In multi-infeed HVDC system, the interactions and influences between DC systems AC systems are complex as the electrical distances among DC converter stations which are relatively short. Multi-infeed interaction facto...In multi-infeed HVDC system, the interactions and influences between DC systems AC systems are complex as the electrical distances among DC converter stations which are relatively short. Multi-infeed interaction factor (MIIF) can effectively reflect the interaction among DC systems. The paper theoretically analyzes the impact factors of MIIF like the electrical distances between two DC converter stations and the equivalent impedance of the receiving end AC system. By applying the Kirchhoff’s current law on the inverter AC bus, the paper deduces the analytical expressions for MIIF. From the expression, it is clear how the equivalent impedance of AC system and coupling impedance can affect MIIF. PSCAD simulations validate the effectiveness and the correctness of the proposed expression and some useful conclusions are drawn.展开更多
Adenomyosis (AD) refers to the endometrium (including glands and stroma) into myometrium gr owth of pathological changes, with the delay of women's childbea ring age, the pa ti ents with AD-associated infertility ...Adenomyosis (AD) refers to the endometrium (including glands and stroma) into myometrium gr owth of pathological changes, with the delay of women's childbea ring age, the pa ti ents with AD-associated infertility increased significantly. Although scholars disagreed about the effect of AD on infertility, more and more evidence showed that AD was closely related to the str uct ural and func ti onal defects of the eutopic endomet rium and myomet rial junc tional zone (MJZ), which may lead to embryo implantation failure and infertility. With the rapid development of imaging technology, the accuracy of diagnose AD has been enhanced, more and more infertility patients were diagnosed with AD. At the same time, a series of pathogenic hypothesis have been proposed to explain the relationship between AD. In addition, AD may influence the patient's reproductive function by affecting sperm transport, embryo implantation, altering uterine peristalsis, influencing the structure and function of endometrium, and changing the intrauterine environment. At present, the treatment of AD-associated infertility is similar to the treatment of AD. The commonly used treatment methods include drug therapy, conservative operative treatment, drug combination surgery, and Chinese medicine treatment and so on. The clinical and experimental studies of AD complicated with infertility and its possible pathogenesis and treatment in recent years are reviewed in this article.展开更多
换相失败可能引起直流输电系统(line commutated converter based high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)闭锁,严重影响电网的安全稳定运行。多馈入直流输电系统中电气耦合紧密,控制响应造成多回LCC-HVDC交互影响,使换相失败的产生机...换相失败可能引起直流输电系统(line commutated converter based high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)闭锁,严重影响电网的安全稳定运行。多馈入直流输电系统中电气耦合紧密,控制响应造成多回LCC-HVDC交互影响,使换相失败的产生机理变得更加复杂。现有后续换相失败抑制方法多以单回LCC-HVDC为对象,无法兼顾自身换相恢复和相邻直流换相失败抑制的需求。为此,提出了一种适应于多馈入直流输电系统的后续换相失败抑制方法。分析了LCC-HVDC首次换相失败恢复过程中逆变站控制系统的响应时序及条件,提出了考虑故障严重程度和LCC-HVDC控制影响的后续换相失败安全裕度评估方法,进而提出了基于电压安全裕度的后续换相失败抑制方法,并在CIGRE HVDC标准测试系统验证了所提方法的有效性。仿真结果表明,所提方法根据换流母线电压自适应地调节直流电流,能够有效降低多馈入直流输电系统中无功电压耦合影响,有效抑制相邻回LCC-HVDC发生后续换相失败。展开更多
