基于GRU和LSTM组合模型的车联网信道分配方法

针对车联网中高通信需求和高移动性造成的车对车链路(Vehicle to Vehicle,V2V)间的信道冲突及网络效用低下的问题,提出了一种基于并联门控循环单元(Gated Recurrent Unit,GRU)和长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)的组合模型的车联网信道分配算法。算法以降低V2V链路信道碰撞率和空闲率为目标,将信道分配问题建模为分布式深度强化学习问题,使每条V2V链路作为单个智能体,并通过最大化每回合平均奖励的方式进行集中训练、分布式执行。在训练过程中借助GRU训练周期短和LSTM拟合精度高的组合优势去拟合深度双重Q学习中Q函数,使V2V链路能快速地学习优化信道分配策略,合理地复用车对基础设施(Vehicle to Infrastructure,V2I)链路的信道资源,实现网络效用最大化。仿真结果表明,与单纯使用GRU或者LSTM网络模型的分配算法相比,该算法在收敛速度方面加快了5个训练回合,V2V链路间的信道碰撞率和空闲率降低了约27%,平均成功率提升了约10%。

车联网中基于三方Stackelberg博弈的动态多媒体定价方案

在当前车联网的应用场景下,中继车辆数据转发的积极性低下与存储空间有限,导致用户体验质量(QoE)降低,为此提出基于三方Stackelberg博弈的动态多媒体定价方案.为了激励中继车辆参与转发多媒体内容,提出多媒体内容定价框架,其中中继车辆获得全额佣金后向路侧单元(RSU)支付部分佣金.设计基于Stackelberg博弈的动态定价模型,根据中继车辆、用户车辆与RSU三方的存储空间利用率、内容数据大小和成本因素,建立各自的效用函数,并将其转化为三方四阶段Stackelberg定价模型.通过反向归纳法证明纳什均衡的存在,实现三方之间的动态定价以得到各自最优策略.仿真结果表明,所提方案有效解决了中继车辆存储空间过载问题,并提高了中继车辆积极性,且在提升用户QoE方面较传统方案具有优势.

IEEE 802.15.4非信标使能模式在车联网中的性能评估

车联网是车与车之间广泛使用的网络技术,是车与车之间经济、高效的通讯渠道。IEEE 802.15.4由一层简单物理层和一层节能型介质访问控制层所组成,是当前所有通讯标准中车联网网络的最佳选择。基于此,这里选择适合车联网的IEEE 802.15.4非信标使能模式作为分析模型,将其应用于车联网中,具体包含非饱和通讯量模式和大型网络,并分别研究了IEEE 802.15.4适合车联网的非信标使能模式的性能,这对车辆积极调整广播速度,在车与车之间联网通讯中取得更高的成功具有一定的参考价值。

Secure and Reliable Routing in the Internet of Vehicles Network:AODV-RL with BHA Attack Defense

Wireless technology is transforming the future of transportation through the development of the Internet of Vehicles(IoV).However,intricate security challenges are intertwinedwith technological progress:Vehicular ad hoc Networks(VANETs),a core component of IoV,face security issues,particularly the Black Hole Attack(BHA).This malicious attack disrupts the seamless flow of data and threatens the network’s overall reliability;also,BHA strategically disrupts communication pathways by dropping data packets from legitimate nodes altogether.Recognizing the importance of this challenge,we have introduced a new solution called ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector-Reputation-based mechanism Local Outlier Factor(AODV-RL).The significance of AODVRL lies in its unique approach:it verifies and confirms the trustworthiness of network components,providing robust protection against BHA.An additional safety layer is established by implementing the Local Outlier Factor(LOF),which detects and addresses abnormal network behaviors.Rigorous testing of our solution has revealed its remarkable ability to enhance communication in VANETs.Specifically,Our experimental results achieve message delivery ratios of up to 94.25%andminimal packet loss ratios of just 0.297%.Based on our experimental results,the proposedmechanismsignificantly improves VANET communication reliability and security.These results promise a more secure and dependable future for IoV,capable of transforming transportation safety and efficiency.

