作用

目的 探讨温胆汤对睡眠障碍小鼠神经损伤的影响及其机制。方法 小鼠采用改良版水平转盘睡眠剥夺法构建失眠模型,造模成功后随机分为模型组、艾司唑仑片组(0.15 mg/kg)和温胆汤低、高剂量组(12.5、50 g/kg),每组6只,另取6只作为对照组。给药干预7 d后,HE染色观察大脑皮层组织、海马CA1区组织、下丘脑组织变化;尼氏染色观察神经元损伤情况;ELISA法检测脑组织和血清中神经丝轻链(NEFL)、神经特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、S100钙结合蛋白B(S100B)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)水平;免疫组化法检测脑组织中胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达;Western blot法检测脑组织中GFAP、磷酸化IκB激酶β(p-IKKβ)、磷酸化核转录因子-κB(p-NF-κB)蛋白表达。结果 与模型组比较,温胆汤高剂量组小鼠神经元细胞数量增加,结构完整,排列整齐,神经元细胞核皱缩变形数量减少,尼氏小体增多,血清和脑组织NEFL、NSE、S100B、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平降低(P<0.01),脑组织GFAP表达降低(P<0.01),脑组织p-IKKβ和p-NF-κB磷酸化水平均降低(P<0.01)。结论 温胆汤能够减少睡眠障碍小鼠的神经损伤,减少促炎介质释放,其机制可能与抑制IKKβ/NF-κB通路的激活有关。

Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enema attenuates inflammatory response ulcerative colitis through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND Ulcer colitis(UC)is a chronic,nonspecific,and noninfectious inflammatory bowel disease.Recently,Toll-like receptors(TLRs)have been found to be closely associated with clinical inflammatory diseases.Achieving complete remission in patients with intermittent periods of activity followed by dormancy is challenging.Moreover,no study has explored the mechanism by which Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enemas to attenuate the inflammatory response in UC.AIM To explore the mechanism by which Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enemas to attenuate the inflammatory response in UC.METHODS This prospective clinical study included patients who met the exclusion criteria in 2020 and 2021.The patients with UC were divided into two groups(control and experimental).The peripheral blood of the experimental and control groups were collected under aseptic conditions.The expression of TLR4 protein,NF-κB,IL-6,and IL-17 was detected in the peripheral blood of patients in the experimental group and control group before and 1 month after taking the drug.Linear co rrelation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the expression level of TLR4 protein and the expression levels of downstream signal NF-κB and inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-17,and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS There were no significant differences in the patient characteristics between the control and experimental groups.The results showed that the expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The levels of IL-6 and IL-17 in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The TLR4 protein expression in the experimental group was positively correlated with the expression level of downstream signal NF-κB and was positively correlated with the levels of downstream inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17(r=0.823,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Kuicolong-yu enema decoction retains traditional Chinese medicine enema attenuates the inflammatory response of UC through the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

白细胞介素17C通过IKK/NF-κB通路调控慢性鼻窦炎的作用机制

[目的]探讨白细胞介素17C(IL-17C)通过IKK/NF-κB通路调控慢性鼻窦炎(CRS)的作用机制,旨在为临床治疗CRS提供参考.[方法]选择IL-17C刺激人鼻黏膜原代上皮细胞(HNEPCs),采用CCK-8法检测不同质量浓度的IL-17C对HNEPCs活力的影响;利用ELISA法检测IL-17C诱导的HNEPCs中相关因子的表达水平;采用Western blot法检测IL-17C诱导的HNEPCs中IKK/NF-κB信号通路中相关蛋白的表达情况.[结果]与对照组比较,不同质量浓度的IL-17C对HNEPCs活力无显著影响(P>0.05);IL-17C干预组HNEPCs中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13、IL-17及p-IKK表达水平均明显升高,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);IL-17C干预组HNEPCs中p-IKK、p-IκBα及p-NF-κB表达均明显升高(P<0.05),IKK、IκBα及NF-κB蛋白表达无明显改变(P>0.05).与IL-17C干预组比较,IL-17C+地塞米松组p-IKK、p-IκBα及p-NF-κB蛋白表达均明显降低(P<0.05).[结论]IL-17C可诱导HNEPCs中Th2及Th17相关炎症因子的产生,机制认为可能是调控IKK/NF-κB信号通路.

