The Causes and Applications of Code Switching Between Chinese and English in Social Intercourse

This paper examines the phenomenon of code switching between Chinese and English in China.It explores the causes,types,and applications of code switching,as well as the public’s attitudes towards it.The paper distinguishes between pathological and non-pathological code switching,and analyzes the corpus of code switching in Hong Kong.It also discusses how English as a dominant language affects the perception and use of code switching.The paper suggests that code switching is not only a linguistic but also an emotional process,and that speakers and listeners should be aware of their audience group when using code switching.

Impact of Frequency of Intercourse on Erectile Dysfunction: A Cross-sectional Study in Wuhan, China

This study was aimed to investigate the influence of coital frequency and masturbation on erectile dysfunction （ED） in Chinese patients. A total of 332 male outpatients with or without ED and volunteers were recruited from Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, China. ED was assessed by using the five-item International Index of Erectile Function scale and the frequency of intercourse by patients＇ self-report. After adjusting for lifestyle factors and diseases-related factors, the analyses showed that coital and masturbation in a certain frequency tended to decrease the risk of ED. Men reporting intercourse once a week had lower risk of ED than those did less than once a week, with age, hyperlipidemia, hy-pertension, diabetes, body mass index, smoking, and drinking as covariates （P=0.67, adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]： 0.37-1.88）. For those reporting coital frequency two times per week and three or more times per week, there were 63% （adjusted OR = 0.37; 95% CI： 0.18-0.77） and 85% （adjusted OR = 0.15; 95% CI： 0.07-0.35） lower risk of ED than those reporting intercourse frequency less than once per week, respectively （P〈0.05）. Results indicated that maintaining a regular frequency of intercourse can reduce the risk of ED for males aged among 30 to 75 years.

Receptive Anal Intercourse and HIV Infection

Objective: Inform the public that receptive anal intercourse (RAI) is a key transmission route of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in the United States. Method: The role of receptive anal intercourse (RAI) in this epidemic will be examined using the following approach: 1) Risk comparison of HIV transmission via RAI to the other major routes of transmission. 2) HIV transmission risks of RAI using some of the present risk reduction techniques. 3) HIV infection via anal intercourse among male youth. 4) HIV infection via anal intercourse among women. Results: Of the major transmission routes of HIV, receptive anal intercourse has the highest transmission risk for acquiring HIV infection. RAI is 2 times the risk of needle-sharing during injection drug use (IDU) and 17 times the risk of receptive vaginal intercourse. The estimated per act probability of acquiring HIV from an infected source by the exposure route of RAI is high in most circumstances: 1) Condoms alone only partially reduce the high risk of RAI. With the addition of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), the risk is further reduced. 2) When one or both partners are infected with a sexually transmitted disease (STD), even with condom use, the risks are very high. With the addition of PrEP the risks are reduced, but RAI still carries significant risks. 3) With exposure to acute HIV (high viral load) the risks of RAI are very high and remain significant even with condom use and PrEP. Anal intercourse often begins in adolescence;both genders are at risk. Conclusion: Public knowledge of the high transmission risks of receptive anal intercourse may likely result in a downward trend of new HIV infections and contribute to ending the epidemic.

A Cox Proportional Hazard Model Approach to Age at First Sexual Intercourse in Nigeria

Early age at first sexual intercourse comes with many negative sexual outcomes namely: having unprotected sex on first sexual intercourse, condom misuse, high rate of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), teenage pregnancy, increased number of sexual partners, etc. In this paper, we considered some socio-demographic and cultural factors and their relationship with age at first sexual intercourse so as to reduce the numerous negative sexual outcomes of early age at first sexual intercourse using the 2018 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey data. The analysis was made using the Cox proportional hazard model and the Kaplan-Meier plot. The result shows that some respondents started having their first sexual intercourse at the age of 8 years and about 54.4% of the respondents had their first sexual intercourse before age 17 years. The median age of first sexual intercourse is 16 years which implies that about 50% of the respondents had their first sexual intercourse on or before their 16th birthday. Education, religion, region and residence significantly affects the age of first sexual intercourse while circumcision has no significant effect.

Chinese Students’ Adaptation of Social Intercourse Influenced by Different Cultural Contexts of China and America in American Universities

1 Statement of the Purpose (1) Statement of the purpose The purpose of the research isto study Chinese studends' adaptation of social intercourse influenced by different cultural contexts of China and America in American universities.And the study will also try to find out the exact problems and obstacles during Chinese students' adapting period in American universities.