车联网场景下基于内容中心网络的优化缓存策略

车联网中,如何有效选择缓存位置和缓存内容对于提高整体网络性能至关重要。针对上述问题,引入了内容中心网络技术,提出了一种新的优化缓存策略——缓存位置和缓存内容的选择取决于车辆节点值和内容流行度(Vehicle Node Value and Content Popularity,VNVCP)。首先,定义了连通性、中间中心性和特征向量中心性3个车辆节点属性用来评估车辆节点的值,具有不同值的车辆节点缓存具有不同流行度的内容,内容的重要性由其受欢迎程度决定。其次,该策略利用不同类型内容受欢迎程度的差异确保缓存内容分布均匀,同时评估来自多个属性的车辆节点的值以提高车辆节点利用率。仿真结果表明,VNVCP在缓存命中率、平均跳数和传输延迟方面明显优于传统的LCE(Leave Copy Every where)、Prob(0.5)和MPC(Most Popular Content)。

车联网中网络切片资源分配方案

为了满足车联网中不同应用的服务质量(Quality of Service,QoS)要求,提出了一种基于网络切片技术的车联网频谱资源分配方案。该方案考虑数据接入控制,通过联合优化频谱资源块(Resource Block,RB)分配和车辆信号发射功率控制,在安全服务切片低时延高可靠性的约束下,最大化信息娱乐服务切片的平均和吞吐量。将车联网资源管理建模为一个混合整数随机优化问题,利用李雅普诺夫(Lyapunov)优化理论将该优化问题分解为接入控制和RB分配与功率控制两个子问题,并分别对其进行求解,得到每个时隙的接入控制和资源分配方案。仿真结果表明,所提出的资源分配方案能够有效提高信息娱乐服务切片的平均和吞吐量,并且可以通过调整引入的控制参数值来实现吞吐量和时延的动态平衡。同时,与已有方案相比,该方案具有更好的时延性能。

车联网区块链吞吐量优化的深度强化学习方法研究

区块链应用于车联网(IoV)可以有效解决车联网数据安全和隐私等问题。但是,区块链吞吐量低的问题阻碍了其在车联网中的广泛应用。已有的区块链吞吐量优化研究大都存在决策行为空间爆炸的问题,可扩展性较差。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于深度强化学习(DRL)的区块链车联网吞吐量优化方法,通过选择区块生产者和共识算法,调整区块大小和区块间隔优化区块链的吞吐量,同时保证IoV区块链的去中心化、延迟和安全性。该方法通过引入BDQ框架将行为空间进行细粒度划分,解决了区块链使用传统深度强化学习方法对吞吐量进行优化时出现的行为空间爆炸问题。仿真结果表明,提出的方法可以有效地提高IoV区块链系统的吞吐量。

Tasks-Oriented Joint Resource Allocation Scheme for the Internet of Vehicles with Sensing, Communication and Computing Integration

With the development of artificial intelligence(AI)and 5G technology,the integration of sensing,communication and computing in the Internet of Vehicles(Io V)is becoming a trend.However,the large amount of data transmission and the computing requirements of intelligent tasks lead to the complex resource management problems.In view of the above challenges,this paper proposes a tasks-oriented joint resource allocation scheme(TOJRAS)in the scenario of Io V.First,this paper proposes a system model with sensing,communication,and computing integration for multiple intelligent tasks with different requirements in the Io V.Secondly,joint resource allocation problems for real-time tasks and delay-tolerant tasks in the Io V are constructed respectively,including communication,computing and caching resources.Thirdly,a distributed deep Q-network(DDQN)based algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problems,and the convergence and complexity of the algorithm are discussed.Finally,the experimental results based on real data sets verify the performance advantages of the proposed resource allocation scheme,compared to the existing ones.The exploration efficiency of our proposed DDQN-based algorithm is improved by at least about 5%,and our proposed resource allocation scheme improves the m AP performance by about 0.15 under resource constraints.