基于IKK/IκBα/NF-κB通路探讨葛根素对创伤后应激障碍大鼠行为学、单胺类递质、炎症的影响

目的探究葛根素对创伤后应激障碍(posttraumatic stress disorder,PTSD)大鼠行为学、单胺类递质、炎症的影响,并从抑制性核因子激酶κB/核因子κB抑制剂α/核转录因子κB(inhibitory nuclear factor kinase-κB/inhibitor nuclear factor-κBα/nuclear transcription factor-κB,IKK/IκBα/NF-κB)通路分析其作用机制。方法将120只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、消退组、舍曲林组和葛根素组各24只。除对照组外,其余各组采用声音和电击刺激来建立PTSD模型。采用恐惧消退保持实验、旷场实验(open field test,OFT)、高架十字迷宫实验(elevated plus maze,EPM)、水迷宫实验测试大鼠行为学变化,高效液相-电化学法测定海马和前额皮质中单胺类神经递质水平,ELISA检测大鼠海马组织炎性因子白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)和白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)水平,Western blot检测大鼠海马组织中NF-κB p65,抑制性核因子激酶κB-β(the kinase of nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitorβ,IKK-β),IκBα和磷酸化的IκBα(phosphorylation-IκBα,p-IκBα)蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,模型组呆滞时间、闭环时间占比、上台潜伏期明显增加,开环时间占比、旷场中心区运动时间、进入中心区次数、穿越象限次数、靶象限停留时间减少(P<0.05),而与模型组比较,葛根素组、舍曲林组呆滞时间、闭环时间占比、上台潜伏期减少,开环时间占比、旷场中心区运动时间、进入中心区次数、穿越象限次数、靶象限停留时间增加,且葛根素组改善效果优于舍曲林组(P<0.05);与对照组比较,模型组大鼠海马组织和前额皮质中5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid,5-HIAA)、多巴胺(dopamine,DA)、去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)水平及海马组织中IL-6、IL-1β、IFN-γ、NF-κBp65、p-IκBα蛋白表达显著升高,5-羟胺(5-hydroxylamine,5-HT)、IKK-β、IκBα蛋白表达降低,而与模型组比较,葛根素组、舍曲林组降低了海马组织和前额皮质中NE、DA、5-HIAA及海马中IL-6、IL-1β、IFN-γ、NF-κBp65、p-IκBα蛋白表达水平,提高了5-HT、IKK-β、IκBα蛋白表达水平,且葛根素组改善效果优于舍曲林组(P<0.05);而消退组与模型组上述指标比较无明显差异(P>0.05);Pearson相关性分析显示,海马组织中NF-κBp65、p-IκBα与海马组织和前额叶皮质中NE、DA、5-HIAA水平及海马组织中IL-6、IL-1β、IFN-γ水平呈正相关,与海马组织和前额叶皮质中5-HT呈负相关(P<0.05);海马组织中IKK-β、IκBα与海马组织和前额叶皮质中NE、DA、5-HIAA水平及海马组织中IL-6、IL-1β、IFN-γ水平呈负相关,与海马组织和前额叶皮质中5-HT呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论葛根素可能通过调控IKK/IκBα/NF-κB通路,改善创伤后应激障碍大鼠焦虑程度、自主运动和学习能力,降低大脑单胺类递质和炎症因子水平。

通平脂肝方对非酒精性脂肪肝小鼠肝组织炎症及TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路的影响

目的:基于TOLL样受体4(TLR4)介导的髓样分化因子88(MyD88)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)通路探讨通平脂肝方对高脂饲料诱导的非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholicfattyliverdisease, NAFLD)模型小鼠的肝脏保护作用及抑制炎症的相关机制。方法:选用C57BL/6J雄性小鼠60只,随机分为正常、模型、盐酸吡格列酮和通平脂肝方低、中、高剂量组,各10只。给药8 w后取材。结果:与正常组相比,模型组体质量、血脂、肝功能、IL-6、TNF-α及TLR4、MyD88、Ikkβ、NF-κB蛋白和TLR4、MyD88、Ikkβ的mRNA表达水平均上升(P<0.05),通平脂肝方中、高剂量组显著改善上述指标(P<0.05)。模型组肝细胞大量脂肪蓄积,气球样变性,细胞质受到球形脂滴占位性挤压以及炎症细胞浸润,各用药组肝组织病理形态得到改善,球形脂滴及炎性细胞浸润减少。结论:通平脂肝方可调节高脂饮食诱导的NAFLD小鼠的血脂水平,改善肝功能,减少肝脏脂质堆积,减轻脂肪肝及肝损伤,减轻炎症反应。其抗炎机制可能与其激活TLR4介导的MyD88/NF-κB信号通路,抑制脂质合成及炎症因子的表达有关。

