Anti-arthritis activity of roots of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br.(Anantmul)in rats

Objective:To investigate the protective effects of hydroalcoholic and its fractions from roots of Hemidesmus indicus on arthritis in in vitro models of rodents.Methods:Preliminary phytochemical analysis and thin-layer chromoatography were performed to analyze constituents of hydroalcoholic extract and its three fraction namely ethyl acetate fraction,chloroform fraction and residual fraction of mot of Hemidesmus indicus.Arthritis rats models were established by Complete Freund’s Adjuvant.The parameters including paw edema,body weight,arthritic index,erythrocyte sedimentation rate,serum rheumatoid factor,serum C-reactive protein,serum nitrite level,and histopathology of synovial joints were observed.Methotrexate was taken as positive control.Results:Rats treated with hydroalcoholic extract(450 mg/kg,p.o.),ethyl acetate (75 mg/kg,p.o.),chloroform(60 mg/kg,p.o) and residual fractions(270 mg/kg,p.o.),showed significant decrease in physical and biochemical parameters compared with arthritic model rats. Hydroalcoholic extract and its ethyl acetate fraction of Hemidesmus indicus showed significantly higher anti-arthritic activity than chloroform and residual fraction.Histopathological analysis demonstrated that both of hydroalcoholic extract and its ethyl acetate fraction had comparable anti-arthritic activity with methotrexates.Conclusions:The present study suggests that Hemidesmus indicus has protective activity against arthritis and the activity might be attributed to presence of terpenoid in hydroalcoholic extract,as well as in ethyl acetate fraction.

Assessing site-safeguard effectiveness and habitat preferences of Bar-headed Geese (Anser indicus) at their stopover sites within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using GPS/ GSM telemetry

Background:The Bar-headed Goose(Anser indicus)breeds across the high plains and plateau of Central Asia and winters in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP),the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Indian sub-continent.Of the two recognized discrete flyways of the Bar-headed Goose,the Eastern Tibetan Flyway(ETF)is the larger,comprising at least six migration routes.However,we remain ignorant about their migratory connectivity,habitat use and effectiveness of site-safeguard mechanisms set in place for the species.Methods:We tracked 30 ETF Bar-headed Geese from Chinese and Mongolian breeding areas to their wintering grounds using GPS/GSM transmitters,to determine their migration routes and stopover staging patterns within the QTP,overlaying these upon GIS layers of protected area status and habitat type,to model their habitat selection.Results:In total,14 tagged Bar-headed Geese provided information on their entire autumn migration and 4 geese on their entire spring migration.Qinghai Lake marked birds overwintered in the QTP(n=2),geese tagged in Mongolia wintered either in the QTP(n=3)or in India/Bangladesh(n=9),representing three of the migration routes within the ETF.In total,tagged birds staged at 79 different stopover sites within QTP in autumn and 23 in spring,of which 65%(autumn)and 59%(spring)of all fixes fell within the boundaries of either National Nature Reserves(NNRs)or Important Birds Areas(IBAs)in the QTP.Bar-headed Geese predominantly occurred on four land-cover types:grassland(mostly by day),water bodies(at night),wetlands and bare substrates(salt flats,dry lake/river substrates and plough)with little change in proportion.Generalized linear mixed models comparing presence with pseudo-absence data suggested geese strongly selected for wetlands as staging habitat,avoiding bare substrates in spring.Conclusions:Based on our limited observations of these tagged geese,this study is the first to show that the current designated National Nature Reserves in place in the staging areas within the QTP appear adequate to protect this increasing population.In addition,Hala Lake in Qinghai Province and adjacent areas used as initial QTP staging during autumn migration(currently outside of designated as NNRs/IBAs)are recommended for protection,based on their use by tagged birds from this study.Habitat modelling confirmed the importance of natural wetlands as feeding areas and safe areas of open water as roosting places.