Frequency of Monthly Ejaculation at Sexual Intercourse, DNA Fragmentation Index and Fertilization Rate among Sperm Donors and Fertility-Challenged Men in Sub-Saharan Africa: Paper 2

Introduction: Heterogenous sexual intercourse often produces a powerful orgasm that stimulates the pituitary function. Studies have suggested ejaculation frequency based on age. Materials and Methods: Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect information from subjects. Semen samples were collected from sperm donors and sub-fertile men who presented for infertility challenges. Processing and analysis of semen samples were done according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation was evaluated using the Halosperm kit. Results: Among sperm donors, those aged χ2 = 0.09, P-value = 0.81, OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 0.23, 45.19) while among sub-fertile men those aged ≥40 years were approximately 2.3 times more likely to have very low frequency of MESI compared to aged χ2 = 2.11, P-value = 0.51, OR = 2.27, 95% CI: 0.74, 9.92). The frequency of all categories of MESI was highest among sub-fertile men aged χ2 = 0.03, P-value = 0.57, OR = 2.42, 95% CI: 0.41, 14.46). Sub-fertile men aged ≥40 with diastolic hypertension (≥90 mmHg) were approximately 6 times more likely to have a low (6 - 10) frequency of MESI compared to those aged χ2 = 1.97, P-value = 0.16, OR = 6.22, 95% CI: 0.69, 55.77). Overall mean fertilization rate was significantly higher (t-test = 2.44, P-value = 0.01) among sub-fertile men aged Conclusion: Cigarette smoking, more than alcohol consumption, appears to be a major factor that significantly affects the frequency of MESI among sub-fertile men in all age groups. Frequency of MESI negatively but insignificantly correlated with systolic blood pressure.

Female Sexual Dysfunction and Timed Intercourse: A Prospective Study of 105 Infertile Women

Introduction: Timed intercourse (TI) based on ovulation monitoring is an effective and common choice for treatment of infertility. However, TI related female sexual dysfunction remains to be elucidated. Method and Material: This was a prospective study and 105 infertile women were included using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) to assess their sexual function in general sexual life (GSL) and TI cycle. Results: The mean age of the patients was 29.4 ± 3.4 years and the duration of infertility was 1.8 ± 0.5 years. The mean score of FSFI was 25.2 in GSL cycle and 24.5 in TI cycle (p = 0.008). Scores of 5 out of 6 domains of FSFI during GSL cycle were significantly higher than the counterparts during TI cycle. Female sexual function was related to stress, which mostly came from patients themselves and parents. The stronger the stress was, the more domains of FSFI were affected. Conclusion: Infertility is an important factor affecting female sexual function, especially TI condition reduced FSFI score in several domains, and this may be related to infertile stress.

Association of Sexual Intercourse with Psychological Suppression and Copying Modes for Vocational School Students

Objective To evaluate the association of sex behavior with sexual related psychological suppression and coping modes among students in three vocational schools in Shanghai. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1 368 grade one students from three vocational schools in a district of Shanghai, with Computer Assisted Self- Interview （CASI）. The field work began in the April 2003 for a baseline survey, and completed in the December, 2003. Data on students＇ sexual intercourse, sexual related psychological suppression and psychological coping modes, and communication with parents were collected and analyzed. Binary logistic regression was used to adjust the potential confounding factors. Results After controlling for demographic factors, adolescents with middle or high scores of active psychological coping strategies on sexual related events were less likely to have sexual intercourse （ORadj=0.48, 95%CI=0.30-0. 77 and ORadj=0.49, 95%CI=0.30-0.83, respectively）, while association between psychological suppression on sex related events and sexual intercourse was not statistically significant （ORadj= 0.93, 95%CI=0.63-1.37）; sexual related psychological suppression and active coping modes were positively associated with adolescents＇ communicating with parents for 2-7 h/week about school things, but negatively associated with parents＇ open attitudes towards heterosexual contacts and talking sex related things with others. Conclusion Vocational school students with active psychological coping strategies on sexual related events were less likely to engage in sexual intercourse, so interventions focus on reducing unprotected sexual behaviors should target on psychological coping modes skills training.