烙灸对兔激素性股骨头坏死组织中IKKβ、IκBα表达的影响

目的探讨烙灸治疗早期激素性股骨头坏死(steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head,SONFH)的作用机制。方法将新西兰兔按随机数表法分为空白组、模型组、烙灸组、抑制剂组,每组6只,采用内毒素联合激素的方法制备SONFH模型。烙灸组进行4周的烙灸治疗,抑制剂组给予IκBα磷酸化抑制剂Bay11-7082(1 mg·kg-1)腹腔注射3周。干预前后分别观察实验兔一般状况变化;HE染色观察各组实验兔股骨头组织病理学变化;Western blot和RT-qPCR分别检测股骨头组织中IKKβ、磷酸化IκBα(p-IκBα)蛋白及mRNA的表达变化;ELISA检测血清中核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)水平。结果与空白组比较,模型组实验兔逐渐出现精神萎靡、毛发暗淡等情况,股骨头组织骨小梁出现断裂、稀疏等改变,IKKβ、p-IκBα蛋白水平,IKKβmRNA水平及血清中NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-6水平均升高(P均<0.05);与模型组比较,烙灸组股骨头组织病理学改善,IKKβ、p-IκBα蛋白水平,IKKβmRNA水平及血清中NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-6水平均降低(P均<0.05),而IκBα蛋白及mRNA表达均升高(P均<0.05)。结论烙灸可改善早期SONFH骨代谢,缓解骨坏死,其机制与抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路有关。

穿心莲内酯抑制IKK/IκBα/NF-κB信号通路改善抑郁症大鼠的抑郁样行为

目的探讨穿心莲内酯(Andro)通过抑制核转录因子-κB抑制蛋白激酶(IKK)/核因子κB抑制蛋白(IκBα)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路改善抑郁症(MDD)大鼠的抑郁样行为。方法随机取12只SD大鼠作为空白对照组(NC组),其余大鼠采用慢性不可预知轻度应激(CUMS)结合孤养模式造模,将造模成功大鼠随机平分为模型组(Mod组)、Andro组(25 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1))、Res组(30 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)IKK/IκBα/NF-κB信号通路激活剂Res)、Andro+Res组(25 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)Andro+30mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)Res),每组12只大鼠,Mod组和NC组灌胃等量0.9%氯化钠溶液。旷场实验、糖水偏好实验、强迫游泳实验、平衡木实验评估大鼠行为;ELISA法检测血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平;免疫荧光染色检测小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞活性;Western blot检测NLRP3、cleaved-Caspase-1以及IKK/IκBα/NF-κB信号通路蛋白水平。结果与NC组相比,Mod组站立次数、饮用蔗糖量显著减少(P<0.05),游泳不动时间、通过平衡木时间、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量、Iba-1、GFAP阳性细胞数量、NLRP3、cleaved-Caspase-1、p-IKK/IKK、IκBα、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白水平显著增加(P<0.05);与Mod组相比,Andro组大鼠游泳不动时间、通过平衡木时间、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量、Iba-1、GFAP阳性细胞数量、NLRP3、cleaved-Caspase-1、p-IKK/IKK、IκBα、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.05),站立次数、饮用蔗糖量显著增加(P<0.05),而Res组以上指标趋势相反(P<0.05);Res逆转了Andro对MDD大鼠抑郁样行为的改善。结论Andro可能通过下调IKK/IκBα/NF-κB通路对MDD大鼠的抑郁样行为起到一定的改善作用。

Quercetin regulates depression-like behavior in CUMS rat models via TLR4/NF-κB signaling

