THE CALENDAR SYNCHRONIZATION AND INTERCALARY MONTHS IN UMMA,PUZRIS-DAGAN,NIPPUR,LAGAS AND UR DURING THE UR Ⅲ PERIOD

In my article in JAC 15,I discuss“the Mada calendar”of Puzri-Dagan of the UrⅢ period.This calendar started from the month iti-ma-d-k while its alternatecycle“the Akiti Calendar”started from the month iti-ki-ti(vi).The Akiticalendar was only used for three whole and two half years(ulgi 44’viii’-xii',45’-47’,48’i’-vii’)during the Mada years of ulgi 45/i to ulgi 48/xii.It wasonly used by the main office of Puzri-Dagan.

Introduction of a New Cycle in Replacement of Metonic: An Ideal Solution towards a Deviation Free Luni-Solar Calendar

Molad is simply an interval between two successive new moon timelines with respect to the line joining the Sun and the Earth i.e., with respect to the Sun as seen from the Earth, which in scientific terms is referred as lunation or “synodic lunar month”. Though synodic lunar month may vary by up to ±0.7 days locally, the length of mean synodic lunar month is constant over a long period of time and is a crucial value in determining the luni-solar calendar’s new months similar to Hebrew calendar’s “Rashei Hodesh”. Based on the Metonic cycle the luni-solar Hebrew calendar adds 07 intercalary months in 19 solar years. This hypothesis proposes a new cycle instead of the Metonic cycle towards eliminating the deviation of the calendar incurred in the long course of time. The research analyzed that application of the conventional Metonic cycle to luni-solar calendar is erroneous, which theoretically leads Hebrew calendar to absorb extra 11 days (approx.) by 2053 years after inception. The study pointed out that through the application of 2116 - 2053 lunar-solar years cycle instead of 235 - 228 lunar-solar months based Metonic cycle, formulation of a far better high precession luni-solar calendar is possible and also both lunar and solar sides of the luni-solar calendar became fully balanced and harmonized.