级联型混合直流系统受端的模块化多电平换流器高压直流系统(modular multilevel converter high voltage direct current,MMC-HVDC)和电网换相换流器高压直流系统(line commutated converter high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)会...级联型混合直流系统受端的模块化多电平换流器高压直流系统(modular multilevel converter high voltage direct current,MMC-HVDC)和电网换相换流器高压直流系统(line commutated converter high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)会因馈入点电气距离较近而存在强相互作用关系。为明确级联型混合直流馈入系统中MMC-HVDC对LCC-HVDC系统强度的影响,提出考虑幅值和相位的MMC等效电流源的简化等效方法,基于所提MMC等效原理将级联型混合直流馈入系统等效成单馈入LCC-HVDC系统,分析等效单馈入系统的参数计算方法,并提出等效单馈入短路比评估指标。最后通过该指标分析归纳了不同控制方式、不同电气距离下等效单馈入系统的系统强度变化情况,即为MMC-HVDC对LCC-HVDC系统强度的影响规律。机理分析和基于PSCDAD/EMTDC、MATLAB的仿真结果表明,所提等效方法具有有效性且所提指标能很好地反应MMC-HVDC对LCC-HVDC系统强度的影响。展开更多
为了合理评估高比例新能源并网的多馈入高压直流输电(multi-infeed HVDC,MIDC)系统电压支撑能力,该文首先分析MIDC系统结构特点,随后基于多馈入短路比(multi-infeed short circuit ratio,MISCR)指标,并结合新能源短路电流幅值和相位随...为了合理评估高比例新能源并网的多馈入高压直流输电(multi-infeed HVDC,MIDC)系统电压支撑能力,该文首先分析MIDC系统结构特点,随后基于多馈入短路比(multi-infeed short circuit ratio,MISCR)指标,并结合新能源短路电流幅值和相位随机端电压变化的特性(以下简称“幅相特性”),提出多馈入暂态短路比(multi-infeed transient short circuit ratio,MITSCR)指标;其次,根据国家标准的要求分析以双馈风机(doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG)为代表的新能源在不同控制模式下的幅相特性,并通过MITSCR指标分析DFIG接入对MIDC系统节点电压支撑能力影响;最后,利用PSACD/EMTDC软件进行时域仿真分析,结果表明,MITSCR指标能有效表征节点的电压支撑能力,验证了该指标的有效性与优越性。展开更多
利用电网侧储能的无功支撑能力有望改善多馈入直流输电(multi-infeed high voltage direct current,MIDC)的电压暂态特性,但是电网侧储能接入后,电力电子装备之间的相互作用会影响MIDC控制特性。在计及电网侧储能与MIDC交互作用基础上,...利用电网侧储能的无功支撑能力有望改善多馈入直流输电(multi-infeed high voltage direct current,MIDC)的电压暂态特性,但是电网侧储能接入后,电力电子装备之间的相互作用会影响MIDC控制特性。在计及电网侧储能与MIDC交互作用基础上,分析了故障持续阶段与故障清除阶段的MIDC后续换相失败机理。研究表明,在故障持续阶段,由于电网侧储能的交互作用,定电流控制切换为定关断角控制时直流电流更大,并且电流偏差控制输出减少使越前触发角下降,造成换相供给面积不足的影响更大;在故障清除阶段,计及直流电流振荡影响,越前触发角下降及大幅波动会导致换相供给面积不足;在MIDC系统处于功率恢复过程中,若电网侧储能无功功率指令置为0,将增大后续换相失败风险。然后,针对电网侧储能以及MIDC控制策略进行改进,提出了计及电网侧储能交互作用的MIDC后续换相失败抑制策略。最后,在多种故障类型下仿真验证了所提控制策略有效性。展开更多
Due to increased penetration of renewable energies,DC links and other emerging technologies,power system operation and planning have to cope with various uncertainties and risks.In order to solve the problems of excee...Due to increased penetration of renewable energies,DC links and other emerging technologies,power system operation and planning have to cope with various uncertainties and risks.In order to solve the problems of exceeding short circuit current and multi-infeed DC interaction,a coordinated optimization method is presented in this paper.Firstly,a branch selection strategy is proposed by analyzing the sensitivity relationship between current limiting measures and the impedance matrix.Secondly,the impact of network structure changes on the multi-infeed DC system is derived.Then the coordinated optimization model is established,which considers the cost and effect of current limiting measures,the tightness of network structure and the voltage support capability of AC system to multiple DCs.Finally,the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II combining with the branch selection strategy,is used to find the Pareto optimal schemes.Case studies on a planning power system demonstrated the feasibility and speediness of this method.展开更多
