Security and Privacy in Solar Insecticidal Lamps Internet of Things:Requirements and Challenges

Solar insecticidal lamps(SIL) can effectively control pests and reduce the use of pesticides. Combining SIL and Internet of Things(IoT) has formed a new type of agricultural IoT,known as SIL-IoT, which can improve the effectiveness of migratory phototropic pest control. However, since the SIL is connected to the Internet, it is vulnerable to various security issues.These issues can lead to serious consequences, such as tampering with the parameters of SIL, illegally starting and stopping SIL,etc. In this paper, we describe the overall security requirements of SIL-IoT and present an extensive survey of security and privacy solutions for SIL-IoT. We investigate the background and logical architecture of SIL-IoT, discuss SIL-IoT security scenarios, and analyze potential attacks. Starting from the security requirements of SIL-IoT we divide them into six categories, namely privacy, authentication, confidentiality, access control, availability,and integrity. Next, we describe the SIL-IoT privacy and security solutions, as well as the blockchain-based solutions. Based on the current survey, we finally discuss the challenges and future research directions of SIL-IoT.

Preparation of Amide-Containing Insecticidal Derivatives from the Renewable Natural Productβ-Pinene

The preparation of bioactive derivatives from the renewable natural product pinene is a hot research topic in the deep processing and utilization of pinene.In this study,β-pinene was used to develop novel molecules as a promising new precursor of insecticide.A series of amide-containing derivatives ofβ-pinene were synthesized and characterized.The insecticidal activities of these derivatives against Mythimna separate and Semiaphis heraclei were tested.The structure characterization results showed that the characterization data of amide-containing derivatives were in full agreement with their proposed structures.The insecticidal activities evaluation results indicated that amide-containing derivatives exhibited weak insecticidal activity against Mythimna separate,but exhibited moderate to good insecticidal activity against Semiaphis heraclei.After testing for 72 h,the corrected mortality against Semiaphis heraclei of compounds 5c,5e,5f,5 h,5j,and 5 m was 100%at 1000 mg/L.The structure-activity relationship analysis results showed that the introduction of an amide group into the structure of derivatives improved their insecticidal activity against Semiaphis heraclei.Meanwhile,the amide-containing derivatives containing the F and NO_(2) substituted benzene ring might improve their insecticidal activity against Semiaphis heraclei.This study will be helpful for the high value-added utilization of the natural renewable resourceβ-pinene and the development of novel insecticides.

Evaluation of the Insecticidal Activity of Powders of Ageratum conyzoide L. Leaves and Roots of Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen on the Germination Rate of Cowpea Infected with Callosobruchus maculatus

Cowpea is a vegetable that contributes to food security in Guinea. Despite its importance, more than 30% of its production is lost between harvesting, storage and consumption. The main cowpea pest is Callosobruchus maculatus. The commonly used control strategy is essentially based on chemicals whose use is toxic, expensive and restrictive. In the search for alternatives to chemical control, this work was undertaken to evaluate the insecticidal potential of Ageratum conyzoid leaf powders and Securidaca longepedunculata roots. Powder toxicity and insecticidal efficacy tests were performed separately on groups of 20 Callosobruchus maculatus using 3 doses of Ageratum conyzoid leaf powders and Securidaca longepedunculata roots in jars each containing 100 g cowpea. The mortality of Callosobruchus maculatus and the impact of powders were noted respectively for 96 h and 4 months after infestation. The germination capacity of the treated seeds was assessed at the start of the study. Doses of 1 and 8 g of Ageratum conyzoides leaf powders and Securidaca longepedunculata roots were applied respectively to every 100 g of cowpea and led to 100% mortality of Callosobruchus maculatus. At these same doses, more than half of the treated seeds were attacked during the 4 months of storage. Germination tests have shown that powders of Ageratum conyzoides leaves and roots of Securidaca longepedunculata have no negative effect on the germination power of cowpea seeds. Therefore, they could be considered as excellent bio-insecticides that socio-professional strata (farmers and warehouse workers) can use in the fight against cowpea insects intended for storage.