3340例已婚育龄妇女性生活频数现况调查及影响因素初探

过去20年,妇幼卫生保健(MCH)服务已远不能满足今天的需要,其服务已具有更广泛的内容——生殖保健。妇女的含义已不单是母亲,她们有权享有安全、满意的性生活及其相应的医疗服务。性是诸因素,包括自我力量,社会准则、知识,个性与生理功能密切结合的高度复杂的体系,性交是性行为最重要的表达方式,是生活质量不可或缺的重要组成部分。研究表明,妇女在性生活的数量和质量上大多处于从属地位,人们对其自身的性需求了解不多。

Deep Integration of Innovation and Entrepreneurship(InE)Education in Chinese University Classrooms

Recently,InE has been regarded as a popular education strategy in Chinese universities.However,problems have been exposed in the adoption of InE,for example,in InE courses and competitions.The purpose of this paper is to provide a possible solution to the problems,which is to organize effective InE courses by integrating InE with Inter-Course-level Problem-Based Learning(ICPBL).A detailed case is demonstrated by an ICPBL elective course design with deep integration of InE in the teaching,learning,and assessments.This paper contributes to a new curriculum design for promoting InE education in practically for Chinese universities.

How Do the Chinese Make Love? A Community Based Survey in China

Aims: To investigate how the Chinese make love. Methods: From Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2009, a survey was carried out of 600 adults (300 male and 300 female adults) in Tianhe community (Guangzhou, China). Information included masturbation, sexual foreplay, oral sex, intercourse, coordination with sexual partner, self-evaluation of one’s sexual function. Results: 255 females and 229 males fulfilled the questionnaires. 48.8% females and 68.7% males admitted of masturbation experiences. 59.9% women reported some passionate touch before sex, and 63.2% men reported some moderate touch. One third of the women could accept oral intercourse, while two thirds of the men couldn’t accept oral intercourse. The frequency of sexual intercourse per month is less than 10 times in 72.5% women and 77.7% men. 72.9% men and 54.9% women would like to frequently change the position in sexual intercourse. Still, 72.9% men and 54.9% women would like to coordinate with the sexual partner when she/he had sexual requirement. 74.1% women thought her sexual function as general level. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicated that most men and women in China could enjoy their sex lives through the most common way: sexual intercourse. Although masturbation and oral sex are two of the common sex activities, part of the adults still had a negative attitude towards the two activities, especially women.

Evaluation of Condom Use among University Undergraduates in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Background: Barrier contraception has the beauty of dual protection—against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Following the persisting burden of unsafe abortion and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), much sensitization/campaign has been ongoing in the past few decades by government and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in Nigeria against unprotected sexual intercourse. The youth are generally assumed to have high risk sexual behaviour, hence this study on Port Harcourt university undergraduates. Objectives: To determine the awareness and use of condom among University undergraduates in Port Harcourt. Methods: The study was a prospective descriptive cross-sectional study of 636 undergraduate students of the University of Port Harcourt and Rivers state University, South-south Nigeria. The multistage sampling technique was used to randomly select participants and data collected using a pretested structured self administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed using version 23.0 SPSS and reported in means, frequencies and percentages. Probability value was set at 5% (p χ2 = 200.602). Only 5.5% of the respondents in this study were willing to know their HIV status. Conclusion: There is a high level of condom awareness among Port Harcourt University undergraduates. Surprisingly, their practice of unprotected sexual intercourse is still high.

Sexual Behavior, Function and Satisfaction in Headache Associated with Sexual Activity: A Systematic Review of Literature

Introduction: Headache associated with sexual activity (HSA) is the painful event of head and neck precipitated only by sexual activity. The negative impact of sexuality is expected to be more severe in HSA patients and their partners than other headache disorder. In addition, social and cultural taboo may conceal sexual problem or hinder seeking counseling for sexual perplexity. A sufficient scientific evidence is therefore needed to clarify the misunderstanding and schedule appropriate education in clinical practice. Methods: A systematic review of literature was completed to elucidate the sexual behavior, function and satisfaction in HSA patients and their partners. Results: A total of 97 publications are eligible after careful screening. However, most of the studies focus on the etiopathogenesis or treatment. Sexual change was mentioned in 23 publications. Orgasmic headache is the most frequent type of HSA. The HSA occurs more frequent in dyadic than extradyadic sexual activity. Intercourse is the leading sexual act for HSA occurrence, following by masturbation. A few patients suffer HSA under specific sexual position, like kneeling, and trigger, such as cannabis. Pain can be rapidly ceased in half of patients when sexual activity was halted. Sexual function and sexual satisfaction may decrease in HSA patient and partner but improve after pain reversal. Conclusions: A shortage of sexuality data of HSA is documented in literature but that still clarifies the extradyadic and masturbatory effect on HSA occurrence. Nevertheless, HSA disturbs sexual function and satisfaction in patients and their partners. The pathogenesis of pain includes two components, the hypersympathetic status and exertional action. Therefore, physician can schedule their education and counseling for HSA according to these findings. Further investigation for sexual function and satisfaction is warranted.