High-voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission is playing an increasingly important role in modern power systems,and the resulted power/voltage stability issue has raised widespread concern.This paper presents an on-li...High-voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission is playing an increasingly important role in modern power systems,and the resulted power/voltage stability issue has raised widespread concern.This paper presents an on-line power/voltage stability index(PVSI)for multi-infeed HVDC(MIDC)systems.Different from the existing indices which are developed mainly for off-line and static analysis,the proposed PVSI can be applied in real time.Effects of system changes on stability assessment such as change of system states and control strategies are considered.Thus,helpful guidance can be provided for on-line HVDC stability and controls.The PVSI is originally deduced for single-infeed HVDC systems in an‘‘AC way’’by analyzing the power and voltage stability of both pure AC systems and HVDC systems.Moreover,its on-line application in practical MIDC systems is realized by building an equivalent single-infeed model,and utilizing nowadays measurement and communication infrastructures such as wide-area measurement system(WAMS).The effectiveness of the PVSI is verified through simulations in real-time digital simulator(RTDS).展开更多
文摘In multi-infeed HVDC system, the interactions and influences between DC systems AC systems are complex as the electrical distances among DC converter stations which are relatively short. Multi-infeed interaction factor (MIIF) can effectively reflect the interaction among DC systems. The paper theoretically analyzes the impact factors of MIIF like the electrical distances between two DC converter stations and the equivalent impedance of the receiving end AC system. By applying the Kirchhoff’s current law on the inverter AC bus, the paper deduces the analytical expressions for MIIF. From the expression, it is clear how the equivalent impedance of AC system and coupling impedance can affect MIIF. PSCAD simulations validate the effectiveness and the correctness of the proposed expression and some useful conclusions are drawn.
文摘Adenomyosis (AD) refers to the endometrium (including glands and stroma) into myometrium gr owth of pathological changes, with the delay of women's childbea ring age, the pa ti ents with AD-associated infertility increased significantly. Although scholars disagreed about the effect of AD on infertility, more and more evidence showed that AD was closely related to the str uct ural and func ti onal defects of the eutopic endomet rium and myomet rial junc tional zone (MJZ), which may lead to embryo implantation failure and infertility. With the rapid development of imaging technology, the accuracy of diagnose AD has been enhanced, more and more infertility patients were diagnosed with AD. At the same time, a series of pathogenic hypothesis have been proposed to explain the relationship between AD. In addition, AD may influence the patient's reproductive function by affecting sperm transport, embryo implantation, altering uterine peristalsis, influencing the structure and function of endometrium, and changing the intrauterine environment. At present, the treatment of AD-associated infertility is similar to the treatment of AD. The commonly used treatment methods include drug therapy, conservative operative treatment, drug combination surgery, and Chinese medicine treatment and so on. The clinical and experimental studies of AD complicated with infertility and its possible pathogenesis and treatment in recent years are reviewed in this article.