Phytochemical Evaluation and <i>in Vitro</i>Antibacterial Activity of <i>Sphaeranthus indicus</i>(L.)—An Important Antijaundice Medicinal Plant

An investigation was carried out to study the antibacterial activity of Sphaeranthus indicus from leaf, stem and root extracts by the sequential cold maceration method against selected laboratory bacterial pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida by the agar well diffusion method. Zone of inhibition measured (mm) was compared with standard antibiotics such as Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Ampicillin. The organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, chloroform as well as distilled water extracts were employed. Among all the extracts, tested ethanolic leaf extracts have showed more antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Phytochemical screening methods were also done to identify the major secondary metabolites in the present species such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids and tannins. This study concluded that Sphaeranthus indicus had the sufficient antibacterial activity due to the presence of various secondary metabolites.

Occurrence and Control of Psilothrips indicus Bhatti

Adults and nymphs of Psilothrips indicus Bhatti are harmful to Chinese wolfberry. The insect bodies are densely covered on leaf back under severe condi- tion to suck sap. The damaged leaves are longitudinally reflexed, resulting in early defoliation, atrophy of fruit shape or even fruit dropping. P. ind/cus can be con- trolled by agricultural, physical, chemical control methods.

Effect of Changes in Body Weight,Body Condition and Back Fat During Last Month of Pregnancy on the Reproductive Efficiency of Bos indicus Cows in the Tropics of Costa Rica

With the aim of evaluating how changes in the metabolic status in the last month of pregnancy affects reproductive efficiency, forty six Bos indicus multiparous cows (5.5 ± 2.4 parturitions), were used. Measurements of body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and dorsal back fat (BF) were taken in the last month of pregnancy, postpartum period previous to synchronization (average 50 d) and at breeding by natural mating following synchronization with a progestin (average 70 d). Average postpartum days to resumption to ovarian activity were 79.96 ± 16.5 d, and average postpartum days to conception was 88.5 ± 14 d. Days postpartum to resumption of the ovarian activity was positively correlated (0.51, P 0.01) with days postpartum to conception, also, days postpartum to conception was positively correlated with prepartum back fat (14 d before parturition) (0.44, P 0.05). It was observed that BF at calving which is an objective measurement had a low correlation with other productive variables such as BCS and BW (always less than 0.39). Body fat might be a more reliable indicator of the current metabolic status of the animal particularly in the last month of pregnancy when the indicators of BCS are somehow more difficult to interpret and subjective.

Repression of Polyol Pathway Activity by Hemidesmus indicus var.pubescens R.Br.Linn Root Extract,an Aldose Reductase Inhibitor:An In Silico and Ex Vivo Study

Development of diabetic cataract is mainly associated with the accumulation of sorbitol via the polyol pathway through the action of Aldose reductase(AR).Hence,AR inhibitors are considered as potential agents in the management of diabetic cataract.This study explored the AR inhibition potential of Hemidesmus indicus var.pubescens root extract by in silico and ex vivo methods.Molecular docking studies(Auto Dock tool)betweenβ-sitosterol,hemidesminine,hemidesmin-1,hemidesmin-2,and AR showed thatβ-sitosterol(−10.2 kcal/mol)and hemidesmin-2(−8.07 kcal/mol)had the strongest affinity to AR enzyme.Ex vivo studies were performed by incubating isolated goat lenses in artificial aqueous humor using galactose(55 mM)as cataract inducing agent at room temperature(pH 7.8)for 72 h.After treatment with Vitamin E acetate−100μg/mL(standard)and test extract(500 and 1000μg/mL)separately,the estimation of biochemical markers showed inhibition of lens AR activity and decreased sorbitol levels.Additionally,extract also normalized the levels of antioxidant markers like SOD,CAT,GSH.Our results showed evidence that H.indicus var.pubescens root was able to prevent cataract by prevention of opacification and formation of polyols that underlines its potential as a possible therapeutic agent against diabetic complications.