Background:Depression is becoming increasingly prevalent around the world,imposing a substantial burden on individuals,families,as well as society.Quercetin is known to be highly effective in treating depression.However,additional research is needed to dissect the mechanisms of its anti-depressive effects.Methods:For this study,Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomized into the control,model,quercetin,or fluoxetine group.The latter three groups were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)for 42 d.The first two groups received saline solution daily via oral gavage.Meanwhile,the quercetin group was orally administered a quercetin suspension(52.08 mg/kg)every day,while the fluoxetine group was orally administered a fluoxetine solution(2.08 mg/kg).Here,fluoxetine served as the positive control drug to compare the therapeutic effects of quercetin.The experimental period was 6 weeks.Depressive behaviors in rats were assessed through various physiological and behavioral measures.Additionally,pathological changes in hippocampal tissues were examined using Nissl staining.Serum cytokines were detected using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and immunohistochemistry was employed to quantify the levels and integral optical density(IOD)values of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1(Iba-1)expression in the brain.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)was utilized to evaluate the mRNA levels of inflammatory indicators as well as toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),and nuclear factor-κappa B P65(NF-κB P65)in hippocampus.Western blot(WB)technique was employed to observe the protein levels of TLR4,NF-κB P65,and phospho-NF-κB P65(p-NF-κB P65).Results:After 42 d of exposure to CUMS,rats exhibited a slow increase in body weight,a reduction in food intake,an abnormal preference for sugar water,and aberrant open-field behaviors.Pathological analysis revealed the disintegration,rupture,interruption,and disorganization of hippocampal neuronal cells after CUMS exposure,along with a decrease in Nissl bodies in the CA1 region.This was accompanied by the elevated expression of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6)in the serum and the upregulation of IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αmRNA expression in the hippocampus.Increases in Iba-1-positive cells and the IOD values of Iba-1 were detected in hippocampal microglia.Furthermore,TLR4 and NF-κB P65 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated in hippocampal tissues.Quercetin,an antidepressant,could alleviate depression-like symptoms in rats and downregulate inflammatory factors associated with the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in hippocampal microglia,and its therapeutic effect was comparable to fluoxetine.Conclusion:In rat models of CUMS,quercetin may act as an antidepressant by inhibiting inflammation in hippocampal microglia via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.These results offer experimental and theoretical support for applying quercetin in the clinical management of depression.

Calcitriol attenuates liver fibrosis through hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3-transactivated protein 1-mediated TGF β1/Smad3 and NF-κB signaling pathways

BACKGROUND Hepatic fibrosis is a serious condition,and the development of hepatic fibrosis can lead to a series of complications.However,the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis remains unclear,and effective therapy options are still lacking.Our group identified hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3-transactivated protein 1(NS3TP1) by suppressive subtractive hybridization and bioinformatics analysis,but its role in diseases including hepatic fibrosis remains undefined.Therefore,additional studies on the function of NS3TP1 in hepatic fibrosis are urgently needed to provide new targets for treatment.AIM To elucidate the mechanism of NS3TP1 in hepatic fibrosis and the regulatory effects of calcitriol on NS3TP1.METHODS Twenty-four male C57BL/6 mice were randomized and separated into three groups,comprising the normal,fibrosis,and calcitriol treatment groups,and liver fibrosis was modeled by carbon tetrachloride(CCl4).To evaluate the level of hepatic fibrosis in every group,serological and pathological examinations of the liver were conducted.TGF-β1 was administered to boost the in vitro cultivation of LX-2 cells.NS3TP1,α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),collagen I,and collagen Ⅲ in every group were examined using a Western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The activity of the transforming growth factor beta 1(TGFβ1)/Smad3 and NF-κB signaling pathways in each group of cells transfected with pcDNA-NS3TP1 or siRNA-NS3TP1 was detected.The statistical analysis of the data was performed using the Student’s t test.RESULTS NS3TP1 promoted the activation,proliferation,and differentiation of hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)and enhanced hepatic fibrosis via the TGFβ1/Smad3 and NF-κB signaling pathways,as evidenced by the presence of α-SMA,collagen I,collagen Ⅲ,p-smad3,and p-p65 in LX-2 cells,which were upregulated after NS3TP1 overexpression and downregulated after NS3TP1 interference.The proliferation of HSCs was lowered after NS3TP1 interference and elevated after NS3TP1 overexpression,as shown by the luciferase assay.NS3TP1 inhibited the apoptosis of HSCs.Moreover,both Smad3 and p65 could bind to NS3TP1,and p65 increased the promoter activity of NS3TP1,while NS3TP1 increased the promoter activity of TGFβ1 receptor I,as indicated by coimmunoprecipitation and luciferase assay results.Both in vivo and in vitro,treatment with calcitriol dramatically reduced the expression of NS3TP1.Calcitriol therapy-controlled HSCs activation,proliferation,and differentiation and substantially suppressed CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice.Furthermore,calcitriol modulated the activities of the above signaling pathways via downregulation of NS3TP1.CONCLUSION Our results suggest that calcitriol may be employed as an adjuvant therapy for hepatic fibrosis and that NS3TP1 is a unique,prospective therapeutic target in hepatic fibrosis.