Insecticidal Activity and Physicochemical Characterization of Nanoparticles from Foliar Extract of Capsicum chinense

This work was carried out to evaluate the insecticidal effect of mono,bi and trimetallic nanoparticles(NPs)from leaf extract of habanero pepper(Capsicum chinense Jacq.)on the red flour beetle(Tribolium castaneum herbst.)and cotton mealybug(Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley).The results showed that Cu NPs,Cu/Mn NPs and Zn/Cu NPs had high insecticidal effect against T.castaneum(63%-80% mortality after 96 h).The Cu NPs and Zn/Cu NPs showed also insecticidal effect against P.solenopsis,but to a lesser extent(20%–28% after 96 h).With regards to the physicochemical characterization,Cu NPs had a zeta potential of 21.1 mV,whereas Cu/Mn NPs and Zn/Cu NPs exhibited zeta potentials of 200 mV.The polydispersity index(PDI)values for Cu NPs,Cu/Mn NPs,and Zn/Cu NPs were 10.1,29.16,and 14.34,respectively.The TF-IR spectra of the NPs varied from 600 to 4000 cm−1.The EDX weight percentages showed the presence of Cu(0.29%–2.4%),Mn(1.4%),and Zn(2.6%)in Cu/Mn NPs and Zn/Cu NPs,respectively.

Insecticidal activities and active components of the alcohol extract from green peel of Juglans mandshurica

The extract of green peel of Juglans mandshurica Maxim was extracted by common method for studying its insecticidal activities and analyzing the active components. Results showed that the alcohol extract and the chloroform part of extract （separated with chloroform from alcohol extract） form green peel of J. mandshurica have insecticidal activities in contact toxicity and stomach toxicity against larvae of Lymantria dispar L.. After application of the extracts for five days, the corrected mortality of larvae of Lymantria dispar for both extracts was more than 50% in contact toxicity and stomach toxicity at the concentration of ≥ 5 g·L^-1. The insecticidal activity for both alcohol extract and chloroform part of extract is more effect in contact toxicity than in stomach toxicity, but no significant difference in the insecticidal activities was found between alcohol extract and chloroform part of extract. The active components in the chloroform part of extract from green peel of.J. mandshurica were analyzed by GC-MS. The analyzed results showed that the active components in the chloroform part of extract are： （1） joglone （5-hydroxy-1,4- naphthaoquinone）, the relative content 27.11%, （2） 1,5-Naphthalenediol, the relative content 9.52%, （3） 7-Methoxy-1-tetralone, the relative content 6.81%, （4） Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro-, the relative content 6.76%, （5） 4-Hydroxy-2-methoxycinnamaldehyde, the relative content 3.99%, （6） 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol, the relative content 3.05%.

Antifungal,Insecticidal and Herbicidal Properties of Volatile Components from Paenibacillus polymyxa Strain BMP-11

The volatiles produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa strain BMP-11 which was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of cucumber in a greenhouse were analyzed by SPME-GC-MS.Based on the preliminary test,three kinds of purchased commercial products 1-octen-3-ol,benzothiazole and citronellol were chosen to give further assessment of their bioactivity.Antifungal bioassays in sealed dishes revealed that those three compounds strongly inhibited the mycelia growth of the eight pathogens at a low treatment dosage and induced the mycelial morphological abnormalities.During the experiment,we even found that citronellol completely prevented the pigment production of the tested fungus,Fusarium oxysporum,however,1-octen-3-ol and benzothiazole had slight effect.The germination was inhibited to different degrees when spores of Botrytis cinerea exposed to these compounds for 24 h in water agar plate.Furthermore,fumigation results showed that 1-octen-3-ol and benzothiazole had strong toxicity against Tribolium castaneum,LC50 was 16.76 and 3.50 mg L-1,respectively.The fumigation activity was also found similar to the positive control,1,3-dichloropropene （LC50 =10.13 mg L-1）.Results of herbicidal assays showed that tested compounds had inhibitory effects on the seed germination and seedling growth of Amaranthus retroflexus,Echinochloa crusgalli and Chenopodium album.Findings of the present study suggested that the antifungal,insecticidal and herbicidal properties of the components were contained in volatiles.These agents or even their derivatives may have a potential to be used as fungicide,insecticide as well as herbicide.