Influence of Ethylene Inhibitor Silver Nitrate on Direct Shoot Regeneration from in Vitro Raised Shoot Tip Explants of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.—An Important Antijaundice Medicinal Plant

In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the influence of ethylene inhibitor silver nitrate on direct shoot regeneration in Sphaeranthus indicus, an important antijaundice medicinal plant, by using in vitro raised shoot tip explants. The effect of various concentrations of kinetin, BAP (0.5 - 3.0 mg/l), and NAA (0.1 - 0.5 mg/l) along with AgNO3 (0.1 - 1.0 mg/l) was studied. Among the combinations tested MS medium augmented with kinetin (1.0 mg/l), NAA (0.1 mg/l) and AgNO3 (0.4 mg/l) was found to be optimum for production of multiple shoots (34.3 ± 0.36). Addition of AgNO3 to the media not only increases shoot number in all the concentrations tested but also shoot length. AgNO3 at the concentration of 0.4 mg/l produced 35% more number of multiple shoots when compared to multiple shoots (10.8 ± 0.12) produced in control. In the present study by the addition of ethylene inhibitor silver nitrate and growth regulators, more number of multiple shoots (three folds) and shoot length was observed compared to control. These in vitro raised shoots were transferred to the rooting medium containing different concentrations of auxins such as NAA and IAA along with AgNO3 (0.1 - 0.6 mg/l). Better rooting response (21.6) was observed on NAA (2.0 mg/l) and AgNO3 (0.4 mg/l) containing media. The healthy rooted plantlets were transferred to polybags containing soil and vermiculate in 1:1 ratio for hardening. Finally the hardened plants were transferred to field environment for utmost survivability.

寒武纪三叶虫Oryctocephalus indicus(Reed,1910)的蜕壳

描述了产于黔东南剑河县中寒武统凯里组中上部的19块中寒武统底部标志化石——印度掘头虫Oryctocephalus indicus(Reed,1910)蜕壳标本,其中大部分缺失头盖,其余外壳保存完好.对其蜕壳过程进行了探讨,认为蜕壳程序如下:头甲以小于90°角下弯,导致背壳沿头、胸接合处裂开;面线张开,自由颊与头盖裂开;虫体恢复平伸状态,头盖旋转;三叶虫携老壳向前爬行,并将已与自由颊和胸甲裂开的头盖顶翻于头甲前方;虫体继续向前爬行,并将头盖扒向两侧;虫体向前爬行并不断颤动,最终脱掉老壳.被脱掉的老壳胸尾相连,腹边缘-唇瓣板与自由颊基本位于原位,与'Phacopid式蜕壳'或'Salter式埋藏'明显不同.

深海细菌Celeribacter indicus P73T对菲的降解机制

来自深海环境的多环芳烃降解菌Celeribacter indicus P73T能够高效降解菲,为揭示菲生物降解的分子机制,对其降解途径进行分析.通过GC-MS联用技术鉴定出菌株P73T降解菲的2个重要的中间代谢产物,1-羟基-2-萘甲酸和1-萘酚.通过分析菌株P73T全基因组,发现了菲降解基因簇（P73 0346-P730354）,编码包括环羟基化双加氧酶、二氢二醇脱氢酶、环裂解双加氧酶、异构酶、水合醛缩酶等.通过验证环羟基化双加氧酶大亚基基因突变株ΔP73_0346：：kan的菲降解能力,证实基因P73 0346编码了菲双加氧酶.依据代谢物检测、基因组分析和突变株功能验证结果,推测菌株P73T降解菲经由菲C3,4-双加氧途径,更进一步地确定了参与此途径的菲双加氧酶等降解相关基因.本研究不仅揭示了菲降解的分子机制,也为菲污染的生物修复技术提供了理论依据.