Acupuncture at Back-Shu point improves insomnia by reducing inflammation and inhibiting the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND Insomnia is a disease where individuals cannot maintain a steady and stable sleep state or fail to fall asleep.Western medicine mainly uses sedatives and hypnotic drugs to treat insomnia,and long-term use is prone to drug resistance and other adverse reactions.Acupuncture has a good curative effect and unique advantages in the treatment of insomnia.AIM To explore the molecular mechanism of acupuncture at Back-Shu point for the treatment of insomnia.METHODS We first prepared a rat model of insomnia,and then carried out acupuncture for 7 consecutive days.After treatment,the sleep time and general behavior of the rats were determined.The Morris water maze test was used to assess the learning ability and spatial memory ability of the rats.The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum and the hippocampus were detected by ELISA.qRTPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression changes in the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway.Western blot and immunohistochemistry were carried out to evaluate the protein expression levels of RAF-1,MEK-2,ERK1/2 and NF-κB.RESULTS Acupuncture can prolong sleep duration,and improve mental state,activity,diet volume,learning ability and spatial memory.In addition,acupuncture increased the release of 1L-1β,1L-6 and TNF-αin serum and the hippocampus and inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that acupuncture at Back-Shu point can inhibit the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway and treat insomnia by increasing the release of inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus.

Huangqin decoction alleviates lipid metabolism disorders and insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by triggering Sirt1/NF-κB pathway

BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a clinicopathological entity characterized by intrahepatic ectopic steatosis.As a consequence of increased consumption of high-calorie diet and adoption of a sedentary lifestyle,the incidence of NAFLD has surpassed that of viral hepatitis,making it the most common cause of chronic liver disease globally.Huangqin decoction(HQD),a Chinese medicinal formulation that has been used clinically for thousands of years,has beneficial outcomes in patients with liver diseases,including NAFLD.However,the role and mechanism of action of HQD in lipid metabolism disorders and insulin resistance in NAFLD remain poorly understood.AIM To evaluate the ameliorative effects of HQD in NAFLD,with a focus on lipid metabolism and insulin resistance,and to elucidate the underlying mechanism of action.METHODS High-fat diet-induced NAFLD rats and palmitic acid(PA)-stimulated HepG2 cells were used to investigate the effects of HQD and identify its potential mechanism of action.Phytochemicals in HQD were analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography(HPLC)to identify the key components.RESULTS Ten primary chemical components of HQD were identified by HPLC analysis.In vivo,HQD effectively prevented rats from gaining body and liver weight,improved the liver index,ameliorated hepatic histological aberrations,decreased transaminase and lipid profile disorders,and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory factors and insulin resistance.In vitro studies revealed that HQD effectively alleviated PA-induced lipid accumulation,inflammation,and insulin resistance in HepG2 cells.In-depth investigation revealed that HQD triggers Sirt1/NF-κB pathwaymodulated lipogenesis and inflammation,contributing to its beneficial actions,which was further corroborated by the addition of the Sirt1 antagonist EX-527 that compromised the favorable effects of HQD.CONCLUSION In summary,our study confirmed that HQD mitigates lipid metabolism disorders and insulin resistance in NAFLD by triggering the Sirt1/NF-κB pathway.

Mechanism of Sanshi decoction inhibits macrophage pyroptosis by inhibiting BRD4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway in the treatment of gouty arthritis