Comparison of Constituents and Insecticidal Activities of Essential Oil from Artemisia lavandulaefolia by Steam Distillation and Supercritical-CO_2 Fluid Extraction

Essential oil was extracted from Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC.by steam distillation（SD） and supercritical-CO2 fluid extraction（SFE）,respectively.The constituents of the essentil oils extracted with those two methods were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS） and insecticidal activities of the essential oils were evaluated,then the results were compared to assess their biological activity.Thirty-one compounds were identified in the essential oil extracted by SD,and its main components were eucalyptol,α,α,4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol and so on.Twenty-two compounds were identified for the essential oil extracted by SFE,and its main components were cyclodecene,n-hexadecanoic acid and so on.Six chemical compositions were all contained in the essential oils extracted by the two methods,i.e.,eucalyptol,α,α,4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol,caryophyllene,[3aS-（3aα,3bβ,4β,7α,7aS）]-octahydro-7-methyl-3-methylene-4-（1-methylethyl）-1H-cyclopenta[1,3]cyclopropa-[1,2]benzene,nerolidol and（-）-Spathulenol.The fumigation toxicity of the essential oil obtained by means of SD to the adults of Sitophilus zeamais is significantly higher than that of the essential oil by means of SFE.The contact toxicity of the essential oil obtained by means of SFE to the adults of S.zeamais is higher than that of the essential oil obtained by means of SD,but the difference is not significant.

Insecticidal,antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bulb extracts of Allium sativum

Objective:To evaluate the insecticidal,antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bulb extracts of Allium sativum(A.sativum).Methods:Dried bulbs of A.sativum were extracted with different solvents and evaluated for insecticidal,antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.Results: Aqueous and methanol extracts showed highest insecticidal activity(mortality rate of 81%and 64%respectively) against the larvae of Spodoptera litura(S.litura) at a concentration of 1000 ppm.With regard to antimicrobial activity,aqueous extract exhibited antibacterial activity against gram positive(Bacillus subtilis,Staphylococcus aureu,) and gram negative(Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia) strains and antifungal activity against Candida albicans.While methanol extract showed antimicrobial activity against all the tested micro organisms except two(Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans),the extracts of hexane,chloroform and ethyl acetate did not show any anti microbial activity.Minimum inhibitory concentration of aqueous and methanol extracts against tested bacterial and fungal strains was 100-150μg/mL. Antioxidant activity of the bulb extracts was evaluated in terms of inhibition of free radicals by 2.2’-diphenly-l-picrylhydrazyl.Aqueous and methanol extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity(80%-90%of the standard).Conclusions:Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of A.sativum against the tested organisms therefore,provides scientific basis for its utilization in traditional and folk medicine.Also,our results demonstrated the insecticidal efficacy of A. sativum against S.litura,a polyphagous insect.

Relationship Between Leaf C/N Ratio and Insecticidal Protein Expression in Bt Cotton as Affected by High Temperature and N Rate

Expression of insecticidal protein for transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton is unstable and related to nitrogen metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between leaf carbon nitrogen ratio （C/N） and insecticidal efficacy of two Bt cotton cultivars. C/N ratio and Bt protein content were both measured at peak square period and peak boll period respectively under 5-7 d high temperature and different nitrogen fertilizer rates on the Yangzhou University Farm and the Ludong Cotton Farm, China. All plants were grown in field. The results showed that the C/N ratio enhanced slightly and the Bt protein content remained stable at peak square period, but significant increases for the C/N ratio and decreases markedly for the leaf Bt protein concentration were detected at the peak boll period. The similar patterns at the two growth periods were found for the leaf C/N ratio and Bt protein content by different N fertilizer treatments. When nitrogen rate was from 0 to 600 kg ha-l, the C/N ratio was reduced by 0.017 and 0.006 for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak square period, compared to the 1.350 to 1.143 reduction for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak boll period, respectively. Correspondingly, the leaf Bt protein contents were bolstered by 2.6-11.8 and 26.9-36.9% at the two different growth periods, respectively. The results suggested that enhanced C/N ratio by high temperature and nitrogen application may result in the reduction of inseetiocidal efficacy in Bt cotton, especially in peak boll period.