Biochemical changes of Litopenaeus vannamei and Fenneropenaeus indicus in the different stages of WSSV infection

Objective:To find out the difference in the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of both the species of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei(L.vannamei)and Fenneropenaeus indicus(F.indicus)infected with different stages of white spot syndrome virus(WSSV).Methods:Standard methods were followed by estimating the proximate composition and fatty acid analysis.Each fish specimens were beheaded,eviscerated and filleted manually.The tissue samples were oven dried at 67°C for 24 h.Then the samples were grounded finely with pestle and mortar.The saponified samples were cooled at room temperature for 25 min.They were acidified and methylated by adding 2 mL 54%6 mol/L HCL in 46%aqueous methanol and incubated at 80°C for 10 min in water bath.Following the base wash step,the fatty acid methyl esters were cleaned in anhydrous sodium sulphate and then transferred into gas chromatograph sample vial for analysis.Fatty acid methyl esters were separated by gas chromatograph.Results:The proximate composition was higher in the both control tissue than the three(low,moderate,severe)infected ones.For L.vannamei and F.indicus,the carbohydrates are 5.07%and 6.18%,and the proteins are 25.01%and 22.17%,respectively.Lipid level recorded was little higher in the shrimps maintained and showed severe sign of WSSV infection than the control and the fatty acid profile result revealed that saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acid was in higher[48.72%(Severe)&16.87%(low)]L.vannamei.In the polyunsaturated fatty acid,F.indicus was 40.47%(low).Conclusions:Our study showed that the healthy shrimps are nutritionally rich than the WSSV affected shrimps.

Assessment of antimicrobial activity of c-type lysozyme from Indian shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus

Objective:To assess the multitudinal antimicrobial effects of recombinant lysozyme fromFenneropenaeus indicus(rFi-Lyz)in comparison with commercially available recombinant hen egg white lysozyme(rHEWL).Methods:Antimicrobial activity of the recombinant rFi-Lyz using several Gram positive,Gram negative bacteria and fungi in comparison with rHEWL has been evaluated.rFi-Lyz was expressed and purified using Ni2+affinity chromatography.The effect of rFi-Lyz in the growth of yeast Candida krusei,plant molds Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani was assessed by well diffusion assay in petri plates with potato dextrose agar.Results:rFi-Lyz exhibited high inhibitory activity on Gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis.Among various Gram negative bacteria testedKlebsiella pneumoniae exhibited the highest inhibition followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella dysenteriae.rFi-Lyz also exhibited significant inhibition on two marine pathogens Aeromonas veronii and Vibrio alginolyticus.Among the various fungal strains tested,rFi-Lyz inhibited the growth of budding yeast Candida krusei significantly.Further the growth of two other plants fungus Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum were retarded by rFi-Lyz in the plate inhibition assay.Conclusions:rFi-Lyz exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity like a natural antibiotic on various pathogenic bacteria and fungal strains.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential of pterostilbene:A review

Pterostilbene is a natural compound that can be found in various food plants such as blueberries,grapes,and peanuts.It has also been reported to be extracted from Pterocarpus indicus,a tree species native to India and Southeast Asia.Pterostilbene exhibits various pharmacological activities such as antioxidants,anti-proliferation,anti-microbial,and anti-inflammatory activities with favorable pharmacokinetic properties,such as high oral bioavailability and longer half-life.The anti-inflammatory effect of pterostilbene has been reported to contribute to its therapeutic effects in many chronic inflammatory diseases.Besides,pterostilbene has anti-cancer activity on various types of cancers due to its ability to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.Hence,in this review,we discuss the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of pterostilbene in preclinical studies.

麦秆水解液发酵生产燃料乙醇的研究

对腐生真菌Mucorindicus在湿氧化预处理的小麦秸秆水解液培养基中的生长及发酵产生酒精的性能进行了研究。结果表明,在厌氧条件下,乙醇对总糖的转化率和菌体生物量分别达到了0.37g/g和0.12g/g;好氧条件下,乙醇对总糖的转化率和菌体生物量分别达到0.33g/g和0.24g/g;该菌株对水解液中发酵抑制剂甲酸、乙酸等有较强的耐受能力。