A Secure Energy Internet Scheme for IoV Based on Post-Quantum Blockchain

With the increasing use of distributed electric vehicles(EV),energy management in the Internet of vehicles(IoV)has attracted more attention,especially demand response(DR)management to achieve efficient energy management in IoV.Therefore,it is a tendency to introduce distributed energy such as renewable energy into the existing supply system.For optimizing the energy internet(EI)for IoV,in this paper,we introduce blockchain into energy internet and propose a secure EI scheme for IoV based on post-quantum blockchain,which provides the new information services and an incentive cooperation mechanism for the current energy IoV system.Firstly,based on the principles of constructing a short lattice basis and preimage sampling,a lattice signature scheme is proposed and used in blockchain for authentication,which provides anti-quantum security.Secondly,we design the EI based on the post-quantum blockchain model.Lastly,based on this model,we design a secure EI scheme for IoV based on post-quantum blockchain.Through our analysis and experiment,this new scheme can increase the efficiency of energy utilization and enrich EI’s application in IoV.In particular,we further illustrate and analyze its performance.It is shown that EI based on post-quantum blockchain is more secure and efficient in information communications and energy trading.

A TDMA Approach for OFDM-Based Multiuser RadCom Systems

This paper is focused on the multiuser implementation of fusion of radar and communication(RadCom)in internet-of-vehicles(IoV)scenarios.Traditional time-division multiple access(TDMA)technology degrades the velocity detection performance of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing(OFDM)-based RadCom systems.We propose a new TDMA approach for OFDM-based RadCom systems,where multiuser communication and radar detection are completed synchronously.We consider a continuous-wave TDMA OFDM structure in which random user data or Zadoff-Chu(ZC)sequences are transmitted in one symbol duration to ensure detection performance.As an application of interference cancellation method,user data demodulation and environment sensing can be simultaneously accomplished by our proposed approach.We carry out numerical evaluation and show wireless communication and radar detection performance over the continuous-wave TDMA OFDM-based RadCom approach.

Research on optimal intelligent routing algorithm for IoV with machine learning and smart contract

The huge increase in the communication network rate has made the application fields and scenarios for vehicular ad hoc networks more abundant and diversified and proposed more requirements for the efficiency and quality of data transmission.To improve the limited communication distance and poor communication quality of the Internet of Vehicles(IoV),an optimal intelligent routing algorithm is proposed in this paper.Combined multiweight decision algorithm with the greedy perimeter stateless routing protocol,designed and evaluated standardized function for link stability.Linear additive weighting is used to optimize link stability and distance to improve the packet delivery rate of the IoV.The blockchain system is used as the storage structure for relay data,and the smart contract incentive algorithm based on machine learning is used to encourage relay vehicles to provide more communication bandwidth for data packet transmission.The proposed scheme is simulated and analyzed under different scenarios and different parameters.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can effectively reduce the packet loss rate and improve system performance.

基于边缘计算与区块链的车载计算资源智能调度研究

随着车联网(IoV)的快速发展及部署,用户对网络服务质量的要求也随之提高。车联网数据计算作为网络服务的重要内容之一,越来越受到关注。移动边缘计算(MEC)作为一种允许车辆将计算任务卸载到车联网系统边缘服务器的技术,能够有效降低计算时延,提升数据处理效率。然而,车联网的数据流量日益增加,导致边缘计算设备的需求量大幅提高且存在数据安全可靠性问题。对此,本文面向车联网中移动车辆计算卸载的场景,提出一种基于区块链的停放车辆辅助计算的系统模型。通过联合考虑服务器计算资源、车辆机动性等条件,利用深度强化学习(DRL)对计算卸载和资源分配策略进行优化,减少系统能耗和数据传输时延,并提高区块链系统的交易吞吐量。仿真结果表明,本文所提优化方法可以有效提升系统性能,同时具有良好的收敛性能和稳定性。