Synthesis of insecticidal sucrose esters

Some synthetic sucrose esters （SE） are a relatively new class of insecticidal compounds produced by reacting sugars with fatty acids, which are safe for the environment. Especially, sucrose esters composed of C6-C12 fatty acids have desirable insecticidal properties against many soft-bodied arthropod pests. In our study, sucrose octanoate which has the highest activity against a range of arthropod species was synthesized by a trans-esterification method and proved its insecticidal property. Under the condition of a homogeneous liquid, sucrose octanoate was prepared by reacting ethyl octanoate with sucrose at reduced pressure; the yield was 79.11%. Sucrose octanoate synthesized was identified and its property analyzed by IR, TLC and spectrophotometric analysis. It was shown that the ratio of monoester to polyester in sucrose octanoate was 1.48：1. The insecticidal activity of the synthetic sucrose octanoate was evaluated at a concentration of 4 and 8 mg.mL^-1. The mortality of first-instar larvae ofLymantria dispar from its contact toxicity was 72.5% after 36 hours, the revision insect reduced rate of Aphis glycines reached above 80% at 4 and 8 mg.mL^-1 after being treated for 5 days. Since the SE products are nontoxic to humans and higher animals, fully biodegradable and hydrolyzed to readily metabolizable sucrose and fatty acid, they are not harmful to crops and appear to be good insecticide candidates.

Reduced square Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein content of transgenic cotton under N deficit

To clarify the effect of the N deficit on the amount of square Bt insecticidal protein, different N application rates(0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg ha^–1) were imposed on the conventional cultivar Sikang 1(SK-1) and hybrid cultivar Sikang 3(SK-3) during 2015–2016 cotton growth seasons. Under different N application rates, the square number per plant, square volume and square dry weight reduced when the N rates decreased from conventional rate(300 kg ha^–1) to 0 kg ha^–1. And the square Bt protein content decreased accordingly. The analysis of N metabolism showed that soluble protein content, GPT and GOT activities decreased, free amino acid, peptidase and protease activities increased under N deficit. Correlation analysis indicated that the reduced Bt protein content under N deficit was related to altered N metabolism. In conclusion, square development and the amount of square Bt toxin both decreased under N deficit, indicating that promoting the square development under appropriate N application rate would also promote the insect resistance during squaring stage.

Insecticidal Constructure and Bioactivities of Compounds from Ficus sarmentosa var.henryi

Insecticidal activities of the petroleum ether-, chloroform-, ethyl acetate-, and water-soluble fractions of the methanolic extract ofFicus sarmentosa var. henryi were assayed against Musca domestica adults. The chloroform- and ethyl acetate- soluble fractions were the most active with 92.6 and 88.9% mortalities （24 h after treatment） respectively. Therefore, the two fractions were combined and four compounds, isolated from the fractions by activity-guided fractionation, were elucidated as 7-hydroxycoumarin, apigenin, eriodictyol, and quercetin by spectroscopic method and displayed excellent insecticidal activities against adults of M. domestica and 4th instar larva of Aedes albopictus. Among those, 7- hydroxycoumarin showed the strongest insecticidal activities with lethal concentrations （LC50） values of 72.13 μg g^-1 sugar and 4.87 μg mL^-1 （48 h after treatment） against the test insects respectively. The cytoxicities of these compounds on BTI-Tn-5B 1-4 cell were also investigated for the insecticidal mechanism and found that quercetin represented superior inhibitory activity with MTT assay and reactive oxygen species （ROS） against BTI-Tn-5B 1-4 cell, but slightly weaker than that of the positive control （azadirachtin） and significantly greater than the negative control （DMSO only）. Meanwhile, eriodictyol demonstrated the strongest effect on the mitochondrial membrane potentials （MMP）. In conclusion, based on their comparative toxicities to commercial insecticides and their cytotoxic effects, some of the compounds from the F. sarmentosa have potential as botanical insecticides.