Sexuality and Emergency Contraceptive Practice among Female Undergraduates in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: Young people, especially those in tertiary institutions are vulnerable to unplanned and unprotected sexual intercourse which predisposes them to unintended pregnancies and subsequently unsafe abortions. One of the key interventions for reduction of unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortions is effective use of emergency contraceptives. Objectives: To assess the sexuality, perception, attitude towards and determinants of usage of emergency contraception among female undergraduates in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: Cross-sectional survey conducted in June 2016 among 805 female students of the Lagos State University. Data were collected through structured self-administered questionnaire by obtaining information on demography, sexual and contraceptive history, perception, attitude towards and use of emergency contraceptives. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Chi-square and logistic regression models were applied to variables to test for significance that predicts the use of emergency contraceptives. Results: Of the 725 (90%) completed questionnaires, 334 (46%) of the respondents were sexually active with 115 (34%) having previous history of pregnancy. Eighty-two percent of those pregnancies were unintended. Eighty-eight percent of those with unintended pregnancy had them terminated by induced abortions, 54% of which was carried out by untrained persons. Only 29% of those who had unprotected sexual intercourse used emergency contraceptives. Lack of knowledge and promotion of sexual promiscuity were identified as the main reasons for not using emergency contraceptives. Previous use of contraceptives, married status, increasing age and year of study were positive predictors for the use of emergency contraceptives while poor knowledge was a significant predictor of non-use. Conclusion: There was poor knowledge and low utilization of emergency contraceptives among respondents. Information on contraceptives should be introduced in secondary schools and in general studies courses in tertiary institutions while parents and caregivers should discuss issues relating to sex and contraceptives with adolescents.

Modifications of sexual activity during uncomplicated pregnancy: A prospective investigation of Spanish women

Introduction: Pregnancy is a time of profound changes in a woman’s life. These changes can influence her sexual behaviour and the relationship with her partner. The purpose of this article is to study sexual behaviour modification before and during pregnancy in a cohort of healthy Spanish pregnant women. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study in which 111 pregnant women took part. They completed a questionnaire about their sexual habits before pregnancy and at 20, 30 and 38 weeks (frequency of intercourse and orgasm, satisfaction with their relationships and pain or discomfort). Results: Intercourse frequency decreased progressively during pregnancy at all times studied relative to pre-regnancy periods, to a significant degree (p < 0.0001), accompanied by a reduction in sexual satisfaction. The incidence of orgasm was lightly modified, except in the weeks before parturition in which it underwent a notable decrease (p < 0.0001) with an increase in the rate of hypoorgasmia/ anorgasmia from 19% pre-pregnancy to 43% at 38th week. Conclusions: The longitudinal monitoring of this cohort permits the conclusion that during pregnancy, sexual behaviour undergoes a general decline with respect to prepregnancy levels. The differences vary depending on the sexual parameter considered, with intercourse frequency being the most affected variable in contrast to dyspareunia, which is the least affected.

Analysis of Childhood Sexual Abuse among 1099 University Students in Shanghai

Objective To understand the situations of childhood sexual abuse （CSA） and to examine associations of CSA with demographic factors and with later risk behaviors among university students in Shanghai, China. Methods A two-stage random sampling method was adopted to conduct the survey anomalously using electronic questionnaire and computer-assisted-structured-interview method. Results About 15.1% （10.2% among male, 18.2% among female） university students reported having had experienced CSA before age 14, 1.2% university students reported having had experienced abuse of attempted vaginal or anal intercourse and 0.8% university students experienced abuse of forced vaginal or anal intercourse. The perpetrators were mainly strangers （accounting for 40.3%） and classmates or friends of the victims （23.9%）. Family members or relatives accounted for 11.3% of the perpetrators. Female students who came from cities （21.9%） reported more CSA experiences than those who came from townships （10.1%） or rural areas （8.2%）. Association between CSA experiences of victims and their parents education levels was not found. Those respondents who had ever experienced CSA before age 14 had reported more later risk behaviors than those who had not experienced CSA： males with CSA reported more experiences of ever fighting and more often involved in forced sexual intercourse than those without CSA, while females with CSA reported more experiences of smoking, running away from home, ever fighting, watching pornography and more unmarried sexual intercourse than those without CSA. Conclusion CSA is not rare among university students and associated with later risk sexual behaviors. It is important and urgent to pay attention to the issue of CSA and take prevention measures to protect children.