Decision Analysis on IoV Routing Transmission and Energy Efficiency Optimization Algorithm with AmBC

The improvement of the quality and efficiency of vehicle wireless network data transmission is always a key concern in the Internet of Vehicles(IoV).Routing transmission solved the limitation of transmission distance to a certain extent.Traditional routing algorithm cannot adapt to complex traffic environment,resulting in low transmission efficiency.In order to improve the transmission success rate and quality of vehicle network routing transmission,make the routing algorithm more suitable for complex traffic environment,and reduce transmission power consumption to improve energy efficiency,a comprehensive optimized routing transmission algorithm is proposed.Based on the routing transmission algorithm,an optimization algorithmbased on road condition,vehicle status and network performance is proposed to improve the success rate of routing transmission in the IoV.Relative distance difference and density are used as decision-making indicators to measure Road Side Unit(RSU)assisted transmission.And the Ambient backscatter communication(AmBC)technology and energy collection are used to reduce the energy consumption of routing relay transmission.An energy collection optimization algorithm is proposed to optimize the energy efficiency of AmBC and improve the energy efficiency of transmission.Simulation results show that the proposed routing optimization algorithm can effectively improve the success rate of packet transmission in vehicular ad hoc networks(VANETs),and theAmBC optimization algorithmcan effectively reduce energy consumption in the transmission process.The proposed optimization algorithm achieves comprehensive optimization of routing transmission performance and energy efficiency.

Flexible Global Aggregation and Dynamic Client Selection for Federated Learning in Internet of Vehicles

Federated Learning(FL)enables collaborative and privacy-preserving training of machine learning models within the Internet of Vehicles(IoV)realm.While FL effectively tackles privacy concerns,it also imposes significant resource requirements.In traditional FL,trained models are transmitted to a central server for global aggregation,typically in the cloud.This approach often leads to network congestion and bandwidth limitations when numerous devices communicate with the same server.The need for Flexible Global Aggregation and Dynamic Client Selection in FL for the IoV arises from the inherent characteristics of IoV environments.These include diverse and distributed data sources,varying data quality,and limited communication resources.By employing dynamic client selection,we can prioritize relevant and high-quality data sources,enhancing model accuracy.To address this issue,we propose an FL framework that selects global aggregation nodes dynamically rather than a single fixed aggregator.Flexible global aggregation ensures efficient utilization of limited network resources while accommodating the dynamic nature of IoV data sources.This approach optimizes both model performance and resource allocation,making FL in IoV more effective and adaptable.The selection of the global aggregation node is based on workload and communication speed considerations.Additionally,our framework overcomes the constraints associated with network,computational,and energy resources in the IoV environment by implementing a client selection algorithm that dynamically adjusts participants according to predefined parameters.Our approach surpasses Federated Averaging(FedAvg)and Hierarchical FL(HFL)regarding energy consumption,delay,and accuracy,yielding superior results.

Secure Blockchain-Enabled Internet of Vehicles Scheme with Privacy Protection

The car-hailing platform based on Internet of Vehicles(IoV)tech-nology greatly facilitates passengers’daily car-hailing,enabling drivers to obtain orders more efficiently and obtain more significant benefits.However,to match the driver closest to the passenger,it is often necessary to process the location information of the passenger and driver,which poses a considerable threat to privacy disclosure to the passenger and driver.Targeting these issues,in this paper,by combining blockchain and Paillier homomorphic encryption algorithm,we design a secure blockchain-enabled IoV scheme with privacy protection for online car-hailing.In this scheme,firstly,we propose an encryp-tion scheme based on the lattice.Thus,the location information of passengers and drivers is encrypted in this system.Secondly,by introducing Paillier homomorphic encryption algorithm,the location matching of passengers and drivers is carried out in the ciphertext state to protect their location privacy.At last,blockchain technology is used to record the transactions in online car-hailing,which can provide a security guarantee for passengers and drivers.And we further analyze the security and performance of this scheme.Compared with other schemes,the experimental results show that the proposed scheme can protect the user’s location privacy and have a better performance.