Impacts of Environmental Factors on Degradation of CrylAb Insecticidal Protein in Leaf-Blade Powders of Transgenic Bt Rice

The determination of the environmental fate of Bt insecticidal protein released by Bt rice plants in paddy soils is a key issue in its ecological risk assessment. In this study, the impacts of soil water content, pH, and temperature on the degradation of CrylAb protein expressed in the leaves of Bt rice KMD2 were studied in the laboratory. Three types of paddy soils were used, i.e., blue clayey paddy soil, pale paddy soil on quaternary red soil, and marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil. Ground powders of KMD2 leaf blades were mixed with each type of soil, and degradation dynamics of Cry lAb were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The degradation rate of CrylAb was high at the early experimental stage, but slowed down steadily at middle and later stages, which could be described by exponential equations, with the half-life period of degradation determined as 1.8-4.0 d. The soil water content, pH, and temperature could affect the degradation of CrylAb, but the effects of soil pH and temperature were relatively greater. In general, CrylAb degradations were slower under lower soil pH and temperature conditions, especially for marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil.

Studies on Insecticidal Activities and Active Ingredients of Stephania kwangsiensis Lo.

Insecticidal activities and active ingredients of Stephania kwangsiensis Lo. were studied for the first time. The results showed that all parts of S. kwangsiensis Lo. had contact activity against brown planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens Stal, and the contact activity of methanol extract from root tubers was the highest, with a LD50 value being 1.5794 lag/female. l-roemerine was isolated from root tubers of S. kwangsiensis Lo. and identified, and it was the main active ingredient. l-roemerine had high contact toxicity to brown planthoppers, with a LD50 value being 0.0443 lag/female. Contact toxicity of l-roemerine to brown planthoppers was 7.48 times that of malathion, the convientional chemical insecticide used for controlling brown planthoppers.l-roemerine also had stomach poison activity against brown planthoppers.

Design,Synthesis and Insecticidal Activities of Novel Phenyl Substituted Isoxazolecarboxamides

Thirteen novel phenyl substituted isoxazolecarboxamides were synthesized, and their structures were characterized by IH NMR, elementary analysis and high-resolution mass spectrometry（HRMS） techniques. Their evaluated insecticidal activities against oriental armyworm（Mythimna separata） indicate that the phenyl substituted isoxazolecarboxamides exhibited moderate insecticidal activities, among which compounds 9c and 9k showed com- paratively higher activities.

Study on Active Oxygen Quantum Yield,Insecticidal Activities and Stability of Diphenylthiophene

Active oxygen quantum yield, insecticidal activities and stability of diphenylthiophene were studied for the first time. The results showed that maximum diphenylthiophene absorbency variety was 0.438 after irradiation for 280 min and that of α- terthienyl （α-T） was 0.480 after irradiation for 200 min with UV. LCs0 values ofdiphenylthiophene and α-T against 3rd instar larvae ofAedes albopictus were 9.18 × 10^-3 and 9.69× 10^-4 μg mL^-1 when treated for 24 h, respectively. LC50 values of the two chemicals against the 3rd instar larvae of Plutella xylostella were 267.87 and 222.22 μg mL^-1 when treated for 24 h, respectively. The half lives of diphenylthiophene and α-T in methanol were 113.62 and 10.65 h. Difference between quantum yield of diphenylthiophene and α-T was not significant and they all possessed high toxicity to Aedes albopictus and Plutella xylostella, but diphenylthiophene was more stable than α-T. It could be concluded that diphenylthiophene has overcome the deficiency of photoactivated insecticides which degraded quickly in the environment and could not be applied on the field. Diphenylthiophene could kill the insects and accelerate the degradation rate of triazophos. The benefits of diphenylthiophene can be further exploited and applied on the field.