Objective:To observe the effect of Sanshi decoction on BRD4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathwaymediated macrophage pyroptosis,so as to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Sanshi decoction in the treatment of gouty arthritis.Methods:THP-1 was induced into macrophages with foboside and the divided into the control group,model group,low-dose,medium-dose,high-dose group of Sanshi decoction,and BRD4 inhibitor group.Except for the control group,the remaining groups were induced with monosodium urate crystals to construct a gouty arthritis cell model.The activity of macrophages was detected by CCK8,the level of macrophage pyroptosis was detected by flow cytometry,the activity of LDH,the content of IL-1β and IL-18 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and the expression of related proteins in the BRD4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway was detected by Western blot.Results:Compared with the control group,macrophage activity was decreased in the model group,and the level of pyroptosis,LDH activity,contents of IL-1β and IL-18,expression levels of BRD4,p-NF-kB p65,NLRP3,Caspase-1 p20,and IL-1β protein were significantly up-regulated,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05 and P<0.01).Compared with the model group,macrophage activity was up-regulated in the Sanshi Decoction,and the level of pyroptosis,LDH activity,IL-1β and IL-18 contents,expression levels of BRD4,p-NF-kB p65,NLRP3,Caspase-1 p20,and IL-1β protein were significantly decreased with statistically significant differences(P<0.05 and P<0.01).Conclusion:Sanshi decoction inhibits macrophage pyroptosis by inhibiting BRD4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway activation,thus improving the inflammation level of gouty arthritis.

Non-SMC condensin Ⅰ complex subunit D2 and non-SMC condensin Ⅱ complex subunit D3 induces inflammation via the IKK/NF-κB pathway in ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a chronic,nonspecific intestinal inflammatory disease with undefined pathogenesis.Non-SMC condensin I complex subunit D2(NCAPD2)and non-SMC condensin II complex subunit D3(NCAPD3)play pivotal roles in chromosome assembly and segregation during both mitosis and meiosis.To date,there has been no relevant report about the functional role of NCAPD2 and NCAPD3 in UC.AIM To determine the level of NCAPD2/3 in intestinal mucosa and explore the mechanisms of NCAPD2/3 in UC.METHODS Levels of NCAPD2/3 in intestinal tissue were detected in 30 UC patients and 30 healthy individuals with in situ hybridization(ISH).In vitro,NCM60 cells were divided into the NC group,model group,si-NCAPD2 group,si-NCAPD3 group and si-NCAPD2+si-NCAPD3 group.Inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA,IKK and NF-κB were evaluated by western blot,and IKK nucleation and NF-κB volume were analyzed by immunofluorescence assay.RESULTS Compared with expression in healthy individuals,NCAPD2 and NCAPD3 expression in intestinal tissue was significantly upregulated(P<0.001)in UC patients.Compared with levels in the model group,IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αin the si-NCAPD2,si-NCAPD3 and si-NCAPD2+si-NCAPD3 groups were significantly downregulated(P<0.01).IKK and NF-κB protein expression in the si-NCAPD2,si-NCAPD3 and si-NCAPD2+si-NCAPD3 groups was significantly decreased(P<0.01).Moreover,IKK nucleation and NF-κB volume were suppressed upon si-NCAPD2,si-NCAPD3 and si-NCAPD2+si-NCAPD3 transfection.CONCLUSION NCAPD2/3 is highly expressed in the intestinal mucosa of patients with active UC.Overexpression of NCAPD2/3 promotes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by modulating the IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Neuroprotective effect of Angiopep-2 peptide modified scutellarin-loaded PEGylated PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles on ischemic stroke by modulating the Toll-like receptors-dependent MyD88/IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE The greatest challenge in chemotherapy of ischemic stroke is the construction a suitable delivery system to overcome the poor physicochemical properties of drug and its low permeability across the blood brain barrier(BBB).METHODS In the present study,dendrimer,polyamidoamine(PAMAM),was synthesized as the nano-drug carriers.Angiopep-2,which has been proved excellent ability to cross the BBB,was exploited as the targeting ligand to conjugate PAMAM via bifunctional polyethylene glycol(PEG).Then scutellarin(STA)was encapsulated into the functionalized nanoparticles(NPs)to formulate Angiopep-2 modified STA-loaded PEG-PAMAM NPs.Ischemic stroke model was established to evaluate the treatment efficacy and protective mechanism of Angiopep-2-STA-PEG-PAMAM NPs.RESULTS The pharmacokinetics and biodistribu-tion demonstrated that Angiopep-2-STA-PEG-PAMAM NPs exhibited significantly higher plasma concentration from 1 h to 10 h after intravenous administration and improve accumulation in brain(4.7-fold)compared with STA solution.Moreover,prolonged elimination half-life(4.8-fold)and lower clearance(3.4-fold)were observed.The brain uptake study of 6-coumarin confirmed that Angiopep-2-PEG-PAMAM NPs possessed better brain targeting efficacy(3.2-fold)than PEG-PAMAM NPs.Angiopep-2-STA-PEG-PAMAM NPs obviously ameliorated infarct volume,neurological deficit,histopathological severity and neuronal apoptosis.In addition,Angiopep-2-STA-PEG-PAMAM NPs markedly inhibited the calcium content and the levels of IL-12p40,IL-13,IL-17 and IL-23.Furthermore,Angiopep-2-STA-PEG-PAMAM NPs significantly decreased the m RNA and protein expressions of HMGB1,TLR2,TLR4,TLR5,My D88,TRIF,TRAM,IRAK-4,TRAF6,IкBα,IKKβand NF-кBp65.CONCLUSION The results suggested that Angiopep-2modified scutellarin-loaded PEG-PAMAM nanocarriers possessed remarkable neuroprotective effects on ischemic stroke through modulation of inflammatory cascades and HMGB1/TLRs/MyD 88-induced NF-κB activation pathways.