贵州剑河巴水崖、镇远朱砂凯里组研究——八郎潜在的国际中、下寒武统层型剖面的辅助剖面研究

贵州剑河县巴水崖和镇远县朱砂凯里组剖面中下部都有Oryctocephalus indicus的产出,说明Oryctocephalus indicus的分布具有普遍性。两个剖面中、下寒武统界线的划分和潜在的八郎乌溜剖面中、下寒武统界线候选层型剖面的划分基本一致,可作为潜在的八郎乌溜中、下寒武统层型剖面的辅助剖面。

西藏黑颈鹤和斑头雁碰撞输电线的研究(英文)

我们在西藏自治区雅鲁藏布江河谷进行了为期两个冬季的黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)和斑头雁(Anserindicus)碰撞输电线路的调查。每个冬季,在一条 35 kV 的输电线路上设置 3 条样线,观察受伤和死亡的个体。受伤的个体在发现 5 天以后就不见了,而多数死亡个体的残骸发现时已经严重残缺不全。在样线调查时,记录到两只死亡的斑头雁;另外,在紧邻样线附近的地方见到两只受伤的斑头雁和两只死亡的黑颈鹤。调查发现鸟类碰撞输电线多发生在靠近夜宿和觅食地的地方。我们建议,在位于碰撞敏感区(如夜宿地、觅食地以及有农田的河谷谷口的雁鹤飞行通道)的新旧输电线路增加颜色鲜艳的标志物,以便减少鹤类和雁类的碰撞。

The structure of microbial populations in Nelore GIT reveals inter-dependency of methanogens in feces and rumen

Background:The success of different species of ruminants in the colonization of a diverse range of environments is due to their ability to digest and absorb nutrients from cellulose,a complex polysaccharide found in leaves and grass.Ruminants rely on a complex and diverse microbial community,or microbiota,in a unique compartment known as the rumen to break down this polysaccharide.Changes in microbial populations of the rumen can affect the host’s development,health,and productivity.However,accessing the rumen is stressful for the animal.Therefore,the development and use of alternative sampling methods are needed if this technique is to be routinely used in cattle breeding.To this end,we tested if the fecal microbiome could be used as a proxy for the rumen microbiome due to its accessibility.We investigated the taxonomic composition,diversity and inter-relations of two different GIT compartments,rumen and feces,of 26 Nelore(Bos indicus)bulls,using Next Generation Sequencing(NGS)metabarcoding of bacteria,archaea and ciliate protozoa.Results:We identified 4265 Amplicon Sequence Variants(ASVs)from bacteria,571 from archaea,and 107 from protozoa,of which 143(96 bacteria and 47 archaea)were found common between both microbiomes.The most prominent bacterial phyla identified were Bacteroidetes(41.48%)and Firmicutes(56.86%)in the ruminal and fecal microbiomes,respectively,with Prevotella and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 the most relatively abundant genera identified in each microbiome.The most abundant archaeal phylum identified was Euryarchaeota,of which Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii,a methanogen,was the prevalent archaeal species identified in both microbiomes.Protozoa were found exclusively identified in the rumen with Bozasella/Triplumaria being the most frequent genus identified.Co-occurrence among ruminal and fecal ASVs reinforces the relationship of microorganisms within a biological niche.Furthermore,the co-occurrence of shared archaeal ASVs between microbiomes indicates a dependency of the predominant fecal methanogen population on the rumen population.Conclusions:Co-occurring microorganisms were identified within the rumen and fecal microbiomes,which revealed a strong association and inter-dependency between bacterial,archaeal and protozoan populations of the same microbiome.The archaeal ASVs identified as co-occurring between GIT compartments corresponded to the methanogenic genera Methanobrevibacter and Methanosphaera and represented 26.34%of the overall archaeal sequencesdiversity in the rumen and 42.73%in feces.Considering that these archaeal ASVs corresponded to a significant part of the overall diversity of both microbiomes,which is much higher if one includes the interactions of these co-occurring with other rumen archaea ASVs,we suggest that fecal methanogens could be used as a proxy of ruminal methanogens.

Evaluation of Antimycobacterial Activity of Higenamine Using Galleria mellonella as an In Vivo Infection Model

The Phytochemical investigation on MeOH extract on the bark of Aristolochia brasiliensis Mart.&Zucc(Aristolochi-aceae)led to the isolation of major compound(1)as light brown grainy crystals.The compound was identified as 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol(higenamine)on the basis of spectroscopic analysis,including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.The compound was evaluated for its antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium indicus pranii(MIP),using Galleria mellonella larva as an in vivo infection model.The survival of MIP infected larvae after a single dose treatment of 100 mg/kg body weight of higenamine was 80%after 24 h.Quantitatively the compound exhibited a dose dependent activity,as evidenced by the reduction of colony density from 10^(5) to 10^(3) CFU for test concentrations of 50,100,150 and 200 mg/kg body weight respectively.The IC50 value for higenamine was 161.6 mg/kg body weight as calculated from a calibration curve.Further analysis showed that,a complete inhibition of MIP in the G.mellonella could be achieved at 334 mg/kg body weight.Despite the fact that MIP has been found to be highly resistant against isoniazid(INH)in an in vitro assay model,in this study the microbe was highly susceptible to this standard anti-TB drug.The isolation of higenamine from the genus Aristolochia and the method used to evaluate its in vivo antimycobacterial activity in G.mellonella are herein reported for the first time.

查谟-克什米尔地区查谟后西瓦立克沉积中的亚洲象化石

描述了一件象属( Elephas) 的右上臼齿化石。标本产自查谟紧靠上西瓦立克亚群巨砾岩组( Boulder Conglomerate Formation) 之上的砂质、粉砂质泥岩夹砾石层中,化石地点位于查谟市南10 km,Kharian 村北约500 m 处。根据齿板数、齿脊频率、釉质层厚度、冠高指数、绝对大小和齿长/齿高指数等牙齿形态参数,暂时将之归为 Elephas cf. E. maximus indicus。还简短讨论了象属的地理分布和地质时代。

Comparison of Two Insemination Programs in Synchronized Early Postpartum Zebu Cows under Tropical Conditions: An Economic Appraisal

To evaluate an artificial insemination program in postpartum Bos indicus cows and by using deterministic models, to estimate the possible economic advantages of insemination by appointment over detected estrus, sixty-three multiparous animals were synchronized using a progestagen device inserted at day 31 and withdrawn after 9 days (average time for withdrawal was 40.9 ± 6.8 days). Cows were observed continuously from 0700 to 1800 during 72 h. The percentage of animals detected positive to estrus by riding behavior was 43.4%, transrectal palpation, 22% and heat detector patches, 4.6%. The percentage of cows ovulating as evidenced by progesterone samples taken at 9 and 11 days after the average estrus response was 73%. The economical assessment by using the values obtained in the present study afforded that the cost of semen, ovulation rate and fertility point to a definitive advantage of using AI at fixed time over a program based on estrus detection.

Analysis and Study on Quality Control of Yao Medicine Damnacanthus macrophyllus Based on Methods in Chinese Pharmacopoeia

[Objectives]To establish a quality analysis method for Yao medicine Damnacanthus macrophyllus Sieb.ex Miq.var.giganteus(Makino)Koidz..[D.indicus Gaertn.f.var.giganteus Makino].[Methods]The moisture,total ash and alcohol extracts of D.macrophyllus medicinal materials were determined according to the experimental methods in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020).[Results]All the 10 batches of D.macrophyllus medicinal materials from different collection times and different regions in Guangxi had the same plant morphological characteristics.The experimental results indicate that the moisture was 9.81%-11.52%,the total ash content was 7.37%-9.53%,the acid-insoluble ash content was 1.10%-1.97%,and the extract was 8.25%-10.22%.[Conclusions]This study provides a scientific basis for establishing a quality standard for Yao medicine D.macrophyllus medicinal materials,and it is expected to better utilize and develop D.macrophyllus.