Diamide derivatives containing a trifluoromethylpyridine skeleton:Design,synthesis,and insecticidal activity

Diamide derivatives are biologically active molecules that have been widely applied in recent years in research on pesticides,especially insecticides.Using a simple and environmentally friendly scheme,a series of new diamide derivatives containing a trifluoromethylpyridine skeleton was designed,synthesized,and confirmed by^(1)H,^(19)F and^(13)C NMR,and HR-MS.Their insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella and Helicoverpa armigera were measured and the relationship between structure and activity was investigated.Eight of the title compounds(D2,D5,D10,D21,D28,D29,D30 and D33)showed 100%activity against P.xylostella at 500 mg L^(-1).One compound,D33,still showed 100%activity against P.xylostella at 100 mg L^(-1)and had the lowest LC_(50)(lethal concentration 50%,3.7 mg L^(-1))among the synthesized compounds.Molecular docking analysis revealed that D33 could be thoroughly embedded in the active pocket of the ryanodine receptor via hydrogen bonding in a manner similar to the commercial insecticide chlorantraniliprole.

Synthesis and Insecticidal Activities of Novel Analogues of Chlorantraniliprole Containing Nitro Group

Twelve novel analogues of chlorantraniliprole containing nitro group were synthesized,and their structures were characterized by 1H NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry（HRMS）.Their evaluated insecticidal activities against oriental armyworm（Mythimna separata） indicate that the nitro-containing analogues showed favorable insecticidal activities,while the activity of compounds 5g at 0.25mg/L was 40%,but still lower than chlorantraniliprole.

Purification, characterization and evaluation of insecticidal activity of trypsin inhibitor from Albizia lebbeck seeds

A Bowman-Birk inhibitor with activity against gut proteases of Helicoverpa armigera was extracted in 0.I M sodium phosphate buffer from defatted seed flour of Albizia lebbeck. It was purified to 29.62 folds with 51.43% recovery using ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100 column and ion ex- change chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex As0. The purified protein had a molecular weight of 12,303 daltons as determined by SDS-PAGE. It was found to be heat stable up to 60~C and had two pH optima of 7.5 and 9.0. The inhibitor exhibited non-competitive pattern of inhibition with a low Ki value of 0.2 ~tM. The inhibitoi- was found to be susceptible to varying concentrations of reducing agents like DTT and 2- mercaptoethanol, thereby indicating the role of disulphide bridges in maintaining its three dimensional structure and stability. The purified inhibitor caused mortality and suppressed larval growth ofPieris brassi- cae larvae. It was also found to be effective against gut trypsin extracted from Spodoptera littoralis. The sequence of the genes encoding for such inhibitors can be determined and the genes expressing protease inhibitors can be used in vegetable crops to confer resistance against insect pests and other plant pathogens.

Insecticidal activities and chemical components of alcohol extract from leaves of Rhodendron dauricum L.

The extract from leaves of Rhododendron dauricum L. was extracted with 95% alcohol by common method for studying its insecticidal activities. The chemical components of the alcohol extract and relative contents were analyzed by GC-MS. The insecticidal activities of the alcohol extract were tested on the 2nd？3rd instar larvae of Lymantria dispar L. for five days. Five concentrations of the extract samples were designed as 50, 10, 5, 1, and 0.5 g？L？1. The results show that the alcohol extracts from leaves of R. dauricum exhibited insecticidal activities against larvae of L. dispar. The corrected mortality of larvae of L. dispar for was over 50% for both contact toxicity and stomach toxicity at the extract concentration of ≥ 5 g·L？1 after five days of application. The insecticidal activity in contact toxicity is more effect than stomach toxicity for the alcohol extract. Twenty compounds, with total GC relative contents of 93.81% in the alcohol extract from leaves of R. dauricum were identified. The main chemical components in the extract are： （1） 4,5-Dihydro-5-oxo-3-（p-tolyl） isoxazole, with a relative content of 40.03%; （2） 1,3-Benzenediol, 5-methyl-2-（3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10- dodecatrienyl）-, （E,E）-, the relative content 18.27%; （3） 3,6-Diphenyl- 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-1,8-acridinedione, the relative content 3.89%; （4） 6H-[1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]indole, 4a,5,7,8,8a,9-hexahydro-9- methylene-, the relative content 2.99%; （5） 7-Amino-4-methyl-1,8- naphthyridin-2-ol, the relative content 2.64%; （6） 4-Methyl-2,6- dihydroxyquinoline, the relative content 2.63%; （7） 2,4,6- Triaminoquinazoline, the relative content 2.27%; （8） 2（1H）-Quinolinone, 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-, the relative content 2.02%.