蒙花苷通过调控IKK/NF-κB信号通路抑制人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的迁移和侵袭

目的:探究蒙花苷(LIN)对人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响,并探讨可能的分子机制。方法:用不同浓度(5、10、20、40、80和160μmol/L)的LIN处理MCF-7、MDA-MB-231和MCF-10A细胞24 h后,CCK-8法和集落形成实验检测细胞的增殖能力,Transwell法检测细胞的迁移和侵袭能力,Western blot检测Snail、E-cadherin、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、NF-κB抑制蛋白α(IκBα)、磷酸化IκB激酶α/β(p-IKKα/β)和磷酸化p65(p-p65)的蛋白水平。结果:LIN可剂量依赖性地抑制MDA-MB-231细胞活力(P<0.05),IC 50为55.89μmol/L;20μmol/L LIN作用24 h后,MDA-MB-231细胞集落形成率显著降低(P<0.05);与对照组相比,5μmol/L和10μmol/L LIN作用24 h后,MDA-MB-231细胞迁移率和侵袭率显著降低(P<0.05),Snail和MMP-9的蛋白水平下调(P<0.05),E-cadherin的蛋白水平上调(P<0.05),IKKα/β和p65蛋白的磷酸化水平降低,IκBα的蛋白水平上调(P<0.05);同时,IKK-16(IKKα/β抑制剂)和PDTC(NF-κB抑制剂)也可下调MDA-MB-231细胞中Snail和MMP-9的蛋白水平(P<0.05),并上调E-cadherin的蛋白水平(P<0.05)。结论:LIN可能通过抑制IKK/NF-κB信号通路活化而下调Snail和MMP-9蛋白水平并上调E-cadherin蛋白水平,最终导致MDA-MB-231细胞迁移和侵袭能力降低。

连花清瘟胶囊对脂多糖致急性肺损伤小鼠IKK/IκB/NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的探讨连花清瘟胶囊对经气管内滴注脂多糖（LPS）致小鼠急性肺损伤引起的肺组织炎症因子和IKK/IκB/NF-κB信号通路的蛋白表达的影响。方法将急性肺损伤的100只SPF级18~20 g雄性KM小鼠随机均分为5组,LPS组,地塞米松组,连花清瘟胶囊高、中、低剂量组,另设正常对照组（n=20）。光镜下观察实验小鼠肺组织病理变化,流式细胞术检测外周血中白介素-6（IL-6）的阳性表达率,RT-PCR法检测肺组织中单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）mRNA表达,Western blot检测肺组织中中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶（NE）、NF-κB、IκBα、IKKβ的蛋白表达。结果与正常对照组相比,LPS组小鼠肺组织中有大量炎性细胞渗出,外周血中IL-6,肺组织中MCP-1 mRNA,NE、NF-κB、IκBα、IKKβ的蛋白表达均明显升高;与脂多糖组相比,外周血中IL-6的阳性表达率用药组均有所下降,肺组织中MCP-1mRNA表达用药组均改善明显,肺组织中NE、NF-κB、IκBα、IKKβ的蛋白表达为地塞米松组与高剂量组改善较明显,连花清瘟中、低剂量组也有不同程度改善。结论连花清瘟胶囊能够通过降低IKK/IκB/NF-κB信号通路的表达来减轻肺内炎症反应程度。

基于IKK/IκB/NF-κB信号通路探讨瘀血痹胶囊对动脉粥样硬化免疫与炎症作用机制研究

动脉粥样硬化(AS)相关的免疫与炎症反应是目前医疗研究的热点,在参与AS免疫炎症反应机制的众多通路中IKK/IκB/NF-κB信号通路是二者共同的信号通路。首先探讨了中医“痹病”中“内痹”与“外痹”的关系,又从现代医学角度阐述了免疫、炎症反应与动脉粥样硬化发生发展的关系,进一步深入探讨了IKK/IκB/NF-κB信号通路的作用途径。基于上述理论依据,从NF-κB信号通路入手通过体内实验探讨中药大品种瘀血痹胶囊对动脉粥样硬化免疫与炎症反应的作用机制,旨在为研究中医中药的“异病同治”提供科学依据,为中西医结合防治心血管病提供新思路。

眼针对脑缺血再灌注损伤模型大鼠脑皮层组织IKKβ/NF-κB表达的影响

目的观察眼针对脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIRI)模型大鼠脑皮层组织中IκB激酶β(IKKβ)及核因子-κB(NF-κB)表达,探讨眼针治疗脑损伤的作用机制。方法健康雄性SPF级Wistar雄性大鼠60只,随机分为正常组、假手术组、CIRI模型组和眼针组。CIRI模型组和眼针组采用改良的线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉缺血(MACO)再灌注动物模型。Western blot检测大鼠缺血侧脑皮层IKKβ、NF-κB蛋白表达的变化。结果与正常组及假手术组比较,模型组大鼠缺血侧脑皮层组织IKKβ及NF-κB蛋白水平均显示出高表达(P<0.01),眼针组同模型组相比,IKKβ及NF-κB蛋白表达则下调(P<0.01)。结论眼针抑制脑皮层组织中IKKβ及NF-κB的表达,可能是眼针治疗CIRI的主要作用机制之一。

IKK/IκB/NF-κB信号通路阻断及临床应用

核因子Kappa B（nuclear factor—kappa B，NF-κB）是一种具有多项转录调节作用的蛋白质，NF-κB信号传导途径参与应激反应和免疫细胞活化、增殖、分化、凋亡及肿瘤形成等相关的400多种基因转录的调控。现已证实在多种急慢性炎症性疾病、肿瘤和变态反应性疾病发生过程中发挥重要作用。NF-κB的激活涉及IKB（NF—κB抑制剂）的磷酸化，而后者有赖于IKK（IKB激酶）的调控,IKK／IκB／NF—κB是一个有机联系的系统，虽然该信号通路在机体发挥重要作用，但目前临床应用方面仍然未发挥其潜在的价值．本文将对IKK／IκB／NF-κB信号通路及其临床应用价值作一综述。

通心络胶囊对糖尿病小鼠视网膜IKKβ/IKBα/NF-κB通路的作用

目的观察通心络胶囊对糖尿病小鼠视网膜IKKβ/IKBα/NF-κB通路的影响。方法 40只KK/Upj-Ay小鼠随机分为模型组、通心络低(1 g·kg-1)、中(2 g·kg-1)、高(4 g·kg-1)剂量组,每组各10只,10只C57BL/6小鼠为对照组。通心络组按相应剂量灌胃给药,对照组和模型组给予等体积的蒸馏水,每天1次,连续12周。测定体质量、空腹血糖值(fasting blood glucose,FBG),伊文思蓝法(evans blue method,EB)测定血-视网膜屏障的通透性,HE染色法观察视网膜形态学变化,Real-time PCR(qPCR)和Western blot法测定IKKβ、IKBα、NF-κB mRNA和蛋白的表达及P-IKBα和核NF-κB蛋白的表达。结果通心络高剂量组较中、低剂量组细胞结构更致密,排列更有序。通心络低、中、高剂量组EB含量分别(20.82±3.88)ng·mL-1、(16.43±2.60)ng·mL-1、(16.14±2.42)ng·mL-1,较模型组(25.53±3.57)ng·mL-1明显下降(均为P<0.05)。通心络中、高剂量组IKKβmRNA和蛋白表达量较模型组显著下降(均为P<0.01);通心络组IKBαmRNA,通心络中、高剂量组IKBα蛋白以及PIKBα蛋白的表达均较模型组显著下降(均为P<0.01),通心络低、中、高剂量组核NF-κB蛋白表达量为0.52±0.05、0.43±0.05、0.34±0.04,显著低于模型组(0.61±0.07)(均为P<0.05)。结论通心络胶囊可明显改善KK/Upj-Ay小鼠视网膜病变,其机制与抑制IKKβ/IKBα/NF-κB通路相关。