SDN-Enabled Content Dissemination Scheme for the Internet of Vehicles

The content-centric networking(CCN)architecture allows access to the content through name,instead of the physical location where the content is stored,which makes it a more robust and flexible content-based architecture.Nevertheless,in CCN,the broadcast nature of vehicles on the Internet of Vehicles(IoV)results in latency and network congestion.The IoVbased content distribution is an emerging concept in which all the vehicles are connected via the internet.Due to the high mobility of vehicles,however,IoV applications have different network requirements that differ from those of many other networks,posing new challenges.Considering this,a novel strategy mediator framework is presented in this paper for managing the network resources efficiently.Software-defined network(SDN)controller is deployed for improving the routing flexibility and facilitating in the interinteroperability of heterogeneous devices within the network.Due to the limited memory of edge devices,the delectable bloom filters are used for caching and storage.Finally,the proposed scheme is compared with the existing variants for validating its effectiveness.

Cybersecurity and Privacy Protection in Vehicular Networks (VANETs)

As Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) become more sophisticated, the importance of integrating data protection and cybersecurity is increasingly evident. This paper offers a comprehensive investigation into the challenges and solutions associated with the privacy implications within VANETs, rooted in an intricate landscape of cross-jurisdictional data protection regulations. Our examination underscores the unique nature of VANETs, which, unlike other ad-hoc networks, demand heightened security and privacy considerations due to their exposure to sensitive data such as vehicle identifiers, routes, and more. Through a rigorous exploration of pseudonymization schemes, with a notable emphasis on the Density-based Location Privacy (DLP) method, we elucidate the potential to mitigate and sometimes sidestep the heavy compliance burdens associated with data protection laws. Furthermore, this paper illuminates the cybersecurity vulnerabilities inherent to VANETs, proposing robust countermeasures, including secure data transmission protocols. In synthesizing our findings, we advocate for the proactive adoption of protective mechanisms to facilitate the broader acceptance of VANET technology while concurrently addressing regulatory and cybersecurity hurdles.

基于区块链的车联网数据安全共享方案

针对传统车联网(IoV)数据易被篡改、访问控制不够灵活的问题,提出基于区块链和带权密文策略属性基加密的车联网数据安全共享方案.该方案由路侧单元共同维护区块的生成、验证和存储,实现分布式数据存储,保证数据不可篡改;基于属性对链上数据进行访问控制,保证只有授权的访问者才能访问数据内容;针对车联网场景下多实体、多角色的数据共享需求,通过挖掘车联网数据访问角色间属性权限的关联关系,构造基于多属性的层级访问策略制定方法,简化访问控制策略的复杂度.实验分析表明,该方案能够实现对车联网数据的安全存储与灵活访问控制,所构建的层级访问策略制定方法能够有效降低车辆的计算和传输开销,满足车联网场景下多实体、多角色的访问需求.

活跃度感知的社交车辆分簇算法

为了解决车联网(IoV)中因车辆高速移动和拓扑结构多变导致的车辆间数据传输链路不稳定甚至中断的问题,提出一种活跃度感知的社交车辆分簇算法.在簇头(CH)筛选过程中,考虑由相对加速度、速度和相对距离构成的移动相似性分值以及由兴趣相似度定义的社交相似性分值,加权求和得到车辆相似性分值.利用基数排序算法排序并筛选出分值最高者作为簇头候选者(CHc),保证集群的稳定性.引入由车辆历史数据处理量和车辆请求资源次数构成的活跃度的概念,通过对其进行判断,从簇头候选者中筛选出真正有社交意愿和能力的簇头,提升簇内亲密度.使用OMNet++平台进行仿真,结果表明,与传统算法相比,采用所提算法,能使得集群在保持稳定性的同时,亲密度有所提升.