文摘换相失败可能引起直流输电系统(line commutated converter based high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)闭锁,严重影响电网的安全稳定运行。多馈入直流输电系统中电气耦合紧密,控制响应造成多回LCC-HVDC交互影响,使换相失败的产生机理变得更加复杂。现有后续换相失败抑制方法多以单回LCC-HVDC为对象,无法兼顾自身换相恢复和相邻直流换相失败抑制的需求。为此,提出了一种适应于多馈入直流输电系统的后续换相失败抑制方法。分析了LCC-HVDC首次换相失败恢复过程中逆变站控制系统的响应时序及条件,提出了考虑故障严重程度和LCC-HVDC控制影响的后续换相失败安全裕度评估方法,进而提出了基于电压安全裕度的后续换相失败抑制方法,并在CIGRE HVDC标准测试系统验证了所提方法的有效性。仿真结果表明,所提方法根据换流母线电压自适应地调节直流电流,能够有效降低多馈入直流输电系统中无功电压耦合影响,有效抑制相邻回LCC-HVDC发生后续换相失败。
文摘级联型混合直流系统受端的模块化多电平换流器高压直流系统(modular multilevel converter high voltage direct current,MMC-HVDC)和电网换相换流器高压直流系统(line commutated converter high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)会因馈入点电气距离较近而存在强相互作用关系。为明确级联型混合直流馈入系统中MMC-HVDC对LCC-HVDC系统强度的影响,提出考虑幅值和相位的MMC等效电流源的简化等效方法,基于所提MMC等效原理将级联型混合直流馈入系统等效成单馈入LCC-HVDC系统,分析等效单馈入系统的参数计算方法,并提出等效单馈入短路比评估指标。最后通过该指标分析归纳了不同控制方式、不同电气距离下等效单馈入系统的系统强度变化情况,即为MMC-HVDC对LCC-HVDC系统强度的影响规律。机理分析和基于PSCDAD/EMTDC、MATLAB的仿真结果表明,所提等效方法具有有效性且所提指标能很好地反应MMC-HVDC对LCC-HVDC系统强度的影响。
文摘利用电网侧储能的无功支撑能力有望改善多馈入直流输电(multi-infeed high voltage direct current,MIDC)的电压暂态特性,但是电网侧储能接入后,电力电子装备之间的相互作用会影响MIDC控制特性。在计及电网侧储能与MIDC交互作用基础上,分析了故障持续阶段与故障清除阶段的MIDC后续换相失败机理。研究表明,在故障持续阶段,由于电网侧储能的交互作用,定电流控制切换为定关断角控制时直流电流更大,并且电流偏差控制输出减少使越前触发角下降,造成换相供给面积不足的影响更大;在故障清除阶段,计及直流电流振荡影响,越前触发角下降及大幅波动会导致换相供给面积不足;在MIDC系统处于功率恢复过程中,若电网侧储能无功功率指令置为0,将增大后续换相失败风险。然后,针对电网侧储能以及MIDC控制策略进行改进,提出了计及电网侧储能交互作用的MIDC后续换相失败抑制策略。最后,在多种故障类型下仿真验证了所提控制策略有效性。
基金This work was supported by State Grid Corporation of China,Major Projects on Planning and Operation Control of Large Scale Grid under Grant SGCC-MPLG020-2012.
文摘Due to increased penetration of renewable energies,DC links and other emerging technologies,power system operation and planning have to cope with various uncertainties and risks.In order to solve the problems of exceeding short circuit current and multi-infeed DC interaction,a coordinated optimization method is presented in this paper.Firstly,a branch selection strategy is proposed by analyzing the sensitivity relationship between current limiting measures and the impedance matrix.Secondly,the impact of network structure changes on the multi-infeed DC system is derived.Then the coordinated optimization model is established,which considers the cost and effect of current limiting measures,the tightness of network structure and the voltage support capability of AC system to multiple DCs.Finally,the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II combining with the branch selection strategy,is used to find the Pareto optimal schemes.Case studies on a planning power system demonstrated the feasibility and speediness of this method.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFB0900100)part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51577136)part by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province,China(No.2018CFA080).
文摘High-voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission is playing an increasingly important role in modern power systems,and the resulted power/voltage stability issue has raised widespread concern.This paper presents an on-line power/voltage stability index(PVSI)for multi-infeed HVDC(MIDC)systems.Different from the existing indices which are developed mainly for off-line and static analysis,the proposed PVSI can be applied in real time.Effects of system changes on stability assessment such as change of system states and control strategies are considered.Thus,helpful guidance can be provided for on-line HVDC stability and controls.The PVSI is originally deduced for single-infeed HVDC systems in an‘‘AC way’’by analyzing the power and voltage stability of both pure AC systems and HVDC systems.Moreover,its on-line application in practical MIDC systems is realized by building an equivalent single-infeed model,and utilizing nowadays measurement and communication infrastructures such as wide-area measurement system(WAMS).The effectiveness of the PVSI is verified through simulations in real-time digital simulator